Political Functions Research Articles

The principle of democracy and people's power in judicial law

In the modern era, only a political regime based on popular sovereignty, and the ultimate goal of which is the observance of the basic rights of the human person, can be considered democratic, as democratic. The sovereignty of the people, which is not aimed at the realization of human rights, necessarily leads to the free will of the majority. Full respect for human rights, in turn, is unattainable when the supreme political power does not belong to the people. The judiciary, as an organ of a democratic state, must be structured in accordance with both of these requirements. However, it should be noted that, unlike other state authorities, the judiciary has a notable feature. Although it is by definition the main guarantee of full respect for human rights, in most countries judges, with rare exceptions, are not elected by popular vote. In fact, the factor which unites the judicial power with the spirit of democracy (in the sense Montesquieu assigned to the word) is the outstanding attribute, the only one capable of ensuring the absence of suffrage: it is that public prestige, based on a wide moral respect, which in Roman civilization was called auctoriai. It is the legitimacy of respect and trust that causes people to judge. However, this special characteristic of judges, in the conditions of democracy, is essentially based on the independence and responsibility with which the state body as a whole, and the individual considered public agents, perform the political functions that the constitution, as the original manifestation of the will of the sovereign people, entrusts to them.
 Therefore, if we want to check how democratic the judiciary is, we must analyze its organization and its functioning, according to the fundamental requirements of independence. It is about the fact that the judiciary is generally independent when it is not subject to other powers of the state. In turn, judges are said to be independent when there is no hierarchical subordination between them, despite the multiplicity of instances and degrees of jurisdiction.

The Aura of the Object and the Work of Art: A Critical Analysis of Walter Benjamin’s Theory in the Context of Contemporary Art and Culture

This text is a critical interpretation of Walter Benjamin’s theory in the context of the contemporary situation in art and culture. Benjamin’s innovative method of analysis and key concepts in art theory and their simultaneous research and political function are carefully reconstructed. This critical analysis is centered on the main concept of Benjamin’s philosophical aesthetics, the concept of ‘aura’. This analysis shows how Benjamin mixes and replaces the aura of the work of art with the aura of the historical object. Benjamin’s main thesis about the loss of the aura of the work of art in the age of its technical reproducibility is disputed. Technical reproducibility does not take away the aura of the work of art, but separates its aura from the aura of the historical object. Auraticness is inherent in every work insofar as it is a work of art. The aura of the historical object does not disappear in modernity either. With the emergence of historical and aesthetic consciousness, of the historical and art museum, the almost mechanical production of auratic objects began in modernity. As a result of the critical analysis of the concept of “aura”, the main binary oppositions that frame Benjamin’s theory of art—art with aura/art without aura; art with cult value/art without cult value; aestheticization of politics/politicization of art—are questioned. At the end of this text, the key lines of analysis proposed by Benjamin in an attempt to make sense of the radical changes in art since the beginning of the 20th century are used to outline the contemporary situation in art and the changes in perception with which it is associated.

Political media and its Role in Activating Political Reform - Theoretical Study

In light of the great changes that the world is witnessing today, especially at the political level, it is clear that the media has a very important impact on the course of events, the research aims to identify the political media, as well as to identify the names of political programs provided by satellite channels, and revealing the topics that the political programs focused on through the political goals set for them.The researcher dealt with the problem of research in the questions raised by the researcher, namely: What is the position of the political function of the political media in directing mass communication in modern societies in general and Iraqi society in particular? How does the political media do that? While the importance of the research sheds light on the media as the most influential, widespread and rapid in the modern era in influencing the masses politically, they are superior to other mass communication means, by producing the elements of meaningful and successful media work.The most important conclusions reached by the researcher said that the level of influence of political media lies in the motives of exposure to watch Iraqi satellite channels, and the level of the most important issues addressed by the political media in the Iraqi satellite channels was influential. The most important recommendations are the need for political media to build bridges of trust with the viewer, respect his mind, and work to restore his interest in Iraqi television, as well as develop media strategies that allow the production of the elements of meaningful and successful media work.

China Needs Evidence-Based COVID Vaccines, and Its Government Now Has a Political Opening to Provide Them.

Sabet, Cameron; Hammond, Alessandro; Jain, Bhav BS; Zhang, Taisu JD, PhD Author Information

Which Theory Can Explain World Politics Better? Comparison Between Realism and Liberalism

The realists and liberalists understand the world from different perspectives and tend to explain the whole world in a divergent way. Here comes the eternal question of the academic circle. Who can explain the world better, realists or liberalists? This question is significant because it helps us to comprehend how world politics function and the current political dilemmas better. We argue that realism can explain history better than liberalism. Constant competitions were always presented through the frequent conflicts between countries. It is an irreversible and most unpreventable nature of the world. Through studying the theories, we are able to examine the world more systematically and logically. The classifications of the subject rationale the complicated and distinct historical events. Moreover, following the steps and various ideas of former scholars allows us to develop our own understanding of the world and determine our perspective.

‘London is avocado on toast’: The urban imaginaries of the #LondonIsOpen campaign

This article examines the production, representations and reactions to the #LondonIsOpen campaign to ask how urban imaginaries are produced and what they entail for understanding the city. The analysis considers how the idea of a cosmopolitan, diverse and multicultural city is framed, what it includes and excludes and the distinct geographies of the city it produces. It draws on three data sources: documentary analysis of videos used in the campaign; social media analysis of tweets using #LondonIsOpen; and semi-structured interviews with key figures in the campaign team. The main arguments are that the appeal to openness contributes to the versatility of the campaign and the range of responses to it, making it highly adaptable and flexible to respond to current affairs; and that open London is geographically selective and imagined as business focused, trendy and cosmopolitan. In turn, the reactions to the idea of open London range from seeking a borderless world to anti-migrant rhetoric. Although the campaign represents London as welcoming and inclusive, such welcoming is partial and subject to contestation. The article concludes that over time, the openness of #LondonIsOpen has come to serve multiple political functions and act as a brand for the city.

Research on the Strategy of Ideological and Political Education of Chinese Course in Secondary Vocational Schools

It is the fundamental task of current education to establish morality, and ideological and political education is the main way to accomplish this task. Chinese has unique advantages in developing and expanding traditional culture. Chinese teachers in secondary vocational schools should give full play to the ideological and political functions of Chinese, and integrate the ideological and political elements of the curriculum into Chinese teaching. This paper studies the advantages and current situation of the implementation of ideological and political education in secondary vocational schools’ Chinese teaching, and then reforms the teaching mode. The rich ideological and political elements contained in secondary vocational Chinese textbooks are excavated. The ideological and political education is exerted through the whole process of “before, during and after class” teaching. Finally, the teaching mode and implementation strategy of secondary vocational schools’ Chinese teaching is established.

О методологических трудностях работы с понятием «идеология»

The article discusses the methodological issues involved in using the concept of “ideology”, which arise from its complex character. “Ideology” cannot be easily reduced to one single meaning, as far as it bears trails of multiple (and sometimes opposite) meanings that it had got through its long intellectual his­tory. As a result, this concept has a common semantic kernel and varying pe­riphery. While using this concept, one needs not only to stick firmly on the se­lected definition, but also to be aware about the theoretical debates that shaped this particular configuration of meanings. The article argues that the definition of ideology as “a system of ideas”, that was proposed by A.V. Rubtsov, is in­sufficient to address the major theoretical junctions of interpreting ideology. In particular, it does not take into account the social and political functions of ideology and exaggerates its systemic characteristics. The article supports Rubtsov’s idea of differentiating ideology as a system of ideas and as a body of institutions and proposes an alternative concept, that also focuses on the ways ideas function in social contexts characterized by relationships of power and inequality, but is not that much loaded with contradictory meanings – the concept of symbolic politics.

The Political Function and Inference of the World Cup 2022 in Qatar Lingua- Franca and Language Chants

The purpose of this paper is to examine the political function and inference of the World Cup 2022 in Qatar Lingua- Franca and language chants, a symbol of Arabs nationalism and unity. This has always been implied in negative concepts, but this research argues that such understanding misrepresents most football chants. The discourse involving football in World Cups’ interaction is frequently positive and integral. Language chants function as a lingua franca amongst football fans. This linguistic coding is however both inclusive and selective. Multilingual football fans/supporters such as Arabs may appreciate the resentful reputation of being nationalists and united as the situation may be, but the jeopardy of political uncertainty when all the language chants are not dealt with justly. The jeopardy of politicizing linguistic bias or disparity is high in multilingual sports arenas where one nation or language is viewed to dominate others. In the World Cup 2022 (in Qatar), Arabic and English are the official languages with equal positions. However, the strong institutionalization of linguistic stance has generated intricacies of superiority and inferiority among Arabs and others (English, French, Spanish, etc.) Arabs interacted in the fight between two language movements: Arabic-only movement performing as defensive nationalism and English-only performing as offensive Westernism. The two movements that involve the origins of nationalism and Westernism are in rivalry for endurance in sports arenas, and in attempting to do so, they recreate national and political identities grounded on language affinities. The research views that the use of lingua franca and language chants can be inferred as a symbol or linguistic umbrella for defensive nationalism and unity, which oblige political claims that may go as further as questioning the spirit of nationalism and unity.

Conspiracy Theories

Current thinking about conspiracy theories is dominated by epistemological and psychological approaches. The former see the study of conspiracy theories as a branch of epistemology and insist that each theory should be judged on its evidential merits. On this account, a conspiracy theory is an explanation of an event which cites a conspiracy as a salient cause. Psychological approaches explain belief in conspiracy theories by reference to individual personality traits and generic cognitive biases. Despite their popularity, both epistemological and psychological approaches are flawed. After identifying their flaws, a case is made for a different perspective which focuses on the political function of conspiracy theories. A conspiracy theory is not just an explanation of an event which cites a conspiracy as a salient cause. Conspiracy theories have a range of additional features which distinguish them from ordinary theories about conspiracies and make them unlikely to be true. The political approach sees many conspiracy theories as forms of political propaganda and is especially mindful of the role of conspiracy theories in promoting extremist ideologies.

Erken Modern Osmanlı Tarihyazımı Çalışmalarında Yeni Yönelimler

Since the early 1980s, literature on early modern Ottoman historiography witnessed a significant expansion in tandem with the rising interest in narrative sources and archival documents. The research, especially during the last two decades, is characterized by the use of new sources and methodology, which in turn, enabled the examination of previously overlooked features and dynamics of early modern history writing. This review argues that the imprint of the new trajectories in the study of early modern Ottoman historiography is particularly manifest in two themes of research. First, the field has undergone a shift from an emphasis on the narrowly defined political function of history writing to the acknowledgment of the multiplicity of purposes, agents, and messages. Studies in the field of art history have particularly contributed to this transformation by expanding the repertoire of historiographical sources beyond textual materials and raising productive questions regarding the authorship and audience of official histories. Second, thought-provoking studies on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century historiography challenged the conventional categories of historian and historiographical work. Historiographers who were neither bureaucrats nor scholars integrated otherwise marginalized voices into the study of Ottoman historiography. Despite the promising developments in the field, there is still a lack of research on the theoretical dimensions and cross-cultural connections ofearly modern Ottoman history writing.

Maxim of Politeness Used in “The Grand Final of American Got Talent 2021”: A Pragmatics Analysis

This research entitled Maxim of Politeness Used in “The Grand Final of American Got Talent 2021”: A Pragmatics Analysis. This research focused on Leech’s theory maxim of politeness found in The Grand Final of American Got Talent. The purpose of this research is to identify, classify, analysis the types and the function of politeness in maxim used in the conversation in the event of The Grand Final of American Got Talent. The research method was conducted on qualitative methods. The data source was taken from the event of American Got Talent on youtube. The data are collected by listening method (simak) and note-taking technique (catat). In collecting data, the writer concentrates on the utterance which contains the maxim of politeness produced by the judges and participants of the grand final. Based on the result of the maxim of politeness in The Grand Final of American Got Talent 2021, it was found that six types and functions are maxims of politeness. There are tact maxims, generosity maxims, approbation maxims, modesty maxims, agreement maxims, and sympathy maxims. It is expected that this research will help the students and other readers in learning the pragmatic aspects, especially about the maxim of politeness.

English-language media discourse in the era of digitalisation: Special mission and functional potential

The article addresses the problem of the functional potential of the present-day English-language media discourse and its role in English-speaking societies and other countries where English does not have official national status. The purpose of the research is to holistically understand key functions that the English language media discourse is performing in the 21st century. The theoretical framework of this study includes mutually influencing and complementary research doctrines of Halliday’s systemic functional approach, Stuart Hall’s cultural studies approach, and the pragmatic approach of Jeff Verschuren. The findings are based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of scientific works dedicated to the English-language media discourse and a massive media discourse corpus of leading English-language print and online media resources. Overall, the research has proved that the English-language media discourse may perform seven key pragmatic functions (political and economic function, educational function, environmental protection and sustainable development function, integration function, innovative function, cultural diplomacy function, and the social function of sport), which help promote a ‘missionary’ world of democracy and sustainability, affordable education and breakthrough innovations, multiculturalism, national identity and race-free ideology, healthy sport and well-being. Moreover, it is proved that modern English-language media discourse acts as a single holistic information management system whose goal is to become a global influencer and mediator navigating between English-speaking nations and non-English world communities.

The ‘strange non-death’ of economic models: how modelling contributed to neoliberal resilience in Denmark

ABSTRACT Scholars have attributed the resilience of the neoliberal policy paradigm to external pressure on governments by giant corporations and to features of the neoliberal idea itself. This article proposes a different explanation based on the political influence of the economic models that governments use for policy planning. I develop a theoretical perspective to capture how economic models, rather than being mere analytical tools, are policy tools with an overt objective function and a covert political function. To illustrate the value of the theory, I use a qualitative case-study approach to analyse how politicians in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis used economic models before and during the 2011–2015 Social Democratic Thorning-Schmidt government in Denmark. I show how the Danish Finance Ministry’s model worked as a weapon, a game board and a shield to discredit certain policies while promoting other policies, and in the process contributing to neoliberal resilience.

Research on the Interdependence and Interaction between Sacred Space and Religious Personality—Centered on the Political and Religious Image of Wanhui 萬回 (632–712)

As a famous “miraculous monk” dating from the Tang Dynasty, Wanhui (632–712) was favored by four emperors, Gaozong (r. 649–683), Empress Wu (regency: 684–690; reign: 690–705), Zhongzong (r. 683–684, r. 705–710) and Ruizong (r. 684–690, r. 710–712). Relying on his special religious status as a Buddhist palace chaplain, he was alleged to have created religious momentum and to have advocated political opinions to maintain the “legitimacy” of the Li-Tang imperial family, but he was unfailingly able to avoid political persecution. Although there have been some academic publications on Wanhui and the group of “miraculous monks” and “mad monks” in the Tang Dynasty, there are still ambiguities in the understanding of Wanhui’s political and religious image. This article firstly conducts textual research on the interdependence and interaction between the sacred space of the Tang Buddhist palace chapel on the one hand and religious personality as represented by Wanhui on the other. The former gave the latter a rich religious sacredness, mystical charm and strong political support; while the latter, in turn, strengthened the religious and political functions of the unique Buddhist institution in the service of imperial power, manifesting itself in the consolidation and elevation of the former. Secondly, by investigating the reasons for shaping the political and religious images of Wanhui in monastic biography and Buddhist hagiography, this article argues that this was a conscious arrangement due to the political purposes or religious intentions of the compilers. Finally, by exploring how Wanhui exerted various subtle political and religious impacts on the Tang emperors by virtue of his status as a miraculous Buddhist palace chaplain—partly imparted by sacredness of the Buddhist palace chapel—this article attempts to shed new light on several key aspects of the complicated state–saṃgha relationship during this special period of the Tang Dynasty.

Ideological and Political Function Modeling of College Music Education Based on Improved Neural Network

In the new situation, the state attaches great importance to the ideological and political work in colleges and universities. In order to optimize the function of ideological and political education in colleges and universities, this paper puts forward a modeling method based on improved neural network. Combining ideological and political education with music education organically, this paper studies and calculates the influence relationship and optimizes the structure of ideological and political function model of university music education combined with neural network principle. It puts forward effective strategies to promote the integration of the two.

MEMPERTANYAKAN EKSISTENSI INFRASTRUKTUR POLITIK (PARPOL) DALAM KEBIJAKAN KENAIKAN HARGA BBM 2022

On September 3, 2022, the price of subsidized fuel (pertalite and diesel) increased. This was determined through a Presidential Regulation on the grounds of the fluctuations in world crude oil prices, plus data showing that the distribution of subsidized fuel which was previously enjoyed by 70 percent was enjoyed by the wealthy, so it was deemed not right on target. This triggered various reactions from the people who were directly affected by the increase in fuel prices. The increase of fuel prices has the potential to increase the unemployment rate which will certainly increase the level of poverty in Indonesia. Because of that, a big question is the extent to which the existence of political parties as a medium for representing the people's voice to express the people's counter attitude to the increase in fuel prices.
 The method used in this study is a qualitative research method. This research will produce descriptive data in the form of writing. Qualitative descriptive research is research that tries to describe a phenomenon that occurs in the field. Furthermore, the research technique used in this paper is literature study, namely by researching and understanding books, documents or other written sources that are relevant to the study being raised.
 The results of this study indicate that the function of political parties as a function of political communication has not run optimally. This is evidenced by the majority of the existing political parties not fully voicing the public's contra stance on the increase of fuel prices. Indeed, with this political communication function, all political parties are willing and able to voice the attitudes of the public. This is a manifestation of the people's representation projected by the existence of political parties that are pro to the people.
 Keywords: Political Parties, Functions of Political Parties, Political Communication.

The Political Role of the Historian

Debates about history have never been strictly confined to the world of scholarship. They have also been at the centre of political controversies in society. ‘The problem for professional historians’, Eric Hobsbawm once observed, ‘is that their subject has important social and political functions’.1 ‘This duality’, he noted, ‘is the core of our subject’. This essay offers some reflections on the political role of historians, exploring the relationship between their scholarly work and their involvement in political debates. A closer look at the issue shows that it is not so much a problem as an opportunity for historians to engage with their subject on various levels, from the realm of scholarship to the realm of contemporary politics, which makes their position in society both more complex and more critical.

PHOTOGRAPHY AND MEMORY

This paper intends to analyze the relationship between memory, aesthetics, and politics in Gustavo Germano Ausencias’s (Absences) series. The text will consist of three parts. In the first section, it is presented a brief journey from photography as a “mirror with memory” to photography as art. The second section reviews the political power of the image during the post-dictatorship. The third section makes a brief analysis of photography as artistic creation and memory builder, as well as its political function, through Gustavo Germano’s photographic essay Ausencias (Absences).

Building blocks of polycentric governance

AbstractSuccess or failure of a polycentric system is a function of complex political and social processes, such as coordination between actors and venues to solve specialized policy problems. Yet there is currently no accepted method for isolating distinct processes of coordination, nor to understand how their variance affects polycentric governance performance. We develop and test a building‐blocks approach that uses different patterns or “motifs” for measuring and comparing coordination longitudinally on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Our approach confirms that polycentric governance comprises an evolving substrate of interdependent venues and actors over time. However, while issue specialization and actor participation can be improved through the mobilization of venues, such a strategy can also fragment overall polycentric capacity to resolve conflict and adapt to new problems. A building‐blocks approach advances understanding and practice of polycentric governance by enabling sharper diagnosis of internal dynamics in complex environmental governance systems.