Political Life Research Articles

Abu Ya’la ibn al-Farra’ (990-1066 CE) and the influence of his ideas on the formation of the views of Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328 CE)

The research relevance is predefined by the ideas of the religious figure Abu Ya’la ibn al-Farra’ and his influence on the formation and development of the ideas of another religious figure Ibn Taymiyyah and the insufficient study of idea formation in the modern stage. The research aims to examine the impact of Abu Ya’la’s religious views on the formation and development of Ibn Taymiyyah’s religious concepts. The main research objective is to analyse the doctrines of Abu Ya’la ibn al-Farra’ and Ibn Taymiyyah and to determine how the ideology of one figure influenced the views of the other. The following research methods were used: structural-functional, dialectical, synthesis, logical, generalisation, and comparative analysis. The research findings demonstrate that Ibn Taymiyyah frequently consulted the works of Abu Ya'la and actively endorsed philosophy while developing his own ideological concepts. Throughout their lives, Abu Ya’la and Ibn Taymiyyah followed the tanzih aqidah and later began to follow the tashbih aqidah. They led an active political life and organised insurgencies. The research’s practical significance is predefined by the theoretical provisions, conclusions and recommendations that can be used in educational institutions by teachers and students to improve knowledge about the formation of two religious concepts, and the influence of Abu Ya’la ibn al-Farra’s ideas on the formation of Ibn Taymiyyah’s ideas, as well as by other scholars studying Islam in general, as well as the Hanbali school.

Research on the Constitutional Reform of Kyrgyzstan and Its Influence on Political Transformation

In the 1990s, Union Republic of the Soviet Union Kyrgyzstan passively began the process of national independence and political transformation. As a country in transition, all the constitutions in Kyrgyzstan not only regulate the political life of the country, but also epitomize the practice of political transition. By combing the history of political transformation and constitutional reform in Kyrgyzstan, this paper analyzes the main contents and characteristics of the successive constitutional amendments in Kyrgyzstan by using the methods of literature analysis, text analysis and comparative study, and focus on analyzing the impact of constitutional reform on political transformation.

Nyelvében él a kor

The vocabulary of a language is constantly evolving, with new elements appearing and others passing out of usage, so it can reveal a lot about the time period in which it is studied as well as the worldview of its users. Through a study of Hungarian language usage, including words and expressions, some of the characteristics of the socialist era, the period after the regime change and of recent years can be illuminated. A comparison of them as well, as a comparison between an Internet survey of 10 years ago and a more recent one shows the changes in political, social, economic and cultural life, the multiplication of problems and the gloomy mood in Hungary.

Paradox of Voting: Extra-Urban Voters in the Late Roman Republic

Summary It is almost universally supposed on general principles that Roman citizens who did not live near the city of Rome were effectively disenfranchised by the logistical difficulty of traveling to the capital to vote, and thus that citizen participation in state decision-making was derisively small; this poses a difficulty for the ‘popular’ model of the functioning of the Roman Republic that has won considerable adherence in recent years. However, a systematic review of evidence for voting by citizens who lived around the peninsula and even for non-citizens’ travel to Rome before 90 BC to apply direct pressure on major votes, shows that distance did not present an insurmountable obstacle to meaningful participation in Roman political life by Italians and extra-urban citizens. It also demonstrates the great importance citizens attached to the vote (suffragium) – a guarantee of their freedom, and the key mechanism by which they influenced their political leaders. This in turn helps to clarify why many Italians, including those of modest means, would have desired Roman citizenship in the run-up to the ‘Social War.’

Re-Think Migration in Africa: The Current Geopolitical Challenges of Migration

This study is part of the field of political and social geography and African studies. Its aim is to address the current geopolitical issues (migration policies, migration systems and dynamics, forms of otherness, clandestine migration and different routes, the role of borders in migration as a geostrategic tool) of migration in Africa. To bring scientific rigor and clarity to our study, we draw on both methodical approaches from social and political geography, life stories, ethnographic observation and various documentary sources. Reflection on the current migratory situation in Africa leads us to discuss the impact of the colonial era on the continent through colonial economies centered essentially on the exploitation of African natural resources such as minerals, rubber and cotton. This reality has engendered, on the one hand, an African migratory system represented by the migration of labor from rural regions to economic centers, creating demographic and economic imbalances within African countries; and on the other hand, a migratory system between colonizing countries and colonized countries. It's true that Africa is a continent of glaring disparities. It's a multi-ethnic, plural space that conceals flagrant socio-spatial inequalities, which are becoming increasingly acute. This area of the world becomes a space of paradoxes par excellence, insofar as wealth and poverty are intertwined. As a result, the spatial injustice between North and South generates a great deal of frustration among Africans, and has an impact on the construction of a hopeful migration project. Moving elsewhere offers would-be migrants the right to dream, rebuild their lives and shape their values. This ultimate goal is made possible by cosmopolitanism and the desire to discover a different culture. In the current context, Morocco is becoming a new frontier for Europe. Its geographical and geostrategic position makes it both a place of transit and residence. Indeed, moving there or leaving generates new urban dynamics in Moroccan cities, creating new forms of otherness between migrants and locals. Such mobility generates ephemeral, relocated territorialities that shape the urban landscape of African cities, in this case Moroccan cities. Migration is a highly complex phenomenon, involving individuals and their societal lives on the one hand, and states and their integration policies on the other. Indeed, dealing with the issue of migration in its political, economic, social, cultural and diplomatic dimensions is a necessity, and raises a legitimate question: how can we think about the geopolitical stakes of migration in Africa? To answer this major question, we propose a two-point plan. The first section will address current migration dynamics in Africa. The second deals with migration policies in Africa and future challenges in Africa and in third section, we will look at the future challenges of migration in Africa.

Developments of the Romanian State and Law in the Period of Communism

The establishment of the communist regime in Romania began in the immediate aftermath of World War II, with the seizure of power by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) and the elimination of political opposition. The communist regime imposed a totalitarian ideology based on full state control over all aspects of social, economic and political life. During the communist period, the Romanian state was transformed into a totalitarian state with an authoritarian and centralized regime. Political power was concentrated in the hands of the Communist Party and the state became an instrument of its control. State institutions were subordinated to the party, and the separation of powers in the state was abolished in favour of an executive power dominated by Communist leaders. As far as the legal system is concerned, the communist period brought significant changes in legislation and judicial procedures. The law was used as a tool to control and suppress political opposition and all forms of dissent. Judicial proceedings were politicised and the independence of the judiciary was undermined in favour of the political interests of the communist regime.

The German-Jews' Identity and Reactions to the Nazi Policy

In early April 1933, the racist laws went into effect in Nazi Germany. These officially dictated that all involvement with Jews should be severed by keeping a safe distance. On the eve of Hitler’s taking power, there were some six hundred thousand Jews in Germany. They enjoyed full civil rights and were deeply involved in social and political life. The German Jewish identity was clear-cut to most of them, and some were convinced that Nazi ideology had nothing to do with them. The following article, which focuses on the period between January 1933 and November 1938, will present some responses and identical dilemmas of those German Jews, who found it difficult to accept that Nazi laws include them as Jews only. It will describe their conduct within a community preparation that was gradually being formulated already in Zionist and German-Jewish responses and activities. Most of the sources and examples in this article are aimed to observe the German Jewish dilemma based on their dual cultural loyalty as Germans and as Jews as well. Describing these difficulties, and the German Jews' reactions to the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, and after the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, intends to describe expressions of uncertainty and a sense of detachment that characterizes German Jews more prominently. This article deals with the Legal-Racial Lows experienced as German Jews and its future impacts on their fate during the war and afterward.

The right to freedom of speech: theoretical and legal aspect

The article defines the right to freedom as a vital role in the existence of humanity, as it allows citizens to take an active part in the country's political life and shape public opinion. The author notes that the right to freedom of speech has ancient historical origins. Documents were analyzed in which the principle of freedom of speech was declared, in particular the Great Charter of Freedoms (1215), Bill of Rights (1689), Declaration of Independence (1776), Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) and other acts. It is emphasized that these documents became the basis for developing the right to freedom of speech in modern democratic countries and provided an opportunity to freely express one's opinions without being persecuted by the authorities. The article pays special attention to domestic regulation of the right to freedom of speech. The author notes that freedom of speech is one of the critical components of human and citizen rights in many legal systems. The theoretical aspect of this issue includes the analysis of different approaches and concepts to understanding the essence and scope of this subjective legal right. Philosophical foundations and legal methods for understanding "freedom of speech” are described. It was determined that the right to freedom of speech is not absolute and may be limited. The work lists the circumstances under which the outlined right may be limited. The author emphasizes that possible restrictions must be legal, necessary in a democratic society, and comply with the principle of proportionality. The article summarizes that freedom of speech is historically an essential human right, which forms the basis of the legal status of an individual. Without it, the functioning of a democratic state is impossible at all. But at the same time, it should be taken into account that freedom of speech is not only a right but also a responsibility that rests on those who use this right. Ensuring its adequate protection requires a combination of international standards, national legislation, and constant adaptation to modern realities.

