Political Union Research Articles

Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil's Stance Towards the Christian Kingdoms in Al-Andalus

This study examines the stance of Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil towards the Christian kingdoms in Al-Andalus during his rule. Following the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in the Levant, Abd al-Rahman I successfully established an independent emirate in Al-Andalus, navigating both internal and external challenges. A significant aspect of his governance was his strategic response to the Christian kingdoms in northern Spain, which continuously sought to reclaim lost territories and challenge Muslim rule. The study explores his military campaigns, diplomatic efforts, and policies aimed at securing the stability of the Umayyad state. Despite initial successes in repelling Christian advances and imposing tributary agreements, internal strife within Al-Andalus weakened its ability to maintain long-term control over contested regions. The research underscores the pivotal role of political unity in sustaining territorial dominance and highlights how Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil’s leadership shaped the early Islamic state in Iberia.

Serving All-under-Heaven: Cosmopolitan intellectuals of the Warring States period

Abstract Qin imperial unification in 221 bce is often conceived of as the ‘unification of China’. Although from the long-term perspective of Chinese history this view is surely valid, it obscures some of the major trends of the Warring States period (453–221 bce). Back then, the Zhou (‘Chinese’) world was moving in the direction of the internal consolidation of large territorial states amid increasing political and cultural separation from their neighbours. This process unmistakably recalls similar developments in early modern Europe, where, as is well known, these resulted in the formation of nation-states. In China, by contrast, the development trajectory was markedly different. The potential transformation of the competing Warring States into fully fledged separate entities never materialized. The unified empire was eventually accepted as the sole legitimate solution to political turmoil, whereas individual states were denied the right to exist. Why, despite strong parallels, did the Chinese development trajectory ultimately diverge so conspicuously from what happened in modern Europe? In search of an answer, this article focuses on the extraordinary role played by politically active intellectuals of the Warring States period. By prioritizing the common good of ‘All-under-Heaven’ over that of an individual polity, by denigrating local identities, and by rejecting the legitimacy of regional states, these intellectuals paved the way for the political unification of the Zhou world long before it occurred. This article addresses the idealistic and egoistic reasons for this choice and explores the cosmopolitan undertones of the universalist outlook of the Warring States-period intellectuals.

On the Ineffable Unity of Morality and Politics in Kant

On the Ineffable Unity of Morality and Politics in Kant

“The Priesthood and the People”: Political Unity, Dissent, and the Twilight of Theocracy in Utah Territory

“The Priesthood and the People”: Political Unity, Dissent, and the Twilight of Theocracy in Utah Territory

Glocal Capitalist Class: How Same‐Nation Interlocks Facilitate Transnational Corporate Political Unity in Global Environmental Politics

ABSTRACTElite theorists assume that transnational capitalist class unity is facilitated through transnational elite spaces and networks. We argue for a more glocal notion of transnational unification that highlights the role of same‐nation networks of interlocking directorates linking major transnational corporations (TNCs) in disseminating corporate political behaviours on a global scale. The same‐nation elite networks are effective mechanisms of transnational unity because their members, whom we call ‘glocal interlockers’, are at once socialized into the global system and influential figures in their national TNC communities. Empirically, we analyze how interlocking directorates among the world's largest 189 TNCs facilitated the worldwide adoption of private environmental practices in the period 2006–2013, in the context of TNCs’ mobilization to preempt an intergovernmental regulatory regime on climate change by promoting a global governance privatization agenda. We find that firms’ level of centrality in glocal interlocks networks explained their levels of private environmental practices adoption, while their centrality in the transnational inner circle of cross‐border interlockers did not. These results suggest that the persistence of local elite formations can enable rather than hinder transnational corporate unity.

THE STABILITY OF IRANIAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN CIVILIZATION AND IDENTITY DURING THE REIGN OF THE MONGOLS

The cultural life of Iran experienced a decline due to the Mongol invasion in the early stages of the dynasty, then with the establishment of the Ilkhan government in Iran, a period of partial revival of Iranian-Islamic thought and culture began. After all, the Arab invasion of Iran, the collapse of the Sassanids and the rise of Islam weakened the foundations of the political and religious unity of Iranian existence and weakened its integrity. The Islamic government replaced the ethnic and national government of Iran, and the world religion of Islam replaced the Zoroastrian religion of Iran for three centuries. Iranshahr or the Iranian kingdom also collapsed. For several centuries, the political unity of the country of Iran, that is, before the rule of the Ilkhans, and especially before the emergence of the power of the Safavid dynasty, was weakened. The purpose of this article is to consider the rulers of the Ilkhanate as saviors of the Iranian people from the influence of foreign culture and reformers of Iranian national identity. The Ilkhanids used three discursive strategies: Mongol, Iranian and Islamic to legitimize their rule in Iran. In this context, the Ilkhanids played an important role in preserving and modernizing Iran’s intellectual and cultural heritage. For this reason, the Ilkhanate period is considered one of the fundamental aspects of Iranian civilization, which brought about great changes in Iran’s cultural policy. The article uses factorial and textual analysis methods to identify the main elements in the formation of such unique discourses. The results presented in the article allowed the researchers to conclude that for the first time, the Ilkhanid era provided a suitable platform and context for the display of various aspects of Iranian identity. Thus, although the later stages of the Mongol invasion in history were a kind of retreat for Iranian culture and civilization, in reality, under the influence of another language and culture, to consider Iran as having rediscovered itself and become the basis for the reshaping of its forgotten national identity, personalities, languages ​​and cultures is the main idea of the article.

ИЗ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ БИОГРАФИИ ХОСЕ АНТОНИО ПАЭСА: ОКОНЧАТЕЛЬНЫЙ РАЗРЫВ ПАЭСА С СИМОНОМ БОЛИВАРОМ

The article examines the events of 1828–1830 in Latin America. In 1828 Geneeral Paez participated in the suppression of the uprising against Bolivar Admiral Padilla and Santander, who were fighting for the separation of New Granada from Venezuela, but separatist tendencies in the ranks of the economic elite of most departments also intensified in Venezuela, forcing Bolivar to assume extraordinary, in fact, dictatorial powers in order to preserve the political unity of the liberated territories of Latin America America. Bolivar’s ideas to create a common confederation of all former Spanish colonies in South America did not receive the support of traditionalists, among whom Paes turned out to be. After the defeat of the Padilla uprising and Santander’s removal from power, Bolivar was attacked by the press and politically accused of establishing a dictatorship in both New Granada and Venezuela. Representatives of the Venezuelan elite asked Paes to lead the movement for the secession of Venezuela and the creation of an independent state In 1830, the National Assembly, taking advantage, among other things, of the liberal legislation of the federation and personal decrees issued by Bolivar, declared the independence of Venezuela with President Paez at the head.

Bridging Legal Gaps: Harmonizing the Roles of BPBD, Bakesbangpol, and Bakorwil in Regional Governance

AbstractGood regulations are harmonious laws. Disharmony of laws and regulations gives rise to complex legal issues, at least problematic in the context of fulfilling the objectives of legal uncertainty. One of the dis harmonizations of existing regulations is the regulation regarding the existence of regional institutions in the form of bodies. By using a normative legal study method, this study found that there is a disharmonious form of regulatory material regarding the duties and functions of several regional apparatuses in the form of bodies in Indonesia. There are three regional apparatuses in the form of bodies that have different duties and functions as regulated in Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government and Government Regulation Number 18 of 2016 concerning Regional Apparatus, namely Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPPD), the National and Political Unity Agency (Bakesbangpol), and the East Java Province Regional Government and Development Coordinating Agency (Bakorwil). Findings of disharmony in regulatory matters like this have caused several regional government regulations in Indonesia to lack legal certainty. For this reason, it is important to immediately carry out efforts to harmonize the laws and regulations that regulate the duties and functions of regional apparatus in the form of bodies.

Creolising the State?

Abstract While the Euromodern model of the nation-state has been the subject of unremitting, exhaustive and merited political criticism, this article advances an anti-anti-statism. Oriented by warnings of theorists who have advanced plurinational states, creolising the nation, separating states from nations and abolishing the state, I turn to Fanon's insistence that states be re-envisioned beyond Cold War alternatives and narrowing nationalisms; Cabral's modelling of political unity on an effective football team; and Gyekye's suggestion of deliberately forging meta-national states. I argue that we need the institutional rejection of states reliant on racialised enslavement and colonialism as the exclusive custodians of bestowing and withholding political recognition. We must also premise rightful belonging not only on historical group identities but on how these are expressed in records of political activities demonstrating commitment to the cultivation and extension of national consciousness or the meta-state as the basis of political legitimacy.

A semantic-pragmatic approach to president Maia Sandu’s speech in the context of the Republic of Moldova’s accession to the European Union

The article explores the semantic-pragmatic approach to President Maia Sandu’s discourse within the context of Moldova’s aspiration to join the European Union. President Sandu, addressing the Parliament, strategically utilizes linguistic phenomena to convey a compelling vision for Moldova’s future integration into the EU by 2030. The discourse critically evaluates past political choices, dismissing options like the Commonwealth of Independent States and Customs Union as unsuccessful paths. The President uses negative forms and expressions to distance Moldova from previous political deceit and corruption, emphasizing the need for a new direction. The semantic elements in the discourse reveal a clear commitment to European integration, citing support from EU member states as a crucial factor. Pragmatic strategies, such as modality and rhetorical questions, have been used to emphasize the urgency and necessity of the chosen path. The discourse encourages political unity, urging support for EU accession over narrow interests. The analysis examines how semantics and pragmatics are strategically blended to construct a persuasive narrative that advocates for a European future for Moldova, fostering unity and dissociating from a troubled past. This study provides insights into the linguistic means used in President Maia Sandu’s discourse, illustrating the effectiveness of a semantic-pragmatic approach in building a positive perspective on Moldova’s accession to the European Union

Politinė sumaištis: ar egzistuoja sensus communis (post)politikoje?

This paper focuses on different concepts of sensus communis and their relationship with the conditions of political reality. An attempt is made to show that Gadamer’s and Arendt’s political conception of sensus communis is too dependent on political conditions and the homogeneity and unity of the community, and thus cannot exist under post-political conditions. The paper seeks to defend Immanuel Kant’s aesthetic conception of sensus communis, demonstrating that the disinterested judgment of beauty exists regardless of political circumstances. Based on this, the paper reviews practices existing in post-politics that attempt to use the aesthetic understanding of sensus communis for the purposes of political unity. It also draws attention to the understanding of sensus communis in different contexts, arguing that the concept and its interpretation often become obscured across various contexts.

A Brief Look at the Geopolitical Situation of Islamic Countries: Emphasis on the Role of Natural Resources

The Islamic world is formed from a very large territory that constitutes the most important strategic and lucrative regions and points of the world, starting from the Mediterranean Sea and encompassing most of the geography of African countries, to western, southwestern, central Asia, south and southeast Asia. The political unity of the Islamic world has been weakened after the eleventh century CE and political power has been dismantled by Muslims and with the disintegration of the Osmani Turkic Empire, the political and geopolitical power of the Islamic world has been degraded. Although the most important and valuable natural resources including oil and gas are located in the territory of Islamic countries, the most important strategic areas such as the Persian Gulf, the Suez Canal, the Straits of Dardaniel, Basforce and Bab al-Mandab, the Oman Sea, the Red Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar are located in the territory of Islamic countries, if the Islamic world has political unity, it will use its natural and situational resources properly. The greatest power will become globally, but the geopolitical situation of Islamic countries is still fragile, there is economic multiplicity between Islamic countries and Western countries are directly and indirectly sovereign over the greater number of these countries and benefit from their resources, The aim of this study was to briefly investigate the geopolitical situation of Islamic countries with emphasis on its natural resources. The research method of this subject is library and internet which is the result of research information and awareness about the geopolitical situation of Islamic countries with emphasis on the role of natural resources.

