Political Realm Research Articles

Kadın Siyasetçilerin Seçim Kampanyalarındaki Mitler Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir İnceleme: İran’daki Yerel Seçimler Örneği

This paper explores gender issues through a mythical lens, studying myths from a semiotic standpoint and their impact on gender roles in politics. The legendary elements included in campaign posters for Iranian female candidates during municipal elections are investigated in this study. It specifically explores the importance, worth, and impact of these visuals in political advertising. The research findings indicate that although women have achieved notable progress in the realm of politics, their advancements and entitlements are frequently obscured by gender biases. Although women have made significant strides in addressing gender inequality in areas such as education, posters still prominently feature aesthetics and femininity. Women with scientific credentials continue to prioritize face appearance, influenced by the societal norms and regulations of a conservative society. Ancient Iranian political propaganda continues to harness the potency of age-old mystical symbols, serving as a testament to the significant value and influence of women in that era. Political myths, such as nationalism, assert that nationalism is not influenced by gender and that gender equality is a central focus in national movements, regardless of whether they are led by radical or liberal parties.

Islamic State Utopia: Investigating Khilafatul Muslimin Movement in Contemporary Indonesia

This article aims to explore the contemporary Islamic state establishment movement in Indonesia namely Khilafatul Muslimin. Even though the Islamic state is strictly forbidden in Indonesia by the national constitution, such movements have been endless for a long time in the country. The phenomenon of Khilafatul Muslimin, which has recently emerged and surfaced in the realm of politics and religion in the country, indicates that some Muslims want to establish a Khilafah state under Islamic law. Utilizing qualitative methods with the library and documents research in a thorough and depth analysis, this article is designed to excavate and identify the anatomy of the Khilafatul Muslimin as the Islamic state movements, which were familiar to the archipelago since its independence. The study reveals that unlike the past similar movements, which mostly ended in the discourse, this organization has built a set of an Islamic state hierarchy and bureaucracy with complete personals. In addition, Khilafatul Muslimin linked its network to those radical-global Islamic state movements like the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which, in turn, challenges Pancasila as the national ideology. However, interestingly, the root of Khilafatul Muslimin is closely related to Darul Islam (DI) and Negara Islam Indonesia (NII, Indonesian Islamic State), the past and utopian Islamic state movement in a huge multicultural Indonesian society. This research will benefit the policymakers in Indonesia to treat other Islamic movements equitably, while still keeping the country in harmony. For further study, it will be fruitful to involve broader methods in gathering data to have more comprehensive results.

학교 교육의 공공성: 교육과 정치의 관련

The aim of this article is to identify the root cause of the current crisis in school education as the 'loss of publicness' and elucidate its significance. The term 'public' carries diverse connotations in our society, with scholars like Dewey and Habermas attempting to define its method and conditions of acquisition. However, there are limitations to such interpretations. Arendt, a scholar dedicated to restoring the meaning and status of politics in human life, serves as the focal point in this article. In this article, based on Arendt's views, I intend to foster insightful discussions on the concept of publicness. In particular, Chapter 3 delves into Arendt's emphasis on ‘politics as judgment’, drawing from her unique interpretation of Kant's Critique of Judgment power. Existing research on Arendt's notion of the 'public' predominantly centers on 'politics as action,' where publicness becomes the purpose of politics. Yet, in the realm of politics as judgment, publicness assumes the a priori of judgment power and is serves as a fundamental condition of politics. This indicates that publicness constitutes the foundation of human life.

TOXICITY AGAINST BRAZILIAN WOMEN DEPUTIES ON TWITTER: A CATEGORIZATION OF DISCURSIVE VIOLENCE

This paper discussed categories of violent discourses and toxicity against Brazilian women deputies on Twitter through a mixed-methods (corpus linguistics approach/discursive analysis) on a dataset of 1400 tweets. Results suggest that toxic discourse in this case is largely based on violence connected to women's behavior and abilities in the political realm, rather than ideology or propositions. Ideological affiliation, while may influence the amount of toxicity created, doesn’t influence the types of toxic discourses.

THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF VISUAL AND PERFORMING ARTS AS INSTRUMENTS OF INDIA’S SOFT POWER IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

The idea of soft power has become increasingly popular in the field of international relations, where cultural diplomacy is essential to influencing how the global community looks a country. India, with its vast and diverse cultural heritage, has strategically employed its visual and performing arts as critical instruments of soft power. From Bollywood films and classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Kathak to its traditional music and fine arts, India has utilized these art forms to project influence on the global stage. This research paper explores how these various artistic expressions not only serve as tools of India’s soft power but also foster diplomatic relationships, enhance bilateral ties, and build a positive international image. Additionally, the paper analyzes the historical roots of these cultural forms, their evolution over time, and their continued relevance in contemporary global diplomacy. By assessing case studies of India’s use of art and culture in fostering international partnerships and elevating its status in global governance, the study sheds light on how the arts contribute to India's foreign policy goals and solidify its presence in the complex realm of international politics.

Perubahan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat dalam Mengatasi Imigran Ilegal di Perbatasan Dengan Meksiko

The United States, particularly illegal immigrants from the Mexico border, is the primary destination country for these immigrants. In addressing the threat posed by illegal immigrants, the US implements foreign policy measures. Research aims to explain the factors contributing to these changes and examine the extent of changes in the US foreign policy concerning illegal immigration. The factors and levels of changes are analyzed using the foreign policy change theory developed by Jakob Gustavsson. The factors of change consist of international and domestic factors, encompassing political and economic elements. The levels of change categorized as adjustment changes, program changes, problem/goal changes, and international orientation changes. The research methodology employed is qualitative, utilizing a descriptive analytical approach and relying on secondary data. The international factors within the political realm include increasing criminal activities, while the economic aspect pertains to issues regarding low wages for workers. Domestic factors within the political sphere involve changes in foreign policy resulting from the fulfillment of campaign promises influenced by political parties, and the economic aspect relates to the declining income of the American population, affecting the average income of U.S. citizens. The observed levels of change predominantly fall under program changes and international orientation changes.

Membidik Khilafah (Diskursus Dakwah Politik Di Indonesia)

Da'wah is a very great obligation. However, the implementation of Islamic da'wah often faces problems, especially when the material and activities of da'wah are included in the political realm. Therefore, da'wah themes such as sharia, daulah and caliphate are vulnerable to resistance, especially during the current era of power. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study discusses the discourse of political da'wah in Indonesia. The results of the study show that: first, political da'wah is considered a threat by the state. This view is then framed by power by linking the ideas of sharia, daulah and caliphate with the narrative of radicalism. Second, theologically and historically the themes related to the caliphate are an important part of Islamic teachings. Unlike what is alleged, political Islam has historical concepts and facts that are much appreciated by historians and scholars.

Ethnic Identity and Political Construction: An Anthropological Analysis of Baluchistan’s Struggle for Autonomy in Pakistan

One of the complex issues in Balochistan is the autonomy movement that concerns historical grievances, and social and political phenomena bringing state institutions forefront while contesting Baloch identity. This study aims to present some basics of Baloch identity and its conflict with the state, also considering it as a contribution to academic categories of political anthropology; ethnic politics and identity construction in the Pakistani context. This study delves into the complex realm of ethnic politics and identity formation in Pakistan, examining Balochistan – a distinct marginal province. Developing an in-depth analysis of the historical climate, dynamics within that time and state institutions this research uses political anthropology to understand not only Baloch ethnic identity but also autonomy against Pakistan.

An Examination of Chinese Interests in Pakistan from a Regional Perspective

This study aims to examine the manner and level of Chinese interests in Pakistan. The study tries to comprehend the existing level of cordiality between China and Pakistan by analyzing their approach to actively seeking new markets in the region. While Pakistan has consistently prioritized maintaining a friendly relationship with China as a fundamental aspect of its foreign policy, the process of transforming this friendship into a formal cooperation has been difficult due to their shared interests. In the realm of international politics, the connection between nations is an intricate interplay of practical national interests, which are diverse and subject to change in response to shifting regional and global circumstances. Given their shared political, economic, and strategic objectives, both Pakistan and China are prioritizing the protection of their mutual interests. This paper will examine the widely held belief that China is unavoidable by avoiding the opposite viewpoint. The common risks and problems encountered by both nations are the primary factors that unite them in terms of security, political, economic, and strategic aspects.

