Political Party System Research Articles

THE SUCCESSFUL OF THEO-DEMOCRACY IN IRAN: SPIRIT OF NEO-REVIVALISM TO BE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC ROLE MODEL

The Islamic Republic of Iran is a case study of the rise of Muslims inspired by the Islamic Neo-Revivalism movement which views that westernization and modernization are considered to have failed in responding to the political challenges of corruption, economic decline, social injustice, and spiritual malaise, such as the pre-Islamic period. After the success of the 1979 Iranian revolution, it was a turning point in the political and security constellations of Iran and the West which resulted in the emergence of collective inspiration from Muslims around the world for Iran's persistence in implementing theo-democracy principles which the West considered as a setback. This paper is an analytical study using a qualitative-descriptive approach. The results of this study regarding on Iran's theocracy and democracy principles, proved of the successful; a) public participation in politics; b) fulfillment of the rights of women and minorities; c) freedom of the press; d) effectiveness of general elections; e) a puralistic political party system; f) good governance.

"The Emergence of the First Post-November System of Hungarian Political Parties in Slovakia"

"The Emergence of the First Post-November System of Hungarian Political Parties in Slovakia"

SWEDEN-2022: THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of the elections to the Swedish parliament in September 2022. It shows the significance of these elections, which confirmed the transformation of the party-political system in this country, when stable inter-party unions were replaced by temporary coalitions of changing partners. The consequences of the significant strengthening of the nationalist Sweden Democrats party against the background of the weakening or stagnation of the old parliamentary parties are revealed. The discussed options and combinations of political parties applying for participation in the government are shown. The main features of the settlement of the current political crisis in Sweden are revealed, an explanation is given why exactly the renewed union of bourgeois parties gained an advantage and what is the role of the Swedish Democrats in the formation of the government. The author sees in the found formula for overcoming the political crisis only an intermediate stage in its resolution due to the complexity of the growing domestic and foreign policy problems.

A Review of the Research on the Basic Concepts of Political Culture within the Communist Party of China

Clear party political culture concept is a scientific understanding of the communist party of China party politics culture construction rule and the precondition of constructing party political culture system. Since xi general secretary on the sixth plenary session of 18 first proposed "the party's political culture" in this era proposition, domestic academia on its relevant concepts "launched a multi-angle and deep worth research and the elaboration, has achieved rich results. At the same time should also be aware of, because "the party's political culture" in this era proposition put forward by the time is short, scholars for the study of the concept of "political culture" party is still in its infancy, there are the core concepts definition is not clear, the research Angle of view of a single, lack of comparative study and deficiency, so need to be promoted from the three aspects.

«Альтернатива для Германии»: между консерватизмом и правым популизмом

The rise of the right-wing populism has become a distinguishing feature of the political life of European countries at the beginning of the 21st century. Over the last 20—25 years, right-wing populist parties have turned from once marginal associations into an important component of the partypolitical system of the EU countries. The key components of the ideology of the parties of this type include ethno-cultural nationalism, anti-immigrant attitudes, anti-globalism, and euroscepticism. Similarly to other populists, their representatives claim to express the interests of the “true” people, which they understand as an organic unity that is opposed to the self-serving and morally degraded establishment. The German version of right-wing populism manifests itself in the Alternative for Germany (AfD), which stands somewhat apart from the European right-wing populist organizations and differs from most of them in its genesis. The AfD was founded in 2013 by the conservatives and national liberals and in the first few years of its existence it used to be in fact a national conservative eurosceptic party. Although later its right-wing component became stronger, the party still decisively dissociates itself from right-wing radicalism and denies any connection with the German right-wing tradition. The preservation of the national and cultural identity of Germany, the restriction of the influx of immigrants, the rejection of the euro and the transformation of the European Union into an association of sovereign states are among the most important AfD’s principles set out in the party platform. The electoral base of the AfD consists of those Germans who lose out from globalization, do not accept multiculturalism and are concerned about the influx of migrants from other cultures into Germany. The party is most popular in the eastern lands of Germany. In addition to the extreme right movement, which gravitates towards right-wing radicalism, the party also retains a moderate conservative one. Nevertheless, the AfD remains a party that no one wants to “shake hands” with and has almost no chance of entering power.

Gendering Cabinet Reshuffles in France and Spain

AbstractPresidents and prime ministers who form gender-parity cabinets receive positive news coverage and public praise. Cabinet reshuffles, with less attention, may offer scope to decrease the numbers of female ministers. Although research on the gendered impact of reshuffles is sparse, some studies suggest that women's presence declines during reshuffles. This article explores the gendered dynamics of reshuffles that follow initial gender-parity cabinets, asking whether the reshuffle context affects the proportions of men and women in reorganized cabinet teams. Employing a comparative case study approach, the article analyses initial gender-parity cabinets and subsequent reshuffled cabinets in France and Spain across three different presidents and prime ministers. We find that gender parity functions as a concrete floor, sustained in cabinet reshuffles, unaffected by political shocks and party system changes, and without consequence for women's appointments to high-prestige ministerships.