Establishment and development of the legislation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic

The article examines the historical and legal aspects of the formation and development of the legislation of the ZUNR, in particular, it is stated that the beginning of a new stage in the development of state-building processes in the western Ukrainian lands was their inclusion in the Austrian Empire at the end of the 18th century. It was found that during the First World War, political life in the western Ukrainian lands became more active in the context of imperial policy and the national movement aimed at the formation of a national state. It has been found that the intensification of legislative activity in the western Ukrainian lands is connected with the events of November 1, 1918, in particular with the declaration of an independent Ukrainian state in the western Ukrainian lands, with the center in Lviv. The Ukrainian National Council became the main political body responsible for the development of the national state in the western Ukrainian lands. On November 13, 1918, the UN Rada adopted the «Temporary Basic Law on the State Independence of the Ukrainian Lands of the Former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy», which completed the process of constitutionalization of the newly created state. Formation of legal norms that regulated the main spheres of social life. In addition, a number of legislative acts were developed and adopted, which were supposed to regulate a complex of issues related to economic relations, the financial sphere and property obligations, as well as certain aspects of civil and criminal law. It was established that the «Act of Detachment» between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic of Ukraine, adopted on January 22, 1919, was an important document, because it has significant legal, political and historical significance for the Ukrainian present, as it becomes a consolidating factor of public consciousness. The author of the article emphasizes that the characteristic features of national legislation in the Western Ukrainian People's Republic at the time were brevity and the introduction of a system of administrative responsibility for violations of legal norms, as well as the issuance of various by-laws in the form of orders.

Natural resource rents and public spending on education in Africa: Does women's political empowerment matter?

The increase in the number of women in political office is one of the most significant social trends of recent decades. Although still underrepresented, women's participation in decision-making bodies is increasing. This paper analyzes the moderating effect of women's political empowerment on the relationship between natural resource rents and public spending on education in a sample of 47 African countries over the period 2003–2020. This study employs several recent methods to effectively address the endogeneity issue, including the Generalized Method of Moments in System (GMM-S) and the Two-stage Instrumental Variables (2SIV) approach. Overall, the results show that natural resource rents reduce public spending on education, but their interaction with the index of women's political empowerment in composite and disaggregated form increases public spending on education in Africa. These results are tested at four levels of robustness, including the inclusion of additional control variables, the exclusion of outliers, and the use of alternative dependent and independent variables. We suggest improving the representation of women in African political decision-making. This could include quotas for women in decision-making bodies, mentoring programs for women leaders, and financial incentives for political parties that promote women's participation. Steps must also be taken to address structural barriers that prevent women from fully participating in political life, such as discrimination and violence against women.

Constitutional foundations of local self-government in Ukraine

The constitutional foundations of local self­government in Ukraine are norms-principles reflected in more than 20 articles of the Constitution of Ukraine. Norms establishing the legal, organizational, material and financial foundations of local self-government provide for the establishment of a democratic decentralized management system, based on independent territorial communities, local self-government bodies, which are entrusted with the decision of all issues of local importance. Real effective local self-government is possible only in the presence of certain conditions that have objectively developed in society, and which collectively form the basis of local self-government. The basics of local self­government create the foundation, that is, the foundation on which the entire system of local self-government is built. One of the fundamental foundations of local self-government is the participation of citizens in the social and political life of the state. The topicality of the topic is due primarily to the fact that at the current stage of democratic transformation of our country, local self­government is the basis of civil society. Local self-government is one of the most important institutions of a democratic state. Its development is a central scientific problem of municipal law and a "cornerstone” in municipal science for many decades, since its inception. The 1996 Constitution of Ukraine created the legal basis for the development of local self-government as a special type of public power. The article analyzes the constitutional principles that established the status of municipal power, their influence on further legislation and practice of local self­government. The constitutional principles of local self-government are analyzed. The approaches available in modern jurisprudence regarding the definition of the concept of "basics of local self­government” have been considered. Arguments are presented in favor of separating the organizational- legal, territorial, and material-financial bases of the activity of local self-government bodies.