Multidimensional Impact Analysis of Public Policies on the European Economy: Taking EU Member States as an Example

Since modern times, with the close trade relations between European countries, they have begun the process of integration in order to strengthen economic cooperation and political unity. In the process of integration, problems such as economic inequality, political differences, and external interference continue to emerge. In the process of solving these problems, public policy plays a crucial role. The European Union promotes cooperation and coordination among member states by formulating and implementing a series of public policies, and promotes the deep development of European integration. This enables European countries to smoothly navigate through various crises. This article mainly discusses the impact of European public policies on the Eurozone economy, including problems in the European economic governance system, exploration and analysis of fiscal integration implementation, policies proposed in response to the rigidity of the Italian labor market, the impact of EU data privacy and financial market regulation policies, and future prospects.

Uwagi o świadomości stanowej i politycznej w dobie bezkrólewia po Ludwiku Andegaweńskim

The interregnum after the death of Louis of Anjou (1382-1384) was an important period for the development of the social and political consciousness of active social groups in medieval Poland. The main sources of information on these issues are documents produced during public meetings and discussions. The Chronicle of John of Czarnkow also provides a lot of interesting information. An important component of the social consciousness of that time was the concept of political community (lat. communitas) at the local and national level. They were used to emphasize political unity and attachment to the idea of the common good. The noble landowner communities formed in the second half of the 14th century confederated in 1382, and two years later they also opened up to townspeople. The political community of the Kingdom composed of representatives of the nobility and townspeople turned out to be a short-lived entity, existing until the end of the interregnum. Later it was reduced to nobility.

Formation of a Unified Educational Space of the Union State from the Perspective of the Policy of Patriotic Education

Introduction. Awareness of the commonality of geopolitical and civilizational challenges of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus pushes for deepening integration cooperation in different directions. Close attention is paid to the problem of security, interpreted in an expanded way. Its provision correlates with the strengthening of the humanitarian dimension of the Union State, including the formation of a unified educational space. In modern conditions, its correlation with the consolidation of the policy of patriotic education in the integration field is being actualized. The purpose of the article is to identify the specifics of their coupling, taking into account the dynamics of union construction. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the methods of binary comparison, traditional and discourse analysis of official texts. An additional method is a formalized correspondence expert survey. The key materials are normative legal acts of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, interstate, intergovernmental and integration agreements, information content of the web resources of the Union State. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the research are a new political institutionalism, a multidimensional model of social action, and the paradigm of “political unification”. Results. The article describes the normative foundations of state policy in the field of education and integration guidelines in the cultural and humanitarian plane within the framework of the movement towards the Union educational space. The demanded categories of the axiological plan are revealed, referring to the relationship between education and upbringing. The key lines of discursive practices at the sites of the union institutions are shown. The understanding of the need to adapt education systems to the requirements of the time and the linking of patriotic education with the protection and preservation of common historical memory are emphasized. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study and expert assessments suggest the articulation of not only positive changes, but also urgent vectors for improving national approaches and integration solutions. They correspond to the elimination of conflicts, the development and adoption of new documents at the level of the Union State, the implementation of value categories and new areas of unified policy. The results obtained may be of interest to public authorities and union institutions, participants in patriotic education in the territory of the Union State.

Revisiting the Issue of Attribution of Some Catacomb Monuments Groups from the South of Eastern Europe in the Late 3rd – early 5th Centuries

The catacomb funerary ritual had a widespread occurrence among the southern Eastern European population in late Roman times and at the beginning of the Great Migration Period. The Alan culture monuments of the 2nd – 4th centuries AD from the North Caucasus and the “Alans-Tanaites” nomadic culture of the late 3rd – 4th centuries AD feature the burial ritual most widely and vividly. Evidently, the migration occurred in a westerly direction from the “Alan-Tanaitian” culture area in the late 3rd century, resulting in the appearance of a group of under-kurgan burials in the steppe zone of the Dniester-Danube interfluve. It is possible that the people who left these kurgans in the 4th century were assimilated by the Chernyakhov culture bearers and switched to a sedentary lifestyle, having lost the kurgan funeral ritual (Belen’koe burial ground) but retained the catacomb burial structure of almost predominantly type II. The catacomb burials under the kurgans graphically feature the Alans-Tanaites fate after the encounter with the Huns, who defeated and subjugated the Alans-Tanaites, partly incorporating the vanquished population into their military and political union. The Alans-Tanaites took part in the campaign in Transcaucasia and Western Asia as part of the Hunnic army (395–398), as evidenced by the specific forms of the catacombs in the kurgans of the Palasa-Syrt burial ground from the Western Caspian region. A group of kurgan catacombs in the Middle Don and the Left Bank of the Dnieper features the partial outflow of the Alans-Tanaites from the Volga-Don steppes under the pressure of the Huns in the course of their expansion. A part of the Alans-Tanaites participated in the movement of the Huns to the west, as evidenced by the catacombs in the Budzhak steppe dating back to the last quarter of the 4th century.

National Question and Its Resolution: Semantics of Ethnic Disintegration and Integration in Russian History Textbooks of 20th-21st Centuries

This article addresses the issue of verbalizing the semantics of ethnic disintegration (separation) and integration (unity) through terminological means. The study is based on an analysis of 40 combinations featuring the word “nation” and its derivatives, which are regularly employed in contemporary educational publications on Russian history from the 20th to the 21st century. The aim of this work is to describe the conceptual fields of ethnic disintegration or integration as represented by the terminological tools of educational historical discourse. Through a logical-semantic approach, the boundaries of the terminologies of disintegration / integration and their logical models are identified; the semantics of individual terminological units are described, including their axiological potentials. The structures of the conceptual fields represented by combinations with “nation” and its derivatives are delineated. The author concludes that the terms “national question” and “resolution of the national question” serve as foundational nominations within educational historical discourse, organizing the terminological systems of disintegration and integration. These terms are interpreted as opposing yet complementary fields that reflect the states of the nation and state in their opposition (political distancing of the nation from the state) or identification (political unity), encompassing a border zone filled with characteristics that facilitate the transition of the nation and state from one state to another.

TURKEY AS A CONDUCTOR OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS IN CENTRAL ASIA

The study examines the historical features of Turkey’s existence within the framework of the manifestation of national and international interests in the Central Asian region. The relevance is due to the state’s attention to cooperation with other neighboring territories, within the framework of ensuring cultural, historical, religious, and political unity. As a result of the study, aspects of the significance of the models of contact between the policies and interests of Turkey and the Central Asian states were reflected. The main guidelines for ensuring the stability of the region and the mutual interest of all countries in confronting the challenges of our time are highlighted. The author’s conclusions concerning the maintenance and further regionalization of political, international, and international relations of all players in this territory are presented.

Hermann Heller’s critique of liberalism

ABSTRACT Hermann Heller’s critique of liberalism was both theoretical and conjunctural. He derided liberalism’s erosion of the concept of sovereignty and lamented liberalism’s complicity with the substantive inequality of his time. It its place, he argued for a restoration of the concept of popular sovereignty, as a dialectical formation of political unity and material equality through the democratic process. As a matter of political practice and strategy, however, Heller equivocated in his stance on the constitutional politics of the Weimar Republic. He initially tolerated the abrogation of parliamentary democracy due to his faith in the neutrality of the state, before diagnosing the regime as a form of authoritarian liberalism determined by the capitalist economy. This article examines Heller’s theoretical and political critique of liberalism. It outlines Heller’s conception of popular sovereignty against both Kelsen’s legal rationalism and Schmitt’s political decisionism. It also examines the significance of the interwar conjuncture, highlighting that the turn of the bourgeoisie to authoritarianism and ultimately to fascism represented a continuity of the liberal elision of the principle of popular sovereignty.

Analisis Beban Kerja pada Pegawai di Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik Kabupaten Karawang

This research aims to analyze the workload of employees at the Karawang Regency National and Political Unity Agency. The method used is qualitative with data collection techniques using interviews. The results showed significant variations in workload between employees, with some positions having high workloads. This shows the need to evaluate and adjust the balance of workload and loss of working time to increase employee efficiency and welfare. The implication is the need for additional human resources to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in carrying out work, as well as improvements in human resource management and increasing work efficiency at the Karawang Regency National and Political Unity Agency. The focus of this research also includes human resource management and workload to ensure suitability between workload and number of employees or positions.