Political Stereotypes Research Articles

Образ итальянского государства в период первой Итало-эфиопской войны 1895-1896 гг. в российской журнальной периодической печати либерального толка

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of functioning and transformation of the image of the Italian state during the first Italo-Ethiopian war of 1895-1896 in the Russian liberal periodical press. Special attention is paid to the assessments of the battle of Adua on 1 March 1896 and its significance in changing the political stereotype in Russia about Italy. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that before in the domestic historiography no attention was paid to historical-imagological studies about this historical period in Russian-Italian relations. Materials and methods. The authors relied on the materials of the journals ‘Russian Thought‘ and ‘Herald of Europe‘ as the most popular and authoritative liberal publications in the Russian Empire of the period under consideration. The methodological basis of the study is the methodology of historical imagology and, accordingly, its conceptual apparatus (image and stereotype). Results. Two periods in the development of the image of Italy during the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896 are identified. The first period is fixed from January 1895 to March-April 1896. These boundaries are associated with the time when Prime Minister Francesco Crispi was in power in the country. The Italian state and its policy during this period, according to liberal journalists, was defined by the ‘mania of great power‘, which drove the already ruined population into even greater financial decline. The next chronological phase is associated with the premiership of Antonio Starabba de Rudini, which is recorded from March-April 1896 to 1 January 1897. In this period of time the former image of the Italian state and political stereotype ceases to function. Instead of it a new stereotype is gradually formed. Now the Italian state was presented much more moderately, ‘great caution in politics‘ and aspiration to maintain the status quo were emphasised. This assessment is already neutral-positive, though not so bright.

Looks Like a Leader: Measuring Evolution in Gendered Politician Stereotypes

Previous research showed that the stereotype of women politicians is incongruent with the general politician stereotype, which can be disadvantageous for women seeking political office. Based on the strong influx of women politicians in US politics, and the increased familiarity of the electorate with women in political leadership positions, we expect that voters now have a clearer picture of women politicians and that their stereotype is more congruent with the traits desired in political leaders. In testing this, we make a methodological contribution to the study of stereotyping by adapting a large-N list experiment as an effective and innovative measurement of stereotype endorsement. The results show important changes in gendered political stereotypes over the last ten years. The evolution of the women politician stereotype is encouraging: the traits that people associate with women politicians are more positive than ten years ago and more congruent to desirable traits for politicians. However, the findings also underscore the continuing masculinity of the political domain, by the strong overlap between the stereotype of men politicians and politicians in general. Even more pronounced than the positive trend for women politicians is the unfavorable evolution of the stereotypes of men politicians and politicians generally, which shows a strong downfall compared to a decade ago.

Leo Tolstoy’s Christian anarchism: Towards a political theology

The article specifies the characteristics of Christian Anarchism as applied to the religious teaching of Lev Tolstoy. An attempt is made to overcome the political stereotype of his perception as an anarchist, but to consider it’s in the context of Political Theology. The article calls into question the legitimacy of considering his religious teachings in the unambiguous political discourse of Anarchism. If the concept of Christian Anarchism is a special kind of theoretical and ideological oxymoron of “religious politics”, then Tolstoy’s teaching is considered as a manifestation of his subjectivism, aimed at simultaneously overcoming the personal, animal element in man and reaching an impersonal universal spiritual principle, without any external restrictions. Freedom, as the most important category of his worldview, is presented rather in the form of religious monarchism — submission to the Divine will and life according to Christ, and not in the form of radical Anarchism. Political Theology is considered as a conscious non-participation of individual in politics — that is, refusal to stay in state structures such as courts, army, police, etc., — is the religious-subjective, peaceful destruction of the system, according to Tolstoy. On this path, he went much further than his Enlightenment teachers with their theories of social contracts, creating a model of not struggle, not reconciliation, not an agreement, but retirement from the state in the form of non-participation in its violence and atrocities. But all this is worth doing — not rebelling anarchically, not for the sake of oneself or social justice, but completely obeying the Divine will, which is a religious modification of the Kantian ethical imperative in Tolstoy’s teachings. Chertkov has named this teaching as model of theocratic monarchism.

Stereotypes in Eka Kurniawan’s Short Story Collection Perempuan Patah Hati Yang Kembali Menemukan Cinta Melalui Mimpi

Stereotypes are an idea or image that many people have toward other people, groups, or things which are usually dominated by negative beliefs. Stereotypes become part of the human mindset in terms of how to see other people from different perspectives. Stereotypes can be found in various media including movies, advertisements, and literature. This research attempts to analyze the stereotypes in Eka Kurniawan’s short story collection entitled “Perempuan Patah Hati Yang Kembali Menemukan Cinta Melalui Mimpi”. This short story collection appeals to our interest because of how Eka Kurniawan brought these stories into different places, plots, and topics. This research used a descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the stereotypes in the story. The data were collected through reading the stories, note taking or highlighting the stereotypes in the story, analyzing, then categorizing the stereotypes. This research found there are 4 types of stereotypes including nationality stereotypes, racial stereotypes, political stereotypes, and gender stereotypes. The result shows that the most dominant stereotypes in Eka Kurniawan’s short story collection are gender stereotypes.

Performing musical personae. Verka Serduchka and Slawomir as examples of critical dance music

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to compare two artists – the Ukrainian Verka Serduchka and the Polish Sławomir – by analysing their most representative songs. The visual (music videos), sonic (genre), and lyrical factors of their performances are viewed as the elements of their musical personae (as understood by Philip Auslander). Verka and Sławomir are presented as folk-rooted but socially elevated stars who tend to mock political (auto)stereotypes through the lens of a rural–urban dichotomy. They both represent a specific local kind of “dance music,” that is a field where political discourse, strongly rooted in folk inspiration, is constructed, reproduced, and sustained. The objective is to disclose how they perform the mockery of classical values based on the themes of folk culture, stardom, and love, through their comedic personae.

Stereotypes about compassion across the political spectrum.

To what extent are ideological differences in compassion real or exaggerated, and who is more likely to engage in stereotyping about such differences? In five studies, including three online studies and two field studies of voters at the Iowa Caucus and U.S. Presidential Election in 2016, we found evidence for political stereotyping about compassion. Although Democratic and Republican participants did not consistently rate themselves as feeling different amounts of compassion on a single-item self-assessment, there was a stereotype that the average Democrat/liberal is more compassionate than the average Republican/conservative. Importantly, this stereotype exaggerated the extent of self-reported differences in compassion across parties in these samples, and Democratic participants engaged in stronger stereotype exaggeration. These results suggest that although there can be ideological variability in compassion, the perceived difference may exaggerate this reality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Specificity of Author’s Modality and Representation of Russia’s Image in Claudia Erdheim’s Book “Früher war alles besser”: an Austrian View

The reception of a foreign cultural (Russian) code by the European (Austrian) literary consciousness on the problematic, stylistic and lexical levels are studied in the article. The main trend characteristic for the representation of the image of Russia in the book by Claudia Erdheim is revealed: a retrospective look into the “bright past”. It is emphasized that the refrain phrase “Früher war alles besser” in the title has a symbolic meaning. Five mini-stories were analyzed. Attention is paid to the stereotypes of the Russian mass consciousness. Political stereotypes, ethical canons are studied in the perception of the author-narrator. It is argued that the antinomy of the Western way of thinking and the Russian mentality is the prevailing motive in the work under study. It is proved that the problem of the Russian-Austrian cultural dialogue is realized through the prism of the fundamental components of the Austrian mentality Einfühlung (feeling) and Gemütlichkeit (comfort, tranquility). Among the mental clichés of the narrator, stereotyped ideas about the Russian character (“broad soul”, “Russian scope”, “Russian maybe”, “longing”) are found. The book by K. Erdheim is a vivid example of the representation of the “Other” / “Alien” ideas about the “Other” national character and recreates the image of the Russian people in its artistic system.

