Terrorism Research Articles

Nexus of green energy, financial inclusion, militarization, and environmental sustainability: A global perspective.

This article investigates the dynamic impact of green energy consumption (GE), financial inclusion (FI), and military spending (MS) on environmental sustainability (ES) by utilizing a sample of 121 countries from 2003 to 2022. The dataset is divided into high-income, upper-middle income and low and lower-middle-income countries. We employed a two-step system GMM approach, which was further robust through panel Quantile and Driscoll-Kraay (D-K) regressions. The findings divulged that green energy resources benefit ES at global and all income levels because of having a significant negative impact of 5.9% on ecological footprints. At the same time, FI and MS significantly enhance ecological footprints by 7% and 6.9%, respectively, proving these factors detrimental to ES. Moreover, conflicts (CON), terrorism (TM), institutional quality (IQ), and socioeconomic conditions (SEC) also have a significantly positive association with global ecological footprints and most of the income level groups. Dissimilarly, financial inclusion and armed conflicts have a non-significant influence on ecological footprints in low-income and high-income countries, respectively. Furthermore, institutional quality enhances ES in upper-middle and low and lower-middle-income countries by negatively affecting ecological footprints. At the same time, terrorism significantly reduces ecological footprints in high-income countries. This research also provides the imperative policy inferences to accomplish various SDGs.

Typology of Terrorist Profiling Using Centrality Metrics: Hinge Figures, Influential Operatives and Trusted Assets

ABSTRACT The increase in terrorist activity worldwide has prompted the development of research tools and methodologies to study the phenomenon of terrorism. Among them, social network analysis (SNA) has found its way into the security studies discipline, which, despite its still timid presence, has increasingly been proven to be a useful tool for detecting underlying structures and key actors. This article seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge on the uses of SNA in the study of covert networks by testing the usefulness of metrics such as betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centrality in identifying terrorist roles and functions in the cells that were behind the major terrorist attacks orchestrated by the Islamic State’s external operations apparatus. The study ends with the proposal of a new typology of terrorist profiling according to the results obtained from centrality measures: hinge figures, influential operatives and trusted assets.

Links between terrorism financing and organised crime in Nigeria

Purpose This study aims to assess terrorism activities to identify measures required to mitigate the rise of terrorism activities and their metamorphosis into organised criminal activity through the prevention, disruption and dismantling of sources of financing terrorism. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology was adopted for this study using descriptive synthesis from recent publications and reports of reputable organisations, i.e. relevant grey literature, key informant interview and a focus group discussion. This triangulation approach was used to cross-validate the findings. Findings The findings revealed that terrorism financing is most likely linked to organised crime for generating revenues and is further used to finance the activities of terrorists. Practical implications Terrorists operate from places with little or no presence of governance and, better still, ungovernable spaces for carrying out legitimate businesses, raising internally generated revenues from protection fees, ransoms and taxes. This space further allows domestic collaboration with local criminal gangs to exploit natural mineral resources. If the market for these resources is across borders, international or transnational criminal groups collaborate with terrorists to move the goods and assist with financial services for the generated proceeds. Originality/value This study assessed the emerging links between terrorism financing and organised crime in Nigeria.

Убийство В.В. Воровского и процесс Конради–Полунина 1923 года в восприятии российской социалистической эмиграции

