Political-administrative Structure Research Articles

POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA IN THE LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURIES ON THE POPULATION AND ETHNOTOPONYMS

This article summarizes the researcher's views on the ethnic situation and political-administrative structure of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara living in the middle reaches of the Amu Darya in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It mainly deals with the administrative-territorial structure of the Emirate of Bukhara, its population, population structure, the territory where ethnic groups are located, and the language spoken. The author also emphasizes the importance of the middle reaches of the Amudarya in the study of the ethnic composition of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara and the issue of ethnotoponyms. During the period of study in the middle basin of the Amudarya, the majority of the population of the emirate was Turkic-speaking Uzbeks. The researcher tried to reveal the existence of Persian-speaking Tajiks on the basis of many scientific sources and historical records. The work is summarized.

Constructing Qinghai Province: Chinese state-making in a Tibetan-Mongol frontier region 1907-1957

ABSTRACT Dilemmas of territoriality beset the modern Chinese state at the rupture with empire in 1912, critically in the northwestern borderlands where Mongol and Tibetan declarations of independence threatened disaggregation of the imperial territory. In response the new Republican government took up the late Qing’s practice of “consolidating the borders” (shibian) by establishing provinces in the empire’s Inner Asian dependencies (fanshu) to integrate them by direct administration into the Chinese state. This paper examines one such project of Chinese state-making at the frontiers: the construction of Qinghai Province in the region of the Qing dependency situated between Gansu Province and Central Tibet. It adopts a historical-geographic approach to the state’s instrumentalization of administrative categorization and construction in Qinghai’s Tibetan and Mongol territories, a protracted undertaking carried out with heavy reliance on military coercion. Making the province evolved through interplay of national state and regional sub-state interests, driven by the Sino-Muslim Ma regime who acted as key agents on the ground, but located within the Republican political-administrative structure. In 1949, the CCP eliminated the Republic and the Ma regime but retained the province, dynamically restructuring its interior administration under regional nationality autonomy in recognition of the region’s Tibetan, Mongol and other non-Han populations. Qinghai’s significance for Chinese states in the first half of the 20th century lay in centrist calculations of national security and territoriality. As the first Chinese province on the Tibetan Plateau, its construction was, in essence, concerned with sovereignty, providing a political-administrative means to alter wider regional geopolitics in the interests of the Chinese state. Ongoing re-categorization of territorial administrative units inside the province suggests an unfinished project of state territorialization, as anxieