Political Transactions Research Articles

Trade-off Anak Adat Status as a High-cost of Political Transaction in Papua Local Elections

Currently, the political transaction through trade-off anak adat (customary child) status is wider applied in Papua local election. Benefiting from the direct elections, the elites competed for political power in the regions by mobilizing ethno-religious sentiments and utilizing money-politics. The voters, in return, behave as clients as they seek to gain material benefits from their preferred candidates in exchange for political loyalty. This condition caused the high-cost politics during the local election. Based on this problem, this paper attempts to analyze the hijacking of adat (customs) through trade-off anak adat status as a form of political transaction which impacted to high-cost politics. This study cultivates the theory of political transactions to analyze the political transaction in Papua local election especially in the gubernatorial election 2018 and election of DPRD (Regional Representative Council)’s member in 2019. This form of political transaction has caused the high-cost of local election in Papua, which is not only in the form of money, but also carried the social cultural high-cost impact. Of course, vote buying will make the candidates have to spend a lot of money. The trade-off of anak adat status from other than Papuan through buying and selling mechanism rather than using achievement and acknowledgement from the adat community would harm the Papuans. Moreover, this practice has brought detrimental destruction to the socio-cultural values of Papuan adat community. This study is qualitative research that use political approach to observe the local election processes in Papua. We used the criteria of credibility and confirmability to validate the data in our qualitative research.

Failure of Candidate Legislative Members in the 2024 General Election of Maros District

This study aims to find out social facts about the failure of candidates to become legislators to obtain seats in the Regional Rakyar Representative Council (DPRD) in the 2024 general election of Maros Regency. This research method is to use qualitative descriptive with a phenomenological approach. The data collection was obtained through observation (observation) and in-depth interviews in the field from various sources of research informants. The results of this study show that, (1) The failure of candidates to become members of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) legislature as a result of the inability to compete with other candidates to win votes in the community. (2) Legislative candidates proposed by political parties are not qualified, and are unable to convince and explain to the public about the vision, mission and work program in the community, (3) The Election Supervisory Board (Bawaslu) is unable to prevent money political transactions between legislative candidates and the public, so that those who can get the most votes are only money politics.

Transformation of the Constitutional Justices Tenure After the Constitutional Court’s New Act

The periodization system in the constitutional judges’ position has the opportunity to undermine the judges’ independence. the opportunity to be re-elected as an opening for political transactions between constitutional judges with the proposing institution. The enactment of Act No. 7/2020 is a new era for the system used in the constitutional judges’ term. The periodization of the Constitutional Court judges’ term was replaced based on the age limit of 70 years. This research examines the design of Constitutional Court judges’ terms after the enactment Act No. 7/ 2020. This article is written based on normative legal research. This study concludes that the transformation of the Constitutional Court judges’ term into non-periodization aims to strengthen the independence of Constitutional judges from any intervention. At the same time as a fortress from external pressure and ensures that judges do not face conflicts of interest arising from the possibility of extending the term.

Political Transactions, the Social Contract, and Administrative Power

Abstract Although power has frequently been noted as a key to understanding administration, the concept of administrative power has remained ill-defined. In this essay I offer a definition of administrative power based on the social contract, arguing that administrative power is the transactional granting of power by the people in exchange for services and a reduction in uncertainty that agencies provide. I elaborate on the role of communication and persuasion in garnering administrative power and conclude by offering arguments, based on both risk communication and political spin, for how agencies acquire and maintain administrative power in the 21st Century.

THE CONCEPT OF NIRVANA AND SAMSARA IN BUDDHISM AND ITS RELEVANCE IN THE PRESENT-DAY WORLD

In this paper, we shall focus on the Buddhist approach of living responsibly engaged with the world and yet, mindfully liberating oneself from selfish dispositions, consumeristic tendencies and parochial biases. We have focussed our attention to the point of understanding nirvana (the state of liberation) as the stage of transformation in a person to mindfully and compassionately engage with the Samsara (the lived experiences of the world). The focal argument in the paper is that Nirvana is present in every social, economic, cultural and political transactions of life. The Consciousness or awareness or prajña is at the grassroots of every sensation and thought we witness which is in actuality, “I” that is not constrained to any permanent individual/ego identity. Therefore, humans are agents who think, will and act, and can transform their lived situation with righteous karma by following virtues of compassion and friendliness and thinking and contemplating with a steadfast mindfulness. Buddhist precepts that guide a righteous living are rooted primarily in their doctrines of anatta and nirvana. These concepts have been delineated alongside their theory of causation (Pratityasamutpada) that explains reasons leading to suffering, and this theory is among one of the ‘four noble truths’ besides Nirvana and ethical noble path. The paper affirms that Buddhist concepts can be used as models of wisdom treatises that foster leading a life of humanistic and ethical spiritualism much needed to counter challenges fostered by the present-day world stuck with technological invasion replacing human endeavour, contagions causing pandemic and the greed to control the geo-political dynamics by some nations.