The article dwells on the assassination of V.V. Vorovsky, head of the Soviet delegation at the international conference in Lausanne, on May 10, 1923 and on the trial of M. Conradi and A.P. Polunin as viewed by Russian socialist émigrés, i.e. members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and social democrats (Mensheviks). This paper aimed to study the attitude of the socialist community of Russian émigrés towards individual political terror during the 1920s. The methodology is based on the principles of intellectual history, which allow us to shed some light on the perception of the 1923 Lausanne trial by analysing the confrontation and ideological struggle of certain political figures and civic groups for attention. The paper provides a brief description of the main works of Russian and foreign historians who studied the assassination of Vorovsky and the trial of his murderers. The context of the trial, the reaction of different émigré camps and the organization of Conradi and Polunin’s defence are analysed. The official response of the Foreign Delegation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, reflected in the Revolutionary Russia journal, is noted. Particular attention is given to the unpublished article “Both Are Worse” (1923) by leader of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party V.M. Chernov on the results of the trial in Lausanne. Chernov’s argumentation and his views on the fundamental differences between the pre-revolutionary Socialist Revolutionary terror and the assassination of Vorovsky are analysed. Chernov points out that Socialist Revolutionary and Narodnaya Volya’s terror stayed within a strict moral and ethical framework that forbade political assassinations on the territory of free democratic countries. Socialist Revolutionary terrorists had never followed the path of least resistance, proclaiming the idea of selfsacrifice. Chernov emphasizes that only those not involved in the White Terror can hold others accountable for the Red Terror. The paper considers the response of Russian social democrats abroad, in particular, leader of the émigré Mensheviks F.I. Dan’s article dedicated to the Lausanne trial. His thesis about the exclusive right of socialist parties to fight the Bolshevik dictatorship, without involving the White movement, is emphasized. A conclusion is drawn that Russian socialists abroad held a fundamentally unified position on resisting political terror.

Navigating the Storm: Coping with Conflict and Political Change for Mental Health Resilience

The severe impact of conflicts-which often occur in chaotic and unstable environments-has on mental health, both for people and communities. South-East Asia incurs a disproportionately significant invisible cost to mental health due to persistent political instability, global conflicts, and terrorism.1 These events may induce anxiety and stress, which may culminate in an array of mental health issues, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and generalized anxiety disorders. These circumstances are rendered more catastrophic by the continuous threat of violence, displacement, and loss, which makes it challenging for people to retain their resilience in terms of mental health. For example, the prolonged conflict in Kashmir has had a significant impact on people’s mental health in the region.2 Several psychological wounds are the result of sustained violence and uncertainty. Similarly, millions of people in the region have experienced suffering and grief because of terrorism and political unrest.2 Communities impacted by these crises in these areas have a cumulative strain on their mental health.3 The general well-being of these communities is declining due to various factors, including increased stress levels, restricted access to healthcare, and an atmosphere of uncertainty.4 The visible psychological impact on people and their neighbours underscores the importance of acknowledging the broader implications of these crises on mental health. To develop and maintain mental health resilience amid these challenges, people must learn coping mechanisms.5 Recognizing the seriousness of this issue is crucial, but so is offering those impacted resources and assistance. Numerous therapies and coping mechanisms may be helpful. Teaching individuals about the psychological consequences of political unrest and violence is one of academia’s most essential roles. Academic institutions may reduce stigma, increase awareness, and encourage people to seek assistance by conducting research and implementing educational programmes.6 To assist people and communities in overcoming trauma and developing resilience, mental health practitioners can provide psychosocial interventions like counselling and therapy.7 For those impacted, establishing support systems within communities may be a beneficial resource. These networks may allow people access to mental health experts and a safe atmosphere to discuss their feelings and experiences. Mental health professionals can conduct workshops on resilience building, and these sessions can offer valuable strategies and skills to improve psychological resilience in the face of hardship.8 Access to Services for Mental Health is imperative for governments and non-governmental organizations to guarantee that mental health treatments are easily accessible to individuals who require them.9 This involves encouraging the education and placement of mental health specialists in conflict-affected regions. Understanding and resolving the mental health issues brought on by political unrest and violence are critical tasks for academia. Research in this area is crucial to clarify the intricate relationship between political instability and mental health. Scholars can make the following contributions: Research and Data Analysis: Academic institutions might research to understand better the psychological impacts of political unrest and violence in Pakistan and South-east Asia.10 We can determine patterns and risk factors by gathering information and examining the mental health conditions of impacted groups. Policy Recommendations: Based on their research, academia might advocate policies to facilitate better access to mental health care in places affected by violence.11 When tackling the mental health problem, countries and international organizations can follow these guidelines. Public Awareness Initiatives: To de-stigmatize mental health concerns and motivate people to seek therapy, academia may initiate public awareness initiatives. Advertisements might also inform the public about the distinct symptoms and signs of diseases linked to trauma. Training and Capacity Building: Educational establishments have the potential to provide instruction to mental health professionals who can work in areas of conflict. The training may concentrate on culturally aware methods and the difficulties brought on by trauma associated with conflicts.9 There cannot be denying the relationship between political unrest, global conflicts, and terrorism and the impact they have on mental health. These situations have a profound impact on people and communities, frequently resulting in severe mental health problems. In addition to academia’s active participation, coping methods and treatments can assist in lessening these difficulties and support individuals who require it. Prioritizing mental health as the foundation of resilience is crucial as we address the ongoing conflicts in these areas. To address this critical issue and ensure that people and communities can manage the storm of political transition with their mental health, academic research, community support, and government policy must collaborate.

A Study on the Terrorist State and the Terrorist Movements: A Case Study of Egypt

Researchers have consistently delved into the study of terrorist movements within societies and states, yet few have explored the primary instigators behind their emergence, which is the focus of this research: the State. This study examines the emergence of the most influential terrorist movements, their treatment, and their relationship with the state. By scrutinising the reasons behind the emergence of terrorist movements, this research also discusses strategies to prevent and dismantle them. A critical aspect to note is that many terrorist movements originated within state prisons, underscoring the state's failure to prevent terrorism and inadvertently contributing to its proliferation within society. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective counterterrorism policies and addressing the root causes of terrorism. It also highlights techniques such as decapitation and negotiation, as well as providing emancipation for moderate Islamic movements to play a role and represent the image of Islam. Additionally, terrorist movements often promote their ideology through emotional propaganda to recruit Islamic youths, many of whom come from moderate Islamic movements like the Muslim Brotherhood.

Cultural Background in Meena Alexander’s Nampally Road

In the present age, the world seems to be given very little place to women in terms of freedom and security. The second most populous India is the seventh biggest homey in the world which has matured frequent socio-political dilemma of its individual. Meena Alexander’s Nampally Road focuses on feminism and topics as disparate as political terrorism and cultural preservation. It is a multi-locational work of fiction that explores the identity of the protagonist. Mira while also discussing the challenges she faces as an immigrant. Although the story of this novel takes place in India; Indian culture is seen through the lens of western culture. Mira bid to transfer her observation from western literature to the legislative space. Her ideas represent a fusion of Indian and American culture. But this peace and tranquility of modern India is quickly overshadowed by the reputation of new urbanity and depraved governments. The destination of this commodity is to evaluate the issues related to the clash between women and culture.

The history of anti-Castro terrorist organizations and their ties to the U.S. government

The article is devoted to the history of terrorist organizations that arose as a response to the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the rise to power of Fidel Castro and the policies of his government over the following decades. An important role in the creation, financing and support of these organizations was played by people directly or indirectly connected with the American special services and the political leadership of the United States. The activities of Cuban counter-revolutionary terrorists have led to tragic consequences, including the deaths of innocent people, not only Cubans, but also representatives of other Latin American countries. The use of terrorist methods for political purposes is an extremely urgent problem in the 21st century, and therefore an appeal to the history of this phenomenon is objectively necessary to effectively combat this evil. The history of terrorist activity by opponents of the Castro regime is of interest both to historians and political scientists, whose interests include the study of the Caribbean region, the history of foreign policy and the activities of US intelligence agencies, and to specialists in international relations in general. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. This allows us to consider the problem under study as an integrated system, where the facts are analyzed in their entirety and interrelationships. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive) and general historical (historical-comparative, historical-systemic) research methods are necessary for conducting research. The present study has a scientific novelty, since it is based on sources not previously used in the Russian scientific literature. A significant part of the corpus of sources used by the author of the article are classified CIA documents until recently. To a certain extent, working with such arrays of information is not only a historical, but also a political science study that allows us to better understand the realities of modern geopolitics. As for the conclusions of this study, they may be summarised respectively: 1) the United States, at least in the recent past, was a direct sponsor of international terrorism; 2) the activities of anti-Castro terrorist groups in the 20th century still hinder the process of restoring diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba; 3) a violent change of power in the state inevitably generates a cycle of violence that evades the risk of interference in the internal affairs of the country from the outside.

