Political Setup Research Articles

Socio-monetary and Demographic Profile of Gujjar and Bakkarwals of Poonch District

The present study is an attempt to understand the educational backwardness of scheduled tribes of district Poonch of Jammu and Kashmir. The Scheduled Tribes (ST’s) are the socially and educationally deprived people in India. Scheduled Tribes have specific histories of social and monetary deprivation and the underlying reasons in their educational marginalization are also strikingly awesome. Schooling forms a crucial factor inside the average improvement of people, enabling them to get extra awareness, higher comprehension in their social, political and cultural surroundings and additionally facilitating inside the development of their socio-monetary conditions. The time period “tribe” was earlier used for a network which constituted a homogenous institution that lived in overall isolation having a particularly self-sustaining economic system independent political setup and which maintained wonderful customs, religions practices inherited from one common place ancestor. The scheduled tribes are the oldest settlers, if no longer the primary in India and India has the second one biggest concentration of the tribes inside internationally. Scheduled tribe population constitutes 8.6% of the entire population in India. Jammu and Kashmir has many tribal communities having their own traditions, cultures and customs. Scheduled Tribe groups have traditionally lived in remote and some difficult terrains in the direction of forests and natural assets. Most of the tribes live in inaccessible areas.

Writing Draupadi: Politics and Poetics of Myth in Modern South Asian Literature

Modern South Asian literature celebrates Draupadi as one of the key icons that helps explore the embedded tenets of thoughts about self, history, and polity. Human beings make meaning of their endeavours in the political setup of historical context by placing self-therein. Bengali novelist Mahasweta Devi (1926-2016), Oriya novelist Pratibha Ray (1943-), and Nepali novelist Neelam Karki (1975-) rewrite Draupadi’s myth from the Mahabharata in “Draupadi” (1978), Yajnaseni (1984), and Cheerharan [Disrobing] (2016) respectively. Each of the woman authors addresses the formation of a woman’s self at a particular historical juncture in their society. Devi’s rebel self emerges from prevailing discrimination in Bengali society where the Mundas were socially and politically pushed to the margin. Ray broadly reflects on the plight of women in her contemporary society where they have lost independence to the dictations of society upon their self as they have no freedom of choice. Narrated in an epistolatory form addressing Krishna as her spiritual companion, Ray’s Draupadi reveals the vibes of her inner heart and her intimate observations about the world and the people. In Karki’s Cheerharan, Draupadi organises a programme to bring four generations of women together: Satyavati from the first generation; Ambika and Ambalika from the second generation; Gandhari and Kunti from the third generation; and Draupadi, Ulupi, and Bhanumati from the fourth generation. Though each generation narrates its story to the audience in the programme, this study will focus on Draupadi’s narration only. Devi, Ray, and Karki employ Draupadi as one of the power narratives to explore a new meaning in the changing context of their society. The woman authors reframe Draupadi’s myth in different ways to suit the ethos of Bengal in the 1970s, Odisha in the late 1970s, and Nepal after the second people’s movement in 2006. Each author invents a unique way of framing the narrative to address the inequalities in power structures in their societies. This paper contextually reads the three texts to examine the goal of writing Draupadi in modern South Asian fiction.

Economic Transformations in British Colonial Punjab and the Feudal Identity of District Jhang

Jhang a historic city of Punjab is situated at the junction of two rivers Jehlum and Chenab. Its fertile lands have always been a big source of prosperity. During British rule, colonial authorities in Punjab made many reforms in this region. They not only reformed the agriculture sector but also improved infrastructure. Construction of a road network, railway line, postal and telegraph system as well as supply of electricity had positive impacts on the social and economic life of Jhang. Although all these developments were made for colonial interests ultimately these benefitted the peoples of Jhang. Among British reforms, the most important were agricultural reforms. These reforms had a deep impact on the future and socio-economic and political setup of Jhang. After agricultural reforms and establishing canal colonies, Jhang was neglected in terms of establishing agro-based and other industrial units and new agricultural research and science and technology institutions. As a result, the Jhang was denied the chances for advancement and growth that could have driven and propelled it to become a more prosperous and progressed region. Here the question arises of whether the actual purpose of agricultural reforms in district Jhang was only to create certain classes to protect colonial interests and reward them for their loyalties? Did the British Colonial agrarian reforms lay the foundation for the Feudal system in Jhang?

Youth in Local Level Planning Processes: Review of Local Impressions

Federalisation is one of the leading political setups for the participatory involvement of all citizens in and accountability for governance; it generally offers numerous opportunities to engage in planning, policy-making, decision-making, and implementation in development initiatives and social movements. On the one hand, Nepal has a youth population, and youths are considered both products and producers of the settings in which they engage. These reciprocal processes provide a basis for self-development and others in the community. On the other hand, not much effort has been put into enhancing the youth’s capacity for meaningful participation in the development process, especially in the new federal setup. Given the background, this paper presents a critical reflection of planners and decision-makers on policies and programmes related to youth, economic empowerment of young women and youth participation in the planning process at state and local levels. Data were collected from five local governments focusing on all planning levels, from Tole consultation to Ward Assembly to Rural Municipality/Municipality to State and Federal levels. Primary data were collected at the grassroots level, where the perspective of youths, especially those from marginalised groups, about their involvement in planning processes, was captured through eight focused group discussions. Also, eight key informants, at least two elected representatives, were interviewed from the same study area.

Criminotheology - Persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Putin’s Russia

Following their ban in 2017, the state targeted Jehovah’s Witnesses as harmful sectarians in the context of a ‘conservative twist’ in Russian politics grounded in late-Soviet anti-sectarian models and narratives. The active use of religious instruments in the political setup has led to a growing securitization of religion in Russia, where ‘non-traditional’ religiosity and religious non-conformism have been criminalised and blended with terrorism and extremism. The article focuses on forensic expertise in religion used in trials against believers and discusses how the forensic analysis of religious teachings for criminal evidence (criminotheology) have construed Jehovah’s Witnesses as dangerous extremists.

The Effects of the Afghan Issue on Pakistan's Political Dynamics: An Analysis of the General Musharraf Administration

After the incident of 9/11, Afghanistan emerged as a terrorist state before the face of the world. To eradicate the militant factors the USA initiated a war against terror with the help of her allies on the soil of Afghanistan. This paper aims to analyze the efforts of Pakistan to bring harmony, peace and development to Afghanistan. The Afghan political scenario is a "multi-political scenario" in which different types of stakeholders show their political legitimacy over the masses. The capitalist class led by the USA and the socialist class by the Russians are the antagonistic factors in this regard. Another major group in this regard is the Islamic agenda group, having a culture of arms and is also a main participant in the Afghan political setup. The political legitimacy of the different groups has de-railed whole the system on the verge of chaos. The main focus of this paper is to determine the struggles of Pakistan to restore the true political system in Afghanistan through the participation of all the stakeholders in the scenario.

MSMEs for Attainment of Sustainable Development Goals: A Study of SHGs of Odisha in Digital Milieu

The micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) maneuver a crucial part in both developed and developing countries for their contribution towards employment generation, capital formation and inflow of foreign exchange. In the context of India, their contribution is immense and in states like Odisha they are indispensable for overwhelming dependence of the state on them. However, owing to multiple factors like natural conditions, political set-up, macroeconomic parameters, style of entrepreneurial leadership, availability of capital, usage of digital infrastructure, etc., the performance of MSMEs in Odisha is unpredictable. As such the performance of all MSME units in the state of Odisha is not at par. While some of the units are performing well, some are struggling a lot. If the factors that cause good performance of the successful MSMEs are traced and the same set is adapted in struggling units, maybe all the MSME units can perform well and facilitate achieving first three sustainable development goals (SDGs), i.e., SDG-1: no poverty, SDG-2: zero hunger, and SDG-3: good health and well-being. Thus, the objective of this paper is to identify the factors that make the MSME units, specifically the self help groups (SHGs) successful and devise strategies for effective usage of digital infrastructure for sustainable performance. The paper is based on Time Series secondary data pertaining to number of MSMEs, capital investment and number of employees.

The Rule of Military in Pakistan: An Agent of Change? A Socio-Political Comparative Analysis of Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq

The change covers the meaning of alteration, transformation or fundamental modification to achieve some specific objective. The socio-political change covers the domain of transformational steps by an individual, organization or by state to bring fundamental changes in society and political setup. The political history of Pakistan has seen many ups and downs in the form of four long military interventions in the political setup. The weak political norms and fragile political institutions provide a feasible environment for the organized institution of the military to intervene and establish their rule. Military dictators have posed themselves as the saviour of the nation and a hope for change for the common masses. The special focus of this paper is the era of General Ayub Khan and General Zia-ul-Haq. This paper is an effort to explore the consequences and results of the socio-political transformational policies adopted by both military leaders. The study reveals that both military dictators adopted different stands (economic and religious) to preserve their interests instead of social welfare.

Acculturation or Assimilation of the Diasporic Individual in Bapsi Sidwa's An American Brat

Migration in the entire world has created the concept of 'Diaspora'which remains a social and political upheaval for the existence of theSubalterns. The Subalterns have to face the second grade treatmentin new foreign set-ups, and have a need to acculturate themselveswith the new identity and assimilate their indigenous identity. Thesevictimized individuals raise voice against the discrimination of thesocial, cultural and political setup of the country they live in. This hasled to a new race of destabilized individuals who look forth for anidentity which might allow them to get assimilated in the new culturethey live in. This paper focuses and studies on whether the individualreally gets acculturated or assimilated or remains consistently the'other' by the analysis of Bapsi Sidwa's novel An American Brat.

Social and Political Suppression of Common People in the Current Developing Countries in the Context of George Orwell's Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984)

The study examines the nexus of the ruling party's slogans in the state of Oceania, "war is peace, ignorance is strength, freedom is slavery" in George Orwell's novel 1984 to the present societies in developing countries, using the lens of Marxism. Sufyan Al-Dmour states; Three different classes are present in the depicted novel: the ruling class, which is echoed by the Inner Party; Outer Party represents the middle class, the Proles consist of the working class (SufyanAl-Dmour, 2020). The class system is dominating all over the world, specifically in developing countries. MacCartney and Zaidi argue; It was the military-bureaucratic control of a few influential figures, with the three classes which kept what can be called Pakistan's political setup. (McCartney, Zaidi, 2019). Common people in 1984 were severely penalized for who exerted to think or act differently. The pertinence of the slogan "freedom is slavery" in 1984 is still dominant in developing societies.

Land Consolidation in Croatia

Land consolidation is a very important instrument in agricultural planning and in making agricultural policies. It has a very long history in Croatia, dating to 18th century. However, it was formally made into legislation in the late 19th century. From then onward, it was rather widely used as a tool for consolidating fragmented pieces of agricultural land. After the independence in 1991, Croatia changed its constitutional and political setup in a manner which made further use of the existing law on land consolidation from 1979 impossible. However, the law stayed in force until the new law entered into force in 2015. Consequently, the institute of land consolidation was legally regulated the entire time, but the law was not applicable. Therefore, no land consolidations were made after 1991. Furthermore, last initiated land consolidation dated from 1989 and it was not, formally finished as the bodies which conducted land consolidations were abolished and new ones were never created. This is why the Constitutional Court had to react and this reaction brought the new law concerning land consolidation in 2015. However, from 2015 until now, no land consolidations were conducted or even initiated under the new law. In 2021, the Government started drafting the new law on land consolidation.