Cultural and Artistic Transformations of the Culture of Laughter under Conditions of Current Challenges

The relevance of the issue is that humour plays an important role in many areas of modern cultural life. Considering this, it is necessary to study how exactly the impact of jokes is carried out and what their meaning is in order to improve social relations. The purpose is to determine the key features and differences of modern humour in terms of the leading trends of the 21st century. This study has delineated the primary components of humor, encompassing the subjects and social themes around which jokes revolve, as well as the forms in which they manifest. It has been established that the predominant function of humor in modern culture is entertainment. Of particular note is the role of humor within the realm of politics, where it assumes diverse objectives in countries with varying forms of political governance, be it authoritarian or democratic. The study also recognizes the pivotal role humor plays in the domain of art, particularly in the context of post-modernism's evolution. Research offers fresh insights into the transformations occurring in contemporary humor culture and the current impact of jokes on social relations.

KEBOLEHAN PEMIMPIN PEREMPUAN DALAM POLITIK DI INDONESIA PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

This research further examines women's leadership in politics in Indonesia from an Islamic perspective by examining Surah An-Nur verse 55 and Hadith Nasai Number 5293. This type of research is library research with qualitative data analysis and presented descriptively. This research uses a ta'lily approach and a normative approach. The results of this research state that Surah An Nur verse 55 legitimizes that to be a leader you must do pious deeds. This pious deed is not only limited to men, so women who do pious deeds are certainly worthy of being leaders. On the other hand, Nasai hadith Number 5293 only applies specifically to Persia at that time. As times change, women now have a lot of access to education, leadership, and so on. Women's leadership in Indonesia can be seen from the many great women who become leaders. From a juridical perspective, the law also facilitates women's leadership in the political realm by giving women the right to representation. Therefore, women's leadership in politics in Indonesia from an Islamic perspective is permissible.

Balancing the Relationship Between the Union and Member States through the Market Process

There are mainly two paths to fiscal discipline within a federation or within a monetary union: either through markets or through hierarchy. By establishing the no-bailout clause, the Stability and Growth Pact and the Excessive Deficit Procedure, it was thought that the Maastricht Treaty had chosen market mechanisms to achieve that objective. However, the financial crisis showed the severe shortcomings of the model, marking a shift towards surveillance. This article argues that such failure was not due to the market mechanism but by flawed institutional choices. By establishing a procedure for fiscal adjustment, Member States cast doubt on the credibility of the no-bail out clause and took matters into the political realm. As a result, the political process was at the forefront since inception. There are several ways to deliver a certain social goal. Accordingly, goal choice and institutional choice are inextricably linked because it is the institutional choice which connects goals with their legal or public policy results. Importantly, to choose the best avenue comparative institutional analysis needs to be conducted. After briefly considering the political process, this article purports that other processes should be fully explored. When addressing the financial crisis in multi-level governance, some alternatives have already been employed: state default and supranational bailout. Within the EMU, no State has defaulted on its debt obligations prior to receiving a bailout. However, there is room to explore an option that would be based on market mechanisms with judicial elements while reducing dependence on the political process in the long-term: allowing Member States to orderly default on their debts. The article discusses its main problems, constitutional admissibility and democratic necessity.