Reordering languages: Persian and the colonial state in India, c.1820–1873

ABSTRACT Thomas Babington Macaulay’s 1835 minute on Indian education is widely held to be representative of the views which underpinned the English East India Company’s replacement of Persian with English as the official language of administration in India in 1837, and the promotion of English and Indian vernacular languages as part of colonial educational policy. Yet, it is often overlooked that Macaulay failed to even mention Persian in his condemnation of “oriental learning”, focusing his attention solely on the shortcomings of Sanskrit and Arabic. Macaulay’s omission of Persian is telling: despite its centrality to Mughal rule and the political transactions of the East India Company alike, Persian did not fit easily into emergent colonial formulations regarding Indian languages and their relationships with particular locales, ethnicities and religions. Through an examination of colonial discussions regarding Indian education, this article argues that the complicated, often contradictory, status of Persian in educational discourse allowed the language to elude definitive categorisation and to survive in government schools and colleges during the nineteenth century. It further suggests that as multilingual cultures were formalised and reconfigured within the domain of colonial education, the continued presence of Persian alongside vernaculars such as Urdu, Hindi, and Bengali at colonial institutions both shaped – and disturbed – their identification as viable modern languages.

Do related party transactions affect the relationship between political connections and firm value? Evidence from Egypt

This paper aims to (i) investigate the impact of political connections (PC) and related party transactions (RPTs) on the firm value (FV), and (ii) test the moderating effect of RPTs on such relationship, while controlling for the firms’ corporate governance mechanisms. Based on 315 observations from publicly listed firms in Egypt, our results reveal that (i) there is a positive relationship between PC and the FV, (ii) there is a negative relationship between RPTs and the FV, and (iii) the existing of RPTs as a moderating variable enhances the impact of the politically connected companies on the FV. The findings suggest that the Egyptian firms are much affected by the politically connected board of directors or owners, and this significantly exists when associated with related party transactions, despite that, the corporate governance practices could mitigate such effects.

The Political Cartel of Presidential Candidacy through Threshold Brings Up a Single Candidate

AbstractThe practice of presidential nomination by using a threshold through political parties or coalitions of political parties in Indonesia is still carried out because Indonesia adheres to a multi-party system. However, the regulation regarding the threshold for presidential nomination is prone to political transactions between parties. The reason is that there is no equality of access to presidential nominations between new political parties and old political parties considering that political parties are a defining element of representative democracy (Political parties are a defining element of representative democracy), this practice threatens the rights of minority political parties and limits the emergence of presidential candidates. The threshold in the nomination of President based on the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 74/PUU/XVII/2020 regarding the review of Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning Elections is referred to as an open legal policy which is the authority of the House of Representatives in forming the Law on Elections. This study aims to evaluate the application of the threshold in the nomination of President with the principle of justice. This research is a doctrinal research using a case approach and a law approach. This study was conducted by looking at the development of the application of thresholds in elections and the provisions stipulated in the Election Law. The results of the study indicate that it is necessary to establish an ideal implementation model based on the principle of justice in order to guarantee the rights of minority political parties and avoid the emergence of a single presidential candidate.Keywords: Political Cartel; President Threshold; Single Candidate.

Identifying, projecting, and evaluating informal urban expansion spatial patterns

ABSTRACT Informal urban land expansion is produced through a diversity of social and political transactions, yet ‘pixelizable’ data capturing these transactions is commonly unavailable. Understanding informal urbanization entails differentiating spatial patterns of informal settlement from formal growth, associating such patterns with the social transactions that produce them, and evaluating the social and environmental outcomes of distinct settlement types. Demonstrating causality between distinct urban spatial patterns and social-institutional processes requires both high-resolution spatial temporal time-series data of urban change and insights into social transactions giving rise to these patterns. We demonstrate an example of linking distinct spatial patterns of informal urban expansion to the institutional processes each engenders in Mexico City. The approach presented here can be applied across cases, potentially improving land projection models in the rapidly urbanizing Global South, characterized by high informality. We conclude with a research agenda to identify, project, and evaluate informal urban expansion patterns.