A study of political party affiliation as a means to enhance gender equality and women’s political participation in Kazakhstan

PurposeThe article aims to identify the main mechanisms for promoting more Kazakhstani women participation in the legislative authorities based on a study of the competition of political parties in 2023.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing the structural-biographical method, the article investigates the ways of increasing women’s participation in the political life of Kazakhstan. This empirical study comprises a total of 18 biographies of women deputies / candidates on party lists who were elected to the legislative body. Content analysis was also conducted to investigate the pre-election programs of the political parties.FindingsThis study has identified that political party is the main resource for promoting gender equality and involving women in the decision-making process. All 18 women deputies of the Mazhilis, the lower house of parliament, are members of political parties. The findings show that women candidates without party affiliation were unable to get into representative body. The results of the election campaign of 2023 provided evidence for determining the gender order in the Kazakhstani political space. The party has become an effective channel for promoting women participations in the parliament of the country. By comparison, in single-mandate constituencies no woman was able to pass to the elected body.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature of gender equality and women’s political participation in Kazakhstan and may be relevant for other countries. It also has practical significance and policy implications for the government and political parties.

Peranan Pancasila Sebagai Ideologi Perekat Keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia Diera Industri 5.0

Pancasila is the ideology of the Indonesian nation whose values can be a reference for the development of the nation's character to face the development of society 5.0 era. This study aims to measure the readiness of the younger generation in facing technological developments in the era of industrial revolution 5.0 and how the influence of Pancasila in the life of the nation. This study uses a mixed method, in addition to using a conceptual approach, it also uses a survey method by distributing questionnaires to obtain strong data. Conceptually, this research looks at and explores reference sources from books and journals that contain substance about character building based on Pancasila. Meanwhile, quantitative data were obtained from a survey conducted on a number of respondents who were students considered to have a high level of idealism. The problem studied in this study is the values contained in Pancasila to built a society character to face the era of society 5.0. The results show that Pancasila education plays a very important role in character building in this country, but political life has not supported the creation of the Pancasilaist character of the Society.

The ‘Useful Man’ in the Political System of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the Vasas – New Perspectives and Methodological Problems in Research into the Careers of Małopolska Noblemen

In the article I point to the need for conducting research into the political careers of activists from the lesser nobility, whose families were not part of the power elite. In contemporary historiography, lesser nobility activists have only attracted the attention of historians to a limited extent. Yet the development of research and the availability of sources have made it possible to carry out a broader analysis, encompassing activists from the lesser nobility who stood out by virtue of the level of their involvement in the country’s political life.

The School and the State: A problematic relationship in Michael Oakeshott’s philosophy of education

This essay considers a problem with Oakeshott’s theory of civil society, namely, its impotence to support the robust form of education necessary to sustain civil association, which is one of the underlying postulates of his theory of political life. This reflects the significant disconnect between Oakeshott’s political philosophy in On Human Conduct and his philosophy of education. Central to this philosophy is the cultivation of individuality. This character trait is required to enjoy a fulfilling life and to participate in civil association. The primary thesis of this essay is that the state must provide the resources to allow the poor the opportunity to acquire and exercise their individuality. The secondary thesis is that the extent to which such intervention is realistic or appropriate should not be exaggerated.

Współpraca Polski i Mołdawii. Geneza, obszary, uwarunkowania

Cooperation between Poland and Moldova is carried out on many levels. Its dynamics have been increasing in recent years. This is evidenced by both the intensification of contacts at the intergovernmental level and the increasing number of joint projects implemented, for example, as part of Polish development cooperation. Increased activity in the economic sphere is also noticeable. In recent years, the value of trade between our countries has increased. Political cooperation implemented in the form of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Republic of Poland and the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova as well as at the Polish-Moldavian European Integration Forum is also important. For Moldova, taking into account the specific nature of this country, Polish political activities related to expressed support on the way to European integration are of significant value. Moldova declared its independence on August 27, 1991. As a result of the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the establishment of independent states, on December 27, 1991, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland adopted a resolution on their recognition. Since then, cooperation has been developing in many spheres of political, economic, and social life. This analysis aims to present the most important forms, areas, and effects of cooperation between Poland and Moldova. Given the increasingly closer relations between entities from various sectors in recent years, it is appropriate to show mutual experiences from previous cooperation, but also an outline of common history.