Religious extremism: Research on the ideology of the Wahhabi Islamic movement

This article is motivated by the existence of the Wahhabi Islamic Movement which has a long and influential history in the Islamic world. However, it is important to remember that the term “Wahhabi” is often used loosely and sometimes refers to various groups that hold conservative or ultra-conservative Islamic views. Apart from that, there are several facts that explain Wahhabism as an ideology which is now clearly emphasized by thinkers on fundamentalism, radicalism and extremism. Wahhabism is an ideology that inspires today's terrorist movements, especially "bridesmaids" who have been brainwashed and are ready to set off "suicide bombs" in several countries. This article tries to analyze the works of Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Wahhab to find out to what extent Wahhabism has inspired contemporary radical Muslim movements and how Wahhabism experienced an ideological journey to Indonesia. To answer this question, researchers used library research with a qualitative descriptive research type. The findings of this article show four things about Wahhabism: First, Wahhabism is an ideology that states monotheism al-uluhiyyah as the foundation of its religious understanding. This understanding was inspired by Ibn Taimiyah. Second, Wahhabism was relatively successful in spreading it, because it was fully supported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Wahhabism have the same interests, which has caused Wahhabism to have a strong influence, both within Saudi Arabia and internationally. Third, Wahhabism has a doctrine of jihad which is interpreted as war against the enemy. Historically, jihad as understood by Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Wahhab was not used against infidels, but was only used against the Ottoman Dynasty, which was essentially an Islamic dynasty. Fourth, along the way Wahhabism metamorphosed into Neo-Wahhabism which has a Salafi-jihadi ideology, namely an ideology that combines Wahhabism, Salafism and Jihad. The combination of these three ideologies has given birth to "brides" who are ready to commit suicide in a number of countries, both the Western and Islamic worlds. Lastly, Wahhabism as an ideology of hatred can only be overcome with a similar ideology of hatred, not with a militaristic approach.

The Socialization Of Terrorism In Canada

The academic and institutional battlefield is littered with the best intentions of those attempting to bring a universally recognized definition to the term ‘terrorism’. The concept of ‘where you sit is where you stand’ certainly applies to such endeavors. In addition to considering how best to integrate such fundamental questions as who, what, where, why and how in a definition of the term, attempts have been confounded and complicated by where definitional efforts have been centered within a particular community. Do you adopt a social science or quasi-scientific approach? From a jurisprudence and law enforcement perspective? Terrorist financing? Intent and motivation? Psychological drivers and personal profiles of individual terrorists? Organizational structures? Cultural and anthropological approaches? Rationality and mental health? Historical considerations? Critical study interpretations? All this has made for terrorism being a contested concept over the decades. As observed by Schmid and Jongman, and as we shall explore, “The nature of terrorism is not inherent in the violent act itself. One and the same act can be terrorist or not, depending on the intention and circumstances.” But how terrorism is defined by whatever community is not a trivial issue. Definitions carry political and policy consequences that govern the counterterrorism space and how threats and risks are articulated going forward. How the threat environment endures is often just as much an outcome of how a state elects to respond to the threat, as it is the agenda of terrorist entities. And terrorism charges cannot be prosecuted if there is not at least some notion of how motivations, intentions and acts are defined in statutes. Received: 01-05-2024 Revised: 01-14-2024

Fractures overseen: soviet medical experts splitting from the international epistemic community during the interwar period

ABSTRACT Soviet medical science went through a deep and systematic transformation. Initiated in the very early days of the Communist regime, a moment of disrupting and isolating impact uprooted it from its former organizational and epistemic foundations and re-adjusted the expert output and modus operandi to state needs. Professional identities, paradigmatic approaches and everyday practices resulting from these were transformed and forcibly aligned with the expectations of the new powerholders, aligned with the newly formulated party-bound loyalties and secured by the broad array of severe sanctions. This article systematically approaches the dark side of the Soviet interwar transformation in medicine with a special focus on a sample of psychiatric experts. The paper analyses the entanglement between domestic pressures exercised upon scholars by the emerging totalitarianism, forcing them to detach and considerably re-adjust their international ties, while nonetheless trying to remain a part of this cross-border epistemic community. While international contacts did not cease entirely, their expanse, intensity and the very mode of cooperation had to change dramatically so as to fit the new regime´s vision upon medicine. International networks were re-appropriated for the sake of promoting the success of the Communist state, with scholars functioning as involuntary ambassadors of the regime. Though perfectly compatible with the practices and outputs of their fellow experts elsewhere across the globe while exposed to the permanent pressure of political terror at home, Soviet public health and its experts became deeply transformed and detached in manifold ways from their peers and their medical science. Largely overlooked, the early fractures of the interwar period carry on into the Cold War-influenced second half of the twentieth century.