The Challenging Path of Georgia towards NATO Membership

Georgia is a small nation situated in a region characterised by instability, where the occurrence of conflict escalation has become a frequent occurrence within the realm of regional politics. Ensuring stability in the South Caucasus region is a paramount concern for Georgia in terms of its security agenda. This commitment is clearly articulated in Georgia's National Security Concept (NSC), which was officially approved in 2011. Additionally, Georgia's Foreign Policy Strategy for the period 2019-2022 also underscores the importance of maintaining peace in the South Caucasus region. The level of public support for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) affiliation in Georgia has been considerable, mirroring the widespread agreement among major political parties over the objective of attaining NATO membership. In 2018, a revision was made to the Georgian Constitution, including a paragraph that specifies the need for all governmental institutions to actively strive towards the objective of Georgia's prospective participation in NATO.[1] The admission to NATO has been widely regarded as the most reliable means to achieve a state of stability and prosperity, enabling the nation to fully capitalise on its capabilities and opportunities. This article is characterised by its descriptive approach and aims to examine the dynamics of the evolution of NATO-Georgia ties throughout the history.

Трансформация политической коммуникации в эру интернета: функции и влияние на социально-политические процессы

This contemporary article addresses the dynamically evolving field of political communication within the context of its transformation influenced by internet technologies. By analyzing the universal and specific functions of the internet in the political realm, the study highlights how network communication is redefining traditional forms of political dialogue, enriching them with elements of interactivity, versatility, and accessibility.

'Stop the Boats' Plan: The Most Appropriate Solution for the Current UK

The 'Stop the Boats' plan serves to address the increasing number of illegal asylum seekers arriving at the UK's national borders. Following the public release of this plan, there has been a considerable outbreak of negative responses, criticising it as an act of anti-humanitarianism, with certain legal challenges and high financial costs. Nevertheless, a thorough analysis reveals that none of these critiques is relevant in the political realm. To further demonstrate the efficacy of the 'Stop the Boats' initiative, two alternative policies have been evaluated. One is to accept part of or all illegal asylum seekers and another one is a reject-all approach. However, both alternatives have been found to be less appropriate due to a number of significant deficiencies that affect multiple aspects beyond what can be avoided. Hence, the 'Stop the Boats' plan, which is seeking a balance between the two polar situations, has been proven to be the most feasible asylum plan for the current circumstances.

Anonymity, Peace and Speculative Presence in Isabelle Stengers’ Cosmopolitical Thinking

How does speculative pragmatism induce new ways to think, feel, imagine and act? Take Isabelle Stengers’ cosmopolitical proposal. It involves two different concepts of peace: first, the “diplomats’ peace”, which is the always precarious, creative and technical result of contingent negotiations — a compositionist approach that relates to the political realm of representation proper. Second, the “speculative possibility of peace”, which constitutes an indispensable requisite for the cosmopolitical proposal, and which stands beyond its limits, at speculative and erotic distance, as pure process attractor. In the passage from politics to cosmopolitics, what is at stake is the very possibility of a peaceful coexistence between heterogeneous worlds, a peace whose mode of existence is nothing but propositional or virtual, a pure possibility that could as such effectively make a difference. But how can the most abstract, imperceptible and tenuous mode of existence possibly induce transformations of a political kind? How can it arouse our faculty of imagination and operate as a ‘lure for feeling’? How can it get a hold over (faire prise) and actually “infect” somebody else’s dreams? Here lies perhaps the paradox of the fundamentally anonymous experience of thought and lived abstraction that Stengers calls speculative presence, and which expresses a soulful and pragmatist understanding of (cosmo)politics.

Gendered Politics in Post-Independence Kenya: The Case of Lower Eastern Region

Women make up a significant proportion of the population, accounting for over half of the global population. Despite this, their participation in politics has always been lower than that of men. In Kenya, women constitute more than half of the entire population and form a sizable part of the electorate, yet they still face political exclusion. Political participation of women in politics is of great significance. This is because it is within the political realm that resource allocation and conflict resolution takes place. People join politics to individually or collectively pursue their interests and if women as a category are not equitably represented, it would mean that key policy and decisions are made without considering their aspirations. The objective of the study was to examine patterns of women's political mobilization in Kenya between 1963-2022. The study was guided by Social Relations Gender Approach. This theory is underpinned by the following assumptions: 
 
 Human well-being is the primary goal of development, 
 Social relations determine people's roles, rights as well as their power over others and 
 Societal institutions play an integral role in perpetuating social inequality. 
 
 The research employed an exploratory research design. It is held here that the Jomo Kenyatta regime perpetuated the colonial patriarchal ideology anchored on gender bias. The independence regime conceptualized the role of women’s organizations as mainly useful to improve the nation’s economy but deliberately muzzled their political aspirations. The Moi regime opened political space for women and it is the Kibaki administration through the promulgation of the 2010 Constituion that gave women the requisite platform towards achieving gender equity in politics.

Keikutsertaan Wanita dalam Politik Praktis Perspektif Hukum Islam

This research aims to find out a general overview of women's participation in political parties and how Islam views the role of women in the realm of practical politics. This research uses qualitative research, which focuses more on aspects of in-depth understanding, and uses library research methods with a normative juridical legal approach. The research results found that: (1) Based on Law number 2 of 2011 Article 2 paragraph 2, 30% representation of women can produce decisions that pay more attention to the interests and experiences of women who have been underrepresented; (2) There are differences of opinion regarding the law on women's participation in practical politics. The strongest opinion was the opinion of the majority of ulama who decided that women were not allowed to participate in practical politics. This is based on the strength of the arguments, in addition to the fact that there are no other arguments that contradict these arguments, as well as targeted criticism of the arguments that both allow and cancel their arguments with these arguments.

Exploring the influence of culture on democratic norms and practices: A case study of electoral campaign and voting processes in The Gambia

This study delves into the intricate connection between culture and social norms, which together mould the backdrop of all democratic practices. Culture, encompassing a rich array of customs, rituals, religious beliefs, traditions, music and enterprise, exerts fundamental influence in shaping human conduct and, by extension, democratic norms. Through its pervasive impact, culture intricately weaves together the social and political realms unveiling the nuanced effects of norms and practices on accountability, inclusivity, tolerance and transparency within democratic systems. This study focuses on The Gambia as a case study, evaluating the distinct campaign and voting processes in this country, and providing an analysis aimed at affirming the practical significance and impact of culture on democracy. An exploration of the interplay between cultural norms and democratic processes emphasises their sway over civic participation, pluralism and the core tenets of democracy. The study examines how culture, as a formative force, shapes individual outlooks toward political engagement, spotlighting the substantial influence of factors like religion, tradition and socialisation. The study elucidates on this relationship by casting a spotlight on the fundamental association between humanities and culture. It highlights how humanities serve as the cornerstone upon which various aspects of culture are constructed (Bewaji, 2017). The study conclusively underscores that culture wields substantial guidance on democratic practices, by acting as the foundation upon which societal norms and political behaviours are constructed. Making sense of the ways in which culture moulds democratic involvement allows policymakers, cultural activists and scholars to develop strategies for harnessing cultural strengths. Overall, the study enriches the broader discourse on democracy in Africa by showing the intricate interplay between culture and the operational dynamics of democracy.

‘Rocking the establishment’: Subculture, authenticity and the populist radical right in Sweden

This article uses the recent rise of populist radical right discourses in society as a cultural and political phenomenon to explore the role of popular music in constructing these discourses, with a focus on the Sweden Democrats (SD) and musician Peter Jezewski. By examining Jezewski’s direct collaborations with the SD and his song ‘My Land’, the article uncovers how popular music culture participates in the construction of populist discourses of ‘the people’ in nativist terms. The article contends that certain subcultural styles in popular music resonate strongly with populist discourses of a ‘silenced majority’ in need of a strong populist leader and as such contribute to the construction of the ‘people’ versus ‘elite’ antagonism beyond the political realm. The case study of Jezewski’s song and music video emphasises how nostalgic rock culture enables populist articulations by aligning with populist radical right anti-establishment, preservationist−nativist discourses and the performative construction of ‘the people’. Drawing on cultural studies resources, the article hence investigates the practices that bring ‘a people’ into existence through cultural tropes and mechanisms to better comprehend the links between articulations of populism, popular culture and subcultural performances of counter-hegemonic resistance.