Politics of Language in Video Games: Identity and Representations of Iran

Abstract This article addresses the role of the language of identity politics in video games by exploring games dealing with significant contemporary events in the history of Iran. Video games are no longer exclusively viewed as pastime activities but are assessed as a means to soft power. As a form of popular culture, video games can be used to excavate cultural and political bias and prejudices, to name a few. While the representations of gender and race have received extensive attention, language and its role in understanding the politics of video games remain an underresearched domain. This study investigates how exploring the linguistic signifiers in video games can shed light on the normative approach that video games take: first, in order to present certain cultural and political stereotypes in specific historical contexts, therefore othering certain identities; second, to shape the identity of gamers in such a way as to converge with those norms through creating a third space. Finally, the article demonstrates how the choice and use of linguistic codes in the game can further empathy or the lack thereof through selective choice of controversial historical contexts, where gamers indirectly become active participants in fomenting certain political representations.

Realistic Painting of the 20th Century China in the Context of Cultural Visualization

This article examines the phenomenon of Chinese realism, as well as the prerequisites and factors that influenced the processes of reception in modern Chinese art. At the beginning of the 20th century, under the influence of Western academic realism and the artistic system of social realism, a new direction and artistic method was formed — realism, which became mainstream in the art of China of the mid-20th century. According to its aesthetic and ideological motifs, Chinese realism is an object of social realism reception, which was determined by cultural and historical factors, and the development of political, economic and cultural ties with the USSR. Studying the realistic painting, which reflects the atmosphere of the era, the worldview, and the dialogue of cultures, is relevant for both Chinese and Russian contemporary art studies. The article examines the role of realism in the development of Chinese art culture of the 20th century, including its socio-political components, as well as the dynamics of artistic and expressive means and the iconographic system in the context of the historical and cultural situation. In the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of the liberalization of economic and political life, the artistic consciousness formed new concepts of realistic painting — neorealism and cynical realism, associated with a critical rethinking of the historical heritage. The neorealism and cynical realism, which would significantly enrich realistic painting with new forms and content, adopted Western postmodern concepts of pop art, and debunked, in a grotesque and satirical form, the political stereotypes of the past. The analysis of realistic painting of the 1990s demonstrates how the transformation of past painting canons reflects the desire of society to free itself from the pressure of totalitarian ideology and to rethink the value orientations of the previous era.The novelty of this study lies in the fact that it applies a systematic and holistic approach to the analysis of realism in Chinese painting, reveals the diversity of its forms and directions, and gives ground for the specifics of its evolution in the context of the artistic culture of the 20th century China. There are almost no comprehensive studies of this issue in modern art history, so this work is an attempt to create a scientific approach to the study of this artistic phenomenon and the formation of ideas about how the artistic consciousness of an entire epoch was changing.

Filippo Pananti’s Algeria

ABSTRACT The Tuscan poet, playwright and democratic activist Filippo Pananti (1766–1837) was captured by Algerian corsairs in the Mediterranean on his way back to Italy from England in 1813 and was briefly held captive before being released thanks to the intervention of a British diplomat. He published a highly coloured and melodramatic account of his sufferings, together with a description of the country, in 1817; the work, called Avventure ed osservazioni sopra le coste di Barberia, went through several editions and was translated into English, French and German. This article studies Pananti’s extremely hostile view of Algeria, which draws on many earlier writings about the country and reproduces contemporary racial, political and religious stereotypes about the Muslim world. It also throws light on the contemporary international context of his call for a European expedition to free the Mediterranean of North African pirates and liberate the Christian ‘slaves’ in Algeria.

Steered by ethnicity and/or SES cues? An examination of party selectors’ stereotypes about ethnic minority aspirants

ABSTRACT This study discusses whether party selectors’ stereotypes about ethnic minority aspirants help to explain the political under-representation of ethnic minorities. Specific attention goes to the question of how the social stereotype of ethnic minorities as low socioeconomic status citizens affects political stereotypes about ethnic minority aspirants. This innovative intersectionality research is built on an original survey experiment conducted among Flemish party selectors. Ethnic minority aspirants are perceived as more leftist than majority aspirants, but not as less competent or trustworthy. Furthermore, the effects of aspirants’ ethnicity are not moderated by their socioeconomic status. The implications are twofold. First, discrimination against ethnic minority aspirants based on their ethnic background is only likely to occur among rightist party selectors. Second, that ethnic minority aspirants with a high socioeconomic status are perceived as equally competent than their ethnic majority counterparts contradicts previous assumptions that ethnic minority aspirants need to be better qualified than ethnic majority aspirants. In sum, this study nuances previous concerns that party selector discrimination is an important barrier for the representation of ethnic minorities.