Exploration of underlying patterns among conflict, socioeconomic and political factors.

The emergence of conflict is a complex issue with numerous drivers and interactions playing a role. Exploratory dimension-reduction techniques can reveal patterns of association in such complex data. In this study, an existing dataset was reanalyzed using factor analysis for mixed data to visualize the data in two-dimensional space to explore the conditions associated with high levels of conflict. The first dimension was strongly associated with resilience index, control of corruption, income, income inequality, and regime type, while the second dimension was strongly associated with oil production, regime type, conflict level, political terror level, and water stress. Hierarchical clustering from principal components was used to group the observations into five clusters. Country trajectories through the two-dimensional space provided examples of how movement in the first two dimensions reflected changes in conflict, political terror, regime type, and resilience index. These trajectories correspond to the evolution of themes in research on conflict, particularly in terms of considering the importance of climate or environmental variables in stimulating or sustaining conflict. Understanding conditions associated with high conflict can be helpful in guiding the development of future models for prediction and risk assessment.

Невыученные уроки истории сквозь призму биографии Валериана Осинского – человека и революционера

The article is a review of the monograph by historian O.A. Milevsky on the ideology of Russian political terror by revolutionary populist Valerian Andreevich Osinsky. Based on a thorough historiographical analysis, it is shown that the book is the first special comprehensive study of the life path of Valerian Osinsky in world historical science. The non-trivial title of the monograph, "Steps to the Scaffold", and the competent structural composition of the book are emphasized. The methodological basis of the monographic research is analyzed and its interdisciplinary nature is shown. Special attention is paid to the productivity of the psychohistorical concepts of Eric Erickson and Lloyd De Moze. Using the example of the hero of the monograph in four chapters-"steps", the author consistently analyzes the typical and specific ways of formation of the Russian youth of the 1870s, which turn it into an irreconcilable opposition to the autocratic regime. The main attention is paid to the generational conflict between the "fathers", the highest personification of which was the state, and the "children", that is, the radical youth. This conflict is shown as a reflection of the contradictions of two eras: the outgoing and the upcoming. The new data presented in the monograph once again emphasize the fact of uncompromising confrontation between the government and society in post-reform Russia. Attention is drawn to the fact that in Osinsky's life, as if in a mirror, the moral problems of the correlation of the purpose and means of political action were reflected in the absence of dialogue between the warring parties. When studying the activities of the Executive Committee of the Russian Social Revolutionary Party created by Valerian Osinsky, it is noted that the author raised a fundamental and urgent question about the permissibility of political violence in the struggle against the authorities in the absence of legal opportunities for citizens to protect human rights against administrative arbitrariness. Based on the biography of Osinsky presented in the monograph, the cruel lessons of history that have not yet been learned by Russian society are formulated.