Political Party System and Enterprise Innovation: Is China Different?

ABSTRACT A significant feature of corporate governance in China is the participation of party organizations, reflecting the involvement of the Chinese political party system in enterprises. Using a sample of A-share market listed central state government owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “CSOEs”) from 2003 to 2020, this study examines the influence of China’s political party system and state-owned assets supervision system on enterprise innovation. The empirical results show that the participation of party organizations in corporate governance can significantly promote CSOEs’ innovation, especially in the case of CSOEs with weak state-owned assets supervision. The party organization’s role in promoting innovation is mainly achieved through the board of directors and senior management, rather than through the cooperation of the board of supervisors. We also find that this role exists in both substantive and strategic innovations, but mainly exists in areas with weak market allocation resources. Our findings contribute to the literature examining the determinants of firm innovation, and have practical implications for corporate governance in developing countries.

The Xi Jinping administration’s desire for legitimacy: the strategic implication of its “new political party system”

ABSTRACT On June 25th, 2021, the State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China issued a white paper entitled “China’s New Political Party System.” This document argues that the political systems of Western nations are “outdated” and emphasizes the superiority of the political system of “Chinese democracy,” as promoted by Xi Jinping. However, the Chinese government’s official English translation leaves out the context of “newness” and does not emphasize the harmfulness of the West’s “outdated” system. Why was the English version rewritten with little nuance? This could be because of a desire to avoid drawing international criticism for its plan to boost China’s “international discourse power” (国际话语权 in Chinese), which President Xi Jinping has sought to shore up. This paper argues that China’s “new political party system” was implemented as a political tool to formulate Xi Jinping’s new social science theory. Thus, it did not bring about any major changes to China’s political consultation system, in which “democratic parties” can consult with the Communist Party but basically cannot oppose or disagree. Additionally, the phrase “new political party system” was created amidst conflict around discourse power with the West and was an argument with strategic significance in its connection to foreign policy. Discussion of China’s political system is likely to become all the more important amidst the current structural conflict between the US and China.

Civic and Uncivic Values in Poland: Value Transformation, Education, and Culture

Civic and Uncivic Values in Poland: Value Transformation, Education, and Culture

AWAMI NATIONAL PARTY’S GOVERNMENT IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (2008-2013): HURDLES, STRENGTHS, AND WEAKNESSES

Pakistan is a federation having a center and four units (provinces). One of its four units is Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Having a heterogeneous and pluralistic society, Pakistan has developed a multi- political party system. Therefore, different political parties contest general elections at provincial and national level with their own manifestoes. Since inception, right-wing politics has been dominated in the political structure of Pakistan. With the passage of time, some of the left-wing political parties have also strengthened their footsteps in the country. Currently, one of the major left-wing political parties is Awami National Party (ANP) with socialist ideology. It originated in KP and its socialist ideology has been floated in some parts of Balochistan as well as some other parts of the country in chunks. The basic aim of ANP is to raise the voice for lower strata of the society. From 1986 till 2018, it contested different general elections and secured multiple seats at provincial and national level. Though, in the general elections of 2008, it got a high number of seats by winning 48 seats out of total 124 seats in provincial assembly of KP. However, lacking simple majority, it was unable to form a government in KP independently. Resultantly, it formed coalition government with the Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarian (PPPP) in KP. During the period of its five year of government (2008-2013), it had made various legislations for the well-being of the people of KP. However, it faced different obstacles in the way of its progress due to its socialist and secular ideology. This research explores that to what extent ANP was successful in implementing its policies and what were the hurdles that hindered its way in implementing its policies during its ruling tenure in KP? Keywords: Government, Rightists, Leftists, Party Politics, General Elections, Manifesto.