인공지능(AI)시대의 호모 사케르(Homo Sacer)

This study examines the evolution of posthumans in novels and movies as a relationship between sex and love, focusing on Giorgio Agamben's Homo Sacer. Agamben tried to reveal the essence of life politics through the concept of Homo Sacer, which is, bare life. Bare life means only biological life in all living things that Aristotle divided into Zoe and Bios, and humans pursue the life of Bios, who live as a member of a community of society, politics, and culture beyond the life of Zoe. Artificial intelligence robots have only Zoe's life, deprived of their social and political life, Bios. With the development of technology, such AI has a more human appearance, emotion, intelligence, and ability than humans, and dreams of the realm of Bios pursued by humans. I analyzed the emotions and identity of humans and posthuman beings in the AI era, focusing on Rachel in Phillip Dick's novel, the movie Ex Machina's Ava, and David Mitchell's novel of the same name, Cloud Atlas' Sonmi-451. Female mechanical humans are creatures that have life but have no value for existence, and they become invisible others in oppression and governance, appearing as unfamiliar fears, that is, the uncanny. This study examined why humans pursue sexual relationships with machine humans through female AI's uncanny, whether it is possible to fall in love with them, and what it means for programmed AI to evolve on its own, control emotions, and use it to mock humans. As machines become more human-like, their uncanniness makes humans even more uneasy and fearful. If humans can no longer be distinguished from machines, it is necessary to redefine humanity to understand what makes us human. Only then, when the science fiction imagined becomes a scientific reality, can we truly live as humans.

The Pancasila Ideological Direction Bill (RUU‐HIP): A Missed Opportunity?

Indonesia faces a number of acute developmental challenges, hence, there is a need for evidence-based policies to address a range of socio-political issues. This article examines the rise and fall of an ill-fated bill introduced into parliament in 2020 (the “RUU-HIP”) which sought to reshape the nation’s understanding of the state philosophy, Pancasila, while promoting “policy based on national science and technology.” The article argues that Pancasila, which mandates “Belief in the One and Only God” as its first tenet, has a number of unintended and damaging consequences; it limits freedom of religion and thought; bolsters the position of powerful mainstream religious organisations; contributes to extremist, marginalising religious stances; and acts as a potent and pervasive barrier to innovation at all levels of social and political life. As a lens through which to view Indonesia’s national ideology, the article examines the RUU-HIP and takes account of the historical roots of the state ideology and the pivotal role of its main progenitor, Soekarno. It examines some of the deleterious effects of Pancasila outlined above and concludes that the first sila, along with a controversial Blasphemy Law, ought to be amended and repealed respectively, to allow for greater freedom of religion and thought. The article concludes that while amending Pancasila may, contrary to prevailing legal thought, be theoretically possible, in the current socio-political climate this would be unthinkable for most Indonesians.

POLITICAL CULTURE AND INTRA-PARTY SECURITY IN MONGOLIA

In any democratic country, political parties play an important role in the development of society and are a participating institution with a special role in representative democracy. In this context, parties play a major role in supporting fair competition in politics and also have an important influence on ideological and state regulation of politics. Therefore, political parties are obliged to fulfill their obligations to the society strictly within the legal and legal framework, to report on their financial support in accordance with the established procedure and to be able to be accountable to the society. In this context, how will Mongolias political parties influence the formation of the following functional approaches - the will of the people and the formation of public opinion improving citizens political education how to ensure citizens active participation in political life preparing citizens capable of performing public service and taking responsibility participating in elections as a candidate how to harmonize their political goals and agenda with the governments policies and decisions In this article, we have sought to clarify the following functional approaches. The results of the main and additional studies selected and conducted by the authors themselves are used, analyzed and presented.

The Political Life of Research Ethics Committees And What It Means for Ethnographic Research

This review discusses three pieces of work, that is, a conference panel and two books, that deal with the role of research ethics committees (RECs) in regulating biomedical research and medical anthropological research. We summarise the papers and conversations of a panel we convened on this topic during the 2020 European Association for Social Anthropologists (EASA) conference. We review two relatively recent books which discuss the role of RECs in biomedical research: Adam Hedgecoe’s (2020) Trust in the System: Research Ethics Committees and the Regulation of Biomedical Research, and Salla Sariola and Bob Simpson’s (2019) Research as Development: Biomedical Research, Ethics, and Collaboration in Sri Lanka. Finally, we consider how the review that RECs outside academic institutions perform is inadequate for ethnographic research, including that involving prospective participants who may lack capacity to consent. We conclude that undertaking the research ethics review internally (i.e., under university RECs) would be a first step forward in reclaiming ethnographic research ethical conversations.