Kyiv’s Minusnyky: Regime Bans for “Uncertain” Citizens

The article deals with a special category of residents of the capital of Ukraine who were recognized as “socially dangerous” and punished by expulsion from the city, along with a ban on settling in a number of areas of the USSR; as well as with categories of citizens who were banned from living in Kyiv for other reasons. Those expelled by judicial, and more often extrajudicial, authorities received a sentence where the territories prohibited for them were designated as “minus 6”, “minus 12”, and “minus 15” (the numbers meant the number of designated areas, and the word “minus” entered Soviet slang as a root construction of the concept of “minusnyky”, which denoted the community repressed and discriminated against in this way). These and other persons mentioned above had a corresponding entry made in their passports, which made it impossible for them to stay in the capital of the Ukrainian SSR. The purpose of the article is to reveal the Kyivans-minusnyky population, a category of repressed people who for a long time were practically “invisible” to researchers. It also aims to transfer the concept of “minusnyky” with all its narrow and broad connotations from Soviet repressive slang to the academic historical dictionary. The research objectives are to analyze the logic behind the creation of regime prohibitions for “socially dangerous” persons, to highlight certain stages of “cleansing”/“sanitation” of the capital of the Ukrainian SSR and the 50-km zone around it, to consider the circumstances of punishment and discrimination, and to reconstruct the process of adaptation of minuscule population to the regime’s everyday life. The research methodology combines the tools of historical and legal analysis, social anthropology, and the concept of social creation of space. The scientific novelty is to expand the general understanding of political terror and its consequences for the Kyiv community. The atmosphere of regime rule in the capital of Ukraine is analysed as an organic component of the functioning of the totalitarian regime and the punitive and repressive mechanism, the first turns of which occurred simultaneously with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. The author traces the progressive growth of the Kyiv minuscule group, the reasons for their acquisition of such a status and strategies for survival in exile. It is proved that in the arsenal of total terror, in addition to the most severe repressions, targeted geographical isolation was actively used against Kyiv residents, which became an effective means of “cleansing” the capital of the Ukrainian SSR from “socially dangerous” persons, a mechanism of social engineering of prolonged effect. The creation of a large detachment of Kyiv’s “minusnyky” was part of the process of atomization of society, construction of spatial hierarchy, and social alienation of people and territories.

Емпатія як протидія політичному насильству: на шляхах до суспільства турботи

Background. The article outlines the conceptual landscape of altruism research, which allows explaining the differences between biological, behavioral and psychological altruism, identifying its specific features and mapping out the prospects for interdisciplinary research on empathy. The article highlights the history of the concept of "empathy" and clarifies its difference from sympathy and compassion. Methods. The importance of empathy for the substantiation of normative moral judgments and the formation of motivation to alleviate the suffering of others is revealed on the basis of the findings of modern psychology. Emphasis is placed on the cognitive (the ability to understand the feelings of others) and affectional (the ability to experience the feelings of others as one's own) characteristics of empathy, which are effective motivational factors for individual assistance to others and which serve as a basis for the formation of political and managerial decisions on institutional assistance to vulnerable groups of people. Results. An attention is focused on the importance of empathy for moral consciousness and moral action. The article considers the possibilities of developing empathy through moral education techniques ("inductive discipline", modelling, discuss dilemma situations, improvement of caring skills through cooperation, "confirmation"), which are being developed by moral psychologists and representatives of care ethics as a new interdisciplinary research field on the formation of caring relationships between citizens. The article reveals the prospects of care ethics in solving problems, which are arising in the practices of health care, social assistance, national defence and security, political protests and active participation in civic life. The research potential of care ethics to analyse the experience of various forms of political violence, which were committed during wars, genocide, and terrorism is determined. Taking into account the contexts of specific acts of political violence will allow us to better understand the causes of political violence, develop algorithms for resolving such conflicts and mechanisms for their prevention. Conclusions. An important factor in countering violence is empathy, which is actualised when acts of violence are documenting and through the perception of works of art, reportages, and literary stories that document the experience of suffering. This practice is necessary for those are involved in the rehabilitation of victims of political terror and genocide, those who seek mechanisms for fair punishment of war criminals and compensation for moral damage to victims of violence, those who build conditions for survivors to live together after the war. Development of empathy creates conditions for mutual trust, respect and assistance, which are the foundations of a caring society.

Review to the monograph of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Zhanbosinova A.S. "I ask you to remove theф undeserved stigma of Article 58 from me": ego documents in the history of political terror in Kazakhstan. Semey: "Intellect", 2020, 560 c.

The review is devoted to the analysis of the monograph by A.S. Zhanbosinova “Please remove the undeserved stigma of Article 58 from me”: ego-documents in the history of political terror in Kazakhstan.” Interest in this kind of publications using a large number of new documents extracted from Kazakh archives is in great demand both in the scientific community and in society as a whole. The unique materials selected in the work will allow to get acquainted directly with the tragic pages of our history and form one’s own opinion on a number of complex episodes. The main advantage of this monograph is that it allows you to look at the course of history through the eyes of an ordinary person. The review contains recommendations for the author to continue this work and explore new topics.