Probing the Minority Conundrum: Sardar Patel and Minorities in India

Indian Constitution is a progressive document based on liberal ethos of equality and freedom. Secularism, as imbibed in the document gives freedom of religious practices and believes and even propagation to people of all faith. This is also considered as the fundamental characteristic of the Indian Constitution which cannot be altered. Given the image of Vallabhai Patel it looks astounding to find out that he was the head of the advisory committee on minorities in the constituent assembly which proposed special protection to minorities in particular. This chapter is an attempt to understand the depth of the contribution of Patel in shaping the minority rights in India and establishing secular polity. The chapter is divided in two major parts; one is dealing with the theoretical basis on which the minority questions are generally seen. This also deals with the peculiar provisions in the legal and political setups which makes India a secular polity. Second is examining the role and interventions of Patel in the constituent assembly on the issue.

The Political Discrepancy of Pakistan towards Afghanistan: Need of the Time

After the incident of 9/11, Afghanistan emerged as a terrorist state before the face of the world.To eradicate the militant factors, the USA initiated a war against terror with the help of its allies on the soil of Afghanistan. This paper aims to analyze the efforts of Pakistan to bring harmony, peace and development to Afghanistan. The Afghan political scenario is a "multi- political scenario" in which different types of stakeholders show their political legitimacy over the masses. The capitalist class led by the USA and the socialist class by Russia are the antagonistic factors in this regard. Another major group in this regard is the Islamic agenda group, having the culture of arms and is also the main participant in the Afghan political setup. The political legitimacy of the different groups de-railed whole the system on the verge of chaos. The main focus of this paper is to determine the struggles of Pakistan to restore the true political system in Afghanistan through the participation of all the stakeholders in the scenario.

3 - Strategic Submission as Resistance? Nabongo Mumia in the Struggle for Post-Colonial Kenya’s Histories

This article pursues the debate on the role that various regional leaders in late pre- to colonial Kenya played in their people’s responses to colonialism and its agents, and the contests for moral historical spaces that have continued to be played out in intellectual and public discourse. Focusing on Nabongo Mumia, the political and cultural figure of the Wanga people in western Kenya, the article examines the fluidity between collaboration and resistance as processes that have been presented mistakenly as dialectical oppositions. Situating my argument within the counter-revisionist trajectory, I demonstrate that the earlier presentation of Nabongo Mumia – and indeed a few other leaders – as a ‘collaborator’ largely simplifies the dilemmas that many a leader were confronted with in the wake of colonial violence, and is used in the current political setup to rationalise deliberate forms of exclusion from central political structures in the country. I further show that for regional leaders in colonial Kenya, strategic submission guided by a variety of legitimate considerations, was often misread as ‘collaboration’, a line that was picked up by earlier Africanist inclined scholars whose nationalistic impulses dr ve them to a search for ‘heroes’, often guided by the matrices of ‘resistance’.

Dynamics of Afghanistan`s Evolving Situation: Repercussions on Pakistan and China Pakistan Economic Corridor Security

Afghanistan's evolving situation is fluid to predict global and regional dynamics in politics, economy, and regional security. The building scenarios are yet to be fixed inside Afghanistan, which would pass to regional countries and world powers like the USA, China, and Russia. In similar lines, American withdrawal does not seem to be a complete evacuation of US interests from Afghanistan. The uncertain movements inside and around Afghanistan are key to yield any cost and benefit of socio-political, geo-economic and strategic scenarios for Afghanistan and regional powers in action; Pakistan yet is central to this point. In this context, the current paper highlights different scenarios after the physical withdrawal of the US troops from Afghanistan, its evolving scenarios, and its implications for the China-Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Pakistan. The paper distributes the possible scenarios in tentative four likely components. The first section explains the dimensions of political setups coming out from the possible vacuum created by the US withdrawal. The second major scenario is reflected and described in terms of economic problems after the takeover of the Afghanistan Taliban. The third dimension explains the security situation internally and its repercussions on CPEC and Pakistan. Finally, the paper provides serious and conscious policy guidelines to the policymakers in Pakistan.