PUBLIC PERSPECTIVE ABOUT PARTY IDENTIFICATION IN PESHAWAR VALLEY, PAKISTAN

The party identification of individuals is influenced by various factors. The two models of party identification i.e., the expressive model and the instrumental model signify the long-term and short-term socio-political factors respectively. The study hypothesizes that the long-term factors i.e., family socializing factor, peer group, and religious group affiliation significantly affect the party identification of the individuals in Peshawar valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. The study is based on an in-person survey conducted for the Ph.D. studies from February to April 2021. A total of 1196 responses were documented out of a total of 1500 questionnaires distributed. The study investigated the public perspective based on long-term factors such as family socialization, peer group affiliation, and religious group affiliation in affecting party identification by determining the frequencies and percentages of responses using statistical tools and descriptive statistics. The correlation and the association are also investigated by applying specific statistical tools. The analysis of the public perspective regarding the role of family socializing factor, per group factor, and religious group affiliation indicate the close contiguity of the individuals with these factors and their influence on party identification behavior of the individuals in a political party system in Peshawar valley of KP province of Pakistan. The Kendall tau_b and chi-square tests of the correlations and association of the family socializing factor, peer group factor, and religious group affiliation with party identification further confirm the correlation and association of these factors with party identification, which confirm the significant influence. Keywords: Party identification, Peshawar valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Expressive party identification, Family socializing factor, peer group, religious group affiliation, Politics of Pakistan

2005년 이후 폴란드의 자유민주주의 공고화 전략과 정책

This paper analyzes the consolidation of liberal democracy in Poland after 2005 based on the system transition stage theory. The nine indicators are selected for it: the guarantee of basic rights, the separation of powers, the government changes by elections, the existence of non-official power groups, the stabilization of the political party system, the operation of the market, the guarantee of private property rights, economic development, the development of civil society, the spread of democratic political culture, and a fair free media. Since PiS took power in 2015, the independence of the judiciary has been greatly threatened through reforms to the constitutional order. The basic rights guaranteed in the constitution were also limited by the enactment and revision of the Police Act, the Anti-Terrorism Act, and the Assembly Act. The changes of government through elections have been successfully implemented since the system transition in 1989, but the party system has not been stabilized due to the merger and division between parties. Almost all economic indicators in the economic sphere show that Poland has succeeded in its transition to the market economy system. Polish civil society has gradually increased its power. PiS is increasing its control over the media through the amendments of related laws. Overall, during the PiS rule, the consolidation of liberal democracy is regressing.

‘India @75: Religion and Citizenship in India’

As India celebrates 75 years of independence, fresh questions are being raised about who is an Indian. This essay introduces a special section of Studies in Indian Politics which puts forward answers to this question considering recent tectonic changes in India’s political climate and party system. We outline how religion is being increasingly adopted as a filter through which citizenship is decided—both in formal, legal terms as well as in informal terms. The special section delves deeper into this terrain, exploring several critical themes: de jure changes to India’s citizenship regime, the relationship between Hindu nationalism and liberal democracy, the judiciary’s role in adjudicating religious disputes, the Muslim community’s response to recent policy shifts and the changing nature of electoral coalition building. Taken together, the articles in this section represent a signal contribution to ongoing debates in India—and elsewhere—on democracy, nationalism and inclusion.

The Process of Transformation of the Policy of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1921-1922.

The subject of the study is the internal processes in the USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany), as well as external factors from the spring of 1921 to the summer of 1922, which led to a change in the party's strategy and, ultimately, to its unification with the SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany). Special attention is paid to discussions on the party's strategy in the conditions of crisis for the Weimar Republic, namely, left-radical and right-radical threats, the difficult foreign policy situation and instability of the party-political system. The research methodology is based on the tools of historical and political sciences. In particular, it is important to use a psychological approach in party science, which implies the study of the NSDPG based on the subjective vision of political and socio-economic processes by individuals, a group of individuals or the whole collective, which allows us to analyze the motivation of the actions of independents. The study demonstrates that in the conditions of the extremely unstable situation in the Weimar Republic and competition with other left-wing parties, the NSDPG's action program became unviable, as a result of which the party became closer to the SPD on many key issues. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that, unlike the Social Democrats and Communists in Germany, the history of the NSDPG has been studied to a much lesser extent. Of course, there is a fairly extensive historiography, however, the authors paid close attention to the reasons for the separation of the party in 1917 and the issues of its split due to the issue of joining the Third International in 1920, while the process of rapprochement between the NSDPG and the SPD was considered superficially.

Contemporary Britain in the Works of Russian Scholars

The article is dedicated to major findings of Russian scholars on a broad range of topics in the field of British studies. The works selected are mainly focused on the analysis of political, security and socio-economic models of development and trends in the UK from 1991 to 2021. The topics, which were most elaborated in the 1990s, related to the phenomena of Thatcherism, Third Way, the party-political system, social and economic model, British monarchy. Later the problems of devolution and constitutional reforms, identity politics, Euroscepticism, Brexit and migration, the concept of Global Britain shifted to the centre of attention. The study shows that Russian specialists tend to rely not only on empirical studies and approaches but have accumulated a rich experience in profound theoretical and conceptual understanding of the processes under scrutiny and demonstrate a high degree of critical reflection on the research implemented by foreign experts on British studies. Russian scholars pay interest both to structural and institutional processes and to concrete personalities and subjective factor in history. The undertaken research demonstrates a high degree of net working in cooperation among Russian specialists on British Studies, who represent different academic, educational centres and scientific schools.