FOOD AS A WEAPON IN THE FACE OF RUSSIA'S AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE

Background. Food is a basic value for every human being and the food sector is the backbone of any economy. From the perspective of the individual consumer and society, food and proper nutrition affect body immunity, life expectancy or ability to live on a daily basis. They are also values that constitute a sense of broader physical and psychological security and human dignity. Unfortunately, food has also long been used as a weapon against enemies, resulting in a threat to food safety and food security. This is par ticularly evident in the war that continues in Ukraine. Given the fact that Russia has been considered a terrorist state, it is interesting to look at the phenomenon of its terrorist activities against food and the food chain. The purpose of this article is to present this phenomenon with particular attention to the situation in Ukraine. The purpose stems from the research hypothesis, which is as follows: Typical acts of food terror ism occur in Ukraine. The study used a critical analysis of the literature, a critical analysis of reports pub lished in the media (the press, Internet portals), an analysis of databases maintained by recognized agen cies dealing with terrorism, as well as the method of synthesis and logical inference. Results and conclusions. The article describes the phenomenon of food terrorism and its manifesta tions during Russia's aggression against Ukraine. Various definitions of food terrorism were presented, its varieties were distinguished and selected examples of its occurrence were indicated. A proposal was also made to include hunger terrorism in the category of food terrorism, recalling the events of the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932-1933.

Separatist and Terrorist Movements in Papua: The Challenges of Social Disaster Management and the Important Role of Human-Made Disaster Intelligence

The Papua secessionist movement hinders Indonesia's stability efforts. The government has implemented measures, deploying intelligence for managing social crises as defined by Law 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management. The present study examines the separatist movement in Papua, its resultant societal upheaval, and the crucial role of intelligence in mitigating this societal crisis. The study explores applying Human-Made Disaster Intelligence, using AI and data tech, to mitigate risks in the Papua case. This study employs a literature review with 26 sources to explore challenges posed by separatist and terrorist movements in Papua. Data is gathered from official sources, excluding personal websites and social media. The study was conducted from January to March 2023. Data analysis utilizes descriptive narratives to qualitatively explore separatist and terrorist movements, social disasters, intelligence, and the Papua region. The research findings demonstrate that the separatist movement in Papua has resulted in a significant societal calamity, causing conflicts, casualties, and economic challenges. Man-made disaster intelligence is proposed to manage social disasters by collecting and analyzing data related to separatist activities. Intelligence plays a crucial role in detecting and mitigating risks associated with separatism, offering preventive and remedial measures. Challenges include limited resources and the need for collaboration among intelligence agencies. Strategic measures to enhance intelligence involve increased resources, collaboration, transparency, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for data analysis. The complexity of using AI in countering separatist movements requires careful consideration of data sources, collection methods, and reliability measures.

The Role of Political Terrorism in the Modification of the Identity of the Roman Empire in the III Century

The Role of Political Terrorism in the Modification of the Identity of the Roman Empire in the III Century

A Reflection on the Role of Ulama and Community Leaders in Raising Socio-Cultural Capital to Deal with Terrorist Groups in Bukit Jalin, Aceh Besar

The emergence of terrorist groups in the Aceh Province, which is spreading, was revealed after reports from residents and local clerics about armed training carried out by this radical group in Bukit Jalin, Aceh Besar, in September 2009. This terrorism case attracted the attention of the local government and local community. All of this has mainly happened because the expansion of the material world and technology has structured new settings for needs and patterns of life and created fields or jobs (occupations) that are very different from what had developed in the agrarian society in Aceh that was pre-Islamic. -industry. These changes in employment are directly related to economic development in the era of capitalism, which in turn requires investment in capital goods and an increase in the standard of prosperity. As a result, “as the economy develops, the need for skilled workers, technologists, and generally educated people increases almost geometrically”. Thus, what is then witnessed is the continuous adjustment efforts of the traditional and modern world of education into the dynamics of the expansion of the material and technological world. With the emergence of terrorist movements and radical movements that try to offer perspectives and solutions that are based on considerations of violence in addressing the problems of modernity and Indonesianness, it is necessary to play the role of ulama and community leaders who are able to raise socio-cultural capital to deal with the problems of radicalism and terrorism in Aceh/Indonesia in the era of capitalism, in addition to strict law enforcement to eradicate terrorism that threatens our people in Aceh and Indonesia.