Buying Voters: Money and Political Transaction in Legislative Elections.

Political transaction has become a common phenomenon that accompanies elections. It does not only occur in countries with well-established democratic systems, but also in developing nations. Academic engagement with the concept of democracy increasingly explores its links to the chaotic commodification of electors' votes. Political transactions can trigger several problems, such as political structures, citizenship awareness, or cultural relations issues that form a democratic structure of the country. Political transactions are processes of negotiation that take place between elites. This paper explores the contestation of social positions to gain electors' votes in the context of the legislative election conducted in Banyuwangi. The strategies used by legislative candidates to obtain votes through transactional relationships demonstrates the various actors involved in general elections. First, the researcher argues that democratization has transformed the sacred position of the elites, especially the religious elite. Second, the complexity of relations between elites presents the position of a broker, which emphasizes the character of democracy in Indonesia, which is marked by issues of clientelism. Thus, it is essential to observe Indonesia's political praxis from the institutional practice point of view and its social problems that distort democratic values.
 Keywords: Clientelism, Transaction Cost Politic, Money Politics

PIMPINAN KOMISI PEMBRANTASAN KORUPSI DAN TANTANGAN PENANGGULANGAN KORUPSI DI ERA 4.0

The Corruption Eradication Commission was formed with the main mission of carrying out prevention and law enforcement in eradicating corruption. The Chairperson of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) is the spearhead in tackling corruption in Indonesia. In fact, political transactions in the election of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) leader may be eliminated, so candidates with high integrity can be eliminated. The method in this paper uses the normative legal writing method because it examines the laws and regulations, literature, and journals relating to the material examined, which consists of the type of data obtained in this study is secondary data that is data obtained from library research and documentation , which is the result of research and processing of others, which are already available in the form of literature or documentation. The development of technology is now increasingly rapid where everything is completely digital, this era of sophisticated even even corruption can be digital, therefore the ability of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) must be upgraded according to the times to be able to detect and solve corruption cases that are increasingly complicated transactions

PIMPINAN KOMISI PEMBERANTASAN KORUPSI, KENDALA DAN TANTANGAN DALAM PENANGGULANGAN KORUPSI DI ERA 4.0

The Corruption Eradication Commission was formed with the main mission of carrying out prevention and law enforcement in eradicating corruption. The Chairperson of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) is the spearhead in tackling corruption in Indonesia. In fact, political transactions in the election of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) leader may be eliminated, so candidates with high integrity can be eliminated. The method in this paper uses the normative legal writing method because it examines the laws and regulations, literature, and journals relating to the material examined, which consists of the type of data obtained in this study is secondary data that is data obtained from library research and documentation , which is the result of research and processing of others, which are already available in the form of literature or documentation. The development of technology is now increasingly rapid where everything is completely digital, this era of sophisticated even even corruption can be digital, therefore the ability of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) must be upgraded according to the times to be able to detect and solve corruption cases that are increasingly complicated transactions.

Politics, Economy and Islam in ‘Dutch Ponnāni’, Malabar Coast

AbstractPonnāni was a port in southwestern India that resisted the Portuguese incursions in the sixteenth century through the active involvement of religious, mercantile and military elites. In the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Ponnāni was the only place where the Dutch East India Company had commercial access into the kingdom of the Zamorins of Calicut. When the Dutch gained prominence in the coastal belt, this port town became the main centre for their commercial, diplomatic, and political transactions. But as a religious centre it began to recede into oblivion in the larger Indian Ocean and Islamic scholarly networks. The present article examines this dual process and suggests important reasons for the transformations. It argues that the port town became crucial for diplomatic and economic interests of the Dutch East India Company and the Zamorins, whereas its Muslim population became more parochial as they engaged with themselves than with the larger socio-political and scholarly networks.

Identity As Input to Exchange

Identity is an integral part of all but the most trivial economic, social and political transactions. Using transaction cost economics, we determine that identity costs are a distinct and measurable subset of transaction costs. In certain transactions, such as credit arrangements, identity costs are incurred at considerable expense for commercial and compliance based reasons. Vertical integration can be seen through the lens of identity cost economizing, including in the financial sector, due to high costs of complying with KYC regulations as well as commercial risk management. Such organisational structure is also contingent on available identity technologies. The introduction of blockchain and distributed ledger technologies in identity applications may see new models of institutional structures develop.

Money after Blockchain: Gold, Decentralised Politics and the New Libertarianism

ABSTRACTBlockchain technologies are central to what has been described as a new ‘smart social contract’. With blockchain, individual cryptographic identity becomes the basis for new forms of money and for a whole suite of restructured social, political and financial transactions. But what do these developments signal for feminist engagements with the money economy? The transparency and pseudonymity that the blockchain provides has been welcomed as a ‘feminist weapon’. But the decentralised technology also legitimises many longstanding assumptions of libertarianism, especially competitive individualism, naturalised social inequality and the stability of value associated with the gold standard. Drawing on popular culture texts, Goldfinger and The Mandibles, this article considers this history, examining the gendered, racialised and sexualised discursive practices that attend representations of gold along with the ‘metallism’ surrounding blockchain-based cryptocurrencies in the contemporary conjuncture. By claiming to represent non-negotiable certainty derived from technology/nature rather than social convention, the fantasy of fundamental value returns, together with related associations of essentialism and authenticity, but anchored in this new context in the technocratic authoritarianism of FinTech. This is part of the background for the ‘new libertarianism’ whose ascendency now overshadows the neoliberalism that has been the focus of critical attention for some decades.

Value marketing as a Determinant of Forming a Political Offer in the Process of Communication between Politicians and Voters

At the heart of the concept of value marketing is the evolution of its use. Starting with a mere information about the presence of a product on the market, through subsequently satisfying the needs of the buyer of the product or service, to finally reaching a full dialogue between the bidder (offerer) and the customer. This relationship is based, inter alia, on the common definition of the characteristics of the desired goods and their adjustment to the values indicated by the customers. Also, important values for the buyer of a political product should be similarly shaped in the marketing sense. Creating bonds, the partnership relations between the exchange parties on the political market is a mechanism that makes this process very effective. The article points to the “value” present in the political product and explains how it is created. It also analyses two key contexts of what “value” is, describes marketing and its core tools on the economic and political market. The author of the paper makes a hypothesis that “value” as the core of the political offer generated by the politician-voter relationship is of fundamental importance in political transactions and is at the same time a determinant of electoral decision. Key words: value, value marketing, provision of value, voter, politician, political offer, political market

The Institutional Economics of Identity

Identification forms a key part of all but the least sophisticated economic and political transactions. More complex or significant transactions demand more formal identification of the parties involved. In this paper we develop an institutional as well as a public choice theory of identity. We distinguish between a Demsetzian evolutionary view of identity and a ‘legal-centric’ view of identity. In the former view, identity is contextual, fluid and subjective. In the latter, identity is uniform and permanent. Governments have an interest in identity insofar as identity is used in the process of tax collection and welfare provision (and previously conscription). Private organisations free-ride off state-provided identification services. The paper concludes with a discussion about technological change and identity management. We characterise two possible futures: one in which blockchain and related technology enables states to create more comprehensive uniform identities, and one in which these technologies enable identities to be ‘self-sovereign’ and transferred to citizens.

Chaucer, Gower, and the Vernacular Rising: Poetry and the Problem of the Populace after 1381. Lynn Arner. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2013. Pp. ix+198.

<i>Chaucer, Gower, and the Vernacular Rising: Poetry and the Problem of the Populace after 1381</i>. Lynn Arner. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2013. Pp. ix+198.

“The Stamp of Martius”: Commoditized Character and the Technology of Theatrical Impression inCoriolanus

“The Stamp of Martius”: Commoditized Character and the Technology of Theatrical Impression in<i>Coriolanus</i>

Economic Coordination across Divergent Institutional Frameworks: Dissolving a Theoretical Antinomy

Economic theory contains a significant theoretical antinomy. Markets are thought to secure coordination in self-organized fashion. In contrast, polities are portrayed as securing coordination through planning and administration. Doing this is to commit what Michael Resnick calls the ‘centralized mindset’, which is to attribute an observed order to some ordering agent. This article seeks to dissolve this theoretical antinomy by explaining how the same coordinative principles are at work throughout a society. All societies operate in generally coordinated fashion, due to the operation of transactional processes within societies. Markets and polities both operate through transactional relationships, though political transactions are constructed somewhat differently than market transactions. This article sets forth an approach to explaining coordination throughout a societal ecology where that coordination is achieved through different forms of transaction.