(2021) Volume 2, Issue 4 Cultural Implications of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC Authors: Dr. Unsa Jamshed Amar Jahangir Anbrin Khawaja Abstract: This study is an attempt to highlight the cultural implication of CPEC on Pak-China relations, how it will align two nations culturally, and what steps were taken by the governments of two states to bring the people closer.

(2021) Volume 2, Issue 4 Cultural Implications of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC Authors: Dr. Unsa Jamshed Amar Jahangir Anbrin Khawaja Abstract: This study is an attempt to highlight the cultural implication of CPEC on Pak-China relations, how it will align two nations culturally, and what steps were taken by the governments of two states to bring the people closer.

15-Influence of Political Parties in Political Stability in Pakistan: A Case Study of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

The main purpose of this investigation is to analyze the participation of Political parties in the development of democratic culture in Pakistan. For this purpose survey was conducted among the students and the faculty members of political departments of various colleges of Hyderabad city. The data were collected through questionnaire using five point Likert scale and data were analyzed by using SPSS 22 version. The results of this study reveal that there is significant role of political parties for the development of democracy and also stability of economical conditions of the country. Most of the respondents are persuaded that the responsibility of political parties in political development of Pakistan is crucial but not admiring yet. They are of the view that political parties have not even played adequate role in direction of the political, social and economic growth of a country. Results of survey also demonstrate that the political setup of Pakistan desires considerable transformations, capacity building and institutionalization. It is concluded that the imperative role of democratic parties is to enhance the volume of political development in the interest of nation of Pakistan.

The Making of a Nation: The Northern Territories and the Colonial Discourse of Nationhood in the Gold Coast, 1897–1950

This article examines the exclusionary experiences of northern Ghana in the empire, which kept it at the periphery of Gold Coast national consciousness up to 1950. If the “nation” is an imagined community, as Benedict Anderson asserts, then the Gold Coast was a product of colonial discourse merging varying interests into a multicultural nation. The article explores why the Northern Territories lagged in influencing that imagined consciousness until 1951. I argue that a multiplicity of factors constrained the north’s contribution to the burgeoning national consciousness of the Gold Coast. The constriction was a function of colonial intentionality, distinct constitutional and political set-ups, economic policies, and the social circumstances in the protectorate. This work adds to our understanding of colonial northern Ghana and how structural disadvantages absented it from early colonial political and constitutional discourses that produced Ghanaian nationhood.

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal: An Assessment of the Rule of Law

The Rule of law, a set of principles of governance, apply to all individuals, organizations and the government itself. Democracy is a political system governed by the rule of law. No rule of law means no democratic future. This paper aims to assess the state of the rule of law under the new political setup, taking the rule of law as dependent variable and fundamental rights, corruption, open parliament and independent judiciary as independent variables. To measure the rule of law, necessary information was collected from printed and online sources. A federal democratic republic can grow healthy only when there exists the rule of law and efficient state institutions. The fundamental problems in strengthening the rule of law obstructed by the tendency of personalization and frequent intervention in state institutions, high level of corruption at policy level, poor legislative bill formulation, the controversial appointing process of the judges and the political dominations. The acceptance of international norms to address the justice and to promote human rights, adhering to the principle of inclusion and equality, maintaining transparency rule in the appointment in various constitutional bodies and keeping out of executive influence to maintain impartial and independent institutions can help in strengthening the rule of law.

Solid, Gel, and Solvent of Intensive Care Unit Leadership.

The first leadership emerged simultaneously at the time when humans started forming groups to fight against a common threat or to attain means of survival for food, shelter, and safety. Authors have tried to define, understand, and apply the context of leadership in different social, cultural, political, organizational, and religious setups. This article will describe three aspects of leadership to encompass comprehensive traits of strong leadership in a particular reference to any multidisciplinary intensive care units (ICUs) in a tertiary care hospital.