Transformation of the Political Parties of the EU Member States

The study aims to provide an analysis and systematize the complex of factors influencing the transformation of party systems. We attempt to identify the relationship between their general and specific influences in particular countries to explore the transformation process's general patterns and national characteristics in European Union's political spaceion. This study's method is based on an overview of the unique bibliography collected by the researchers, which includes sources devoted to the study of foreign parties and party systems in the European Union by modern political scientists. The analysis shows the specification of internal and external factors that influence the adaptation of the political parties and systems to the EU's changing situation, country, and society. The modern transformation of political parties and party systems in the EU is caused by the phenomenon of globalization, the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009, the overlapping migration crisis of 2015-2026, Brexit and changes in the institutional environment, and the democratic deficit in the EU itself. The obtained results have verified the research hypothesis. This study discussed modern tendencies in the transformation of political parties and political space in the European Union under the influence of different, controversial but discrete factors of development and complete explanation about the essence of new types of political parties

ON THE INNTERACTION OF EURO PARTIES WITH PARTIES FROM THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES. PART 3

The article analyzes the cooperation of one of the leading pan–European political organizations – the European Green Party (EPP) – with its partners in the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership program (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine). Since 1994, the European Greens have established partnerships with the environmental parties of these countries and even accepted them into their ranks. The profiles of these organizations and their leaders, the results of participation in national parliamentary, presidential and local elections were studied. The interaction of these parties with other political forces of their countries on the formation of pre-election and ruling coalitions is considered. The main provisions of their program documents, which reflect the pro–European choice, as well as the resolutions of the EPZ Council concerning the situation in the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership program, are given. It is shown that the EPZ actively supported this program itself and its partners, regardless of their electoral results. It is noted that in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, local green parties initially achieved good results in elections, including in the national parliament, but in recent years they have fallen by the wayside of the party-political system of their countries due to a number of objective and subjective circumstances. First of all, this was due to the fact that the political turbulence characteristic of these states made environmental issues irrelevant to public consciousness. Nevertheless, the European greens are confident that as the situation stabilizes, the issues of environmental protection and sustainable development will return to the political agenda and the green parties will once again become in demand.

‘Chinese academia wouldn’t be tolerant of my research’: gay academics’ concerns about conducting queer research in China

Drawing on interviews with 40 Chinese gay academics, this paper reveals participants’ concerns about conducting queer research in China. These include sexual-identity exposure, difficulty in publishing research and receiving funding, as well as marginalisation within university departments. Informed by Irvine’s conceptualisation of sexuality research as dirty work, this research examines the operation of heteronormativity in the constitution of queer research as dirty work. It shows that heteronormativity is intrinsic to research censorship by authorities, as repressive politics pursue regime maintenance and regulate difference. It is argued that Chinese academia is a heteronormative space in which queer research is constrained by the institutions and the Party-state. By teasing out the nuances in participants’ experiences of research censorship, this paper highlights the complexity of power at play, which is far from a one-way relationship of authorities exerting power over researchers. Institutions exert power over queer researchers and simultaneously submit to the higher-level power of the Chinese Communist Party political system; at the same time, queer researchers who are governed by heteronormativity and political control can express their agency and resist the censorship.

Pluralism and Populism in the Bulgarian Party System: Connections and Contradictions

The paper examines the role of political pluralism for transformations and the rise of populism in the Bulgarian party system. The populism dimensions are analysed in legal and political aspect. The paper also depicts the contradictory relation between pluralism and populism in politics. Conclusions are made for their coexistence and impact on the political party system and democratic process in our country. In methodological aspect, the paper uses the political and legal analysis of the researched issue.

From Protest to Pragmatism: Stabilisation of the Green League into Finnish Political Culture and Party System during the 1990s

Though not the forefathers of the Green party family, the Finnish Greens are an avantgarde when it comes to adapting to existing political culture and making their way from political margins to mainstream. The examination of the intra-party reasons and reasonings regarding adaptation and conformation reveals that it is never a question of either/or but a testament of conflicting interests. Although the compromise and consensus-seeking Finnish political culture and party system created external pressures on the Green League, forcing the party to conform with the existing procedures and traditions, the growing intra-party willingness to adapt was expressed in streamlining of the organisation and ideology as well as in the increasing office-seeking tendencies and accentuation of stability and credibility as preconditions of incumbency. Instead of pursuing radical changes to the existing political system, transforming growing adherence into incumbency required adaptation and conformation