Przerwanie czy przetrwanie (staro)białoruskiej tradycji piśmienniczej w XVIII wieku? Przyczynki do dyskusji nad rozwojem literackiego języka białoruskiego na materiale wydań bazyliańskich drukarni z Supraśla i Wilna

<p class="Domynie">W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano elementy prostej mowy, ruskiej mowy XVIII wieku, świadectwem której są teksty o charakterze religijnym z tego okresu wydane w bazyliańskiej drukarni w Supraślu (Sobranije pripadkov, 1722, Kratkoje soslovije, 1759, Pouczenije o obrjadach, 1788). Analiza języka tekstów supraskich została uzupełniona analizą tekstu, wydanego w drukarni zakonnej w Wilnie (Ecphonemata Liturgiey Greckiey 1671), w języku cerkiewnosłowiańskim, jednak z zastosowaniem czcionki łacińskiej. Ze względu na różnego rodzaju czynniki: polityczne czy stereotypy naukowe teksty o charakterze religijnym były pomijane w badaniach nad językiem (prostą mową, ruską mową) i piśmiennictwem białoruskim XVIII wieku. Zarejestrowane w nich cechy językowe świadczą o potrzebie rewizji upowszechnionego w latach 60. XX wieku przez wybitnych badaczy języka białoruskiego: Arkadzia Żurauskiego i Iwana Kramko i podtrzymanego przez innych badaczy, aksjomatu na temat zaniku języka starobiałoruskiego w XVIII wieku. Swoją tezę skonstruowali oni na podstawie analizy czynników: graficznego, gramatycznego, ortograficznego, leksykalnego oraz gatunkowego. Koronnym argumentem za zerwaną ciągłością tradycji było wyliczenie specyficznych cech piśmiennictwa starobiałoruskiego, nieobecnych we współczesnym literackim języku białoruskim. Zgodnie z danymi z analizowanych druków bazyliańskich należy mówić o ewolucyjności procesu rozwoju białoruskiego języka literackiego.</p>

El amor interracial como arma de resistencia política en el relato breve «Hora de partir», de César A. Mba Abogo

El siguiente artículo se centra en el modo en el que Ariadna y Ka, los dos personajes en el relato breve «Hora de Partir» (2007), del escritor ecuatoguineano César A. Mba Abogo, resisten una categorización racial y social dominante mediante la relación de amor que mantienen en España. Para dicho propósito, me sirvo de la ideología del colorblindness, la cual defiende que la igualdad entre categorías grupales se consigue mediante el tratamiento de las personas como seres individuales con características únicas (Rosenthal et al. 2010: 150). La aplicación de esta teoría al análisis de la narración permite resaltar el proceso de individuación que ambos personajes experimentan, basado en el ensalzamiento de su individualidad. De este modo, este artículo defiende que la relación de amor que ambos mantienen funciona como un espacio literario de resistencia a nivel narrativo desde donde los personajes enfrentan los estereotipos sociales, raciales y políticos sobre los que la categorización grupal está conformada.

Do Gender Cues from Images Supersede Partisan Cues Conveyed via Text? Eye Movements Reveal Political Stereotyping in Multimodal Information Environments

ABSTRACT An important feature of the information environment is its multimodal nature. In politics, people encounter representations of political candidates that combine images and text. Among the most prominent pieces of information people encounter are a candidate’s gender, obtained from images of the candidate’s face, and the candidate’s partisan identification, often represented as text. This feature of the environment is important given previous work showing that individuals infer gender categories from faces rapidly and effortlessly. In this study (N = 113), we use eye movements to determine how individuals assign stereotypical policy positions to candidates in an environment in which photos of candidates’ faces are paired with labels of their partisan IDs. We find that politically-knowledgeable individuals are more likely to use partisan- than gender-based stereotypes. In contrast, political novices did not prioritize one type of stereotype over the other. Our findings have implications for understanding how individuals make political evaluations in multimodal settings and show the advantages of measuring eye movements when studying stereotyping in multimodal environments.

DEMOCRAT OR REPUBLICAN? USING POLITICAL STEREOTYPES AS A BIAS DISCUSSION EXERCISE

This innovative practice paper explains a classroom leadership exercise that asks students to identify anonymous people as either Democrats or Republicans based only on brief descriptions. Students are challenged to explore the reasons behind the identifications they make, specifically confronting the trigger words that lead them to assign a political affiliation. In doing so, the exercise leads students to recognize preconceived notions that are largely based on general stereotypes. Although the exercise is based in political party identity, it is designed as a springboard into powerful classroom discussions about broader issues of bias and prejudice.

POLITICAL STEREOTYPES IN THE MEDIA AND ELECTORAL MOOD OF THE MURMANSK REGION PEOPLE

The article analyzes the impact on the population of political stereotypes formed by two leading media in the Murmansk region on the eve of the election. Using of content analysis, the author describes the main stereotypes functioning in the pre-election texts of the media and political advertising. Conclusions testify to the changing perceptions of voters about elections, and the stereotypes extracted from the media paint a strange and contradictory situation.

Film Studies in the University Students' Audience: From Entertainment Genres to Art House.

The film art are the complex means of the mastering of the surrounding world by the person (in social, moral, psychological, artistic, intellectual aspects). Development of skills for the critical analysis of films – an important task of film studies. However, film education practice shows that university students have the problems with the discussion / analysis, for example, the difficulties in the process of understanding and interpreting the author's conception, plot and genre features. This book substantiates the technological approaches to the analysis skills of different genres in film studies in students’ audience. For example, the main outcome of analysis of the movies genres in film education in a university classroom is not just the audience's understanding of historical, political, social and cultural contexts and stereotypes, but also the development of the audience’s analytical and interpretative skills applied to film text, critical thinking development. This book will be useful for film and media educators, scholars, teachers, university students, a broad audience interested of film studies.

Does the Context Matter for the Prevalence of Political Gender Stereotypes? An Experimental Study in Flanders (Belgium) and Slovakia

ABSTRACTThis article tests the effect of the political and societal context on the prevalence of political gender stereotypes in Flanders (Belgium) and Slovakia. These settings present an interesting case for comparison: Flanders can be described as a gender-neutral political context, whereas the Slovak society is rather male-dominated and conservative. The results, based on an experimental survey conducted among comparable samples in both cases, indicate that issue competence, ideological position and general competence stereotypes are rather absent. Similarly, no evidence was found to support the embeddedness of political gender stereotypes in different contexts. Most importantly, the finding that voters’ perceptions of candidates are primarily based on the extent to which voters agree with the content of the presented policy position, demonstrates that other cues outweigh the importance of candidate sex.

Issue Salience and Political Stereotypes

Issue Salience and Political Stereotypes

Latent class analysis of ‘good citizenship’ forms among youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Using a person-centred statistical approach (latent class analysis) this study aims to categorise young citizens in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to their citizenship norms, level of trust in institutions and propensity toward political gender stereotyping. We employed the data from The National Survey of Citizens’ Perceptions in Bosnia and Herzegovina (NSCP-B&H) 2017, which documents the civic attitudes of a nationally representative sample of adults (18+) from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since this study focuses on the youth, we extracted a sub-sample of 831 young individuals born between 1987 and 2001. Applying latent class analysis, we derived two distinct classes of young citizens with a unique set of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours related to the role of citizens in modern societies, namely ‘enthusiastic citizens’ and ‘outsiders’. The findings offer valuable insights for policy-makers about the design and implementation of measures that aims to foster active citizenship in the laggard transitional economy. Also, it advances the research agenda on citizenship norms beyond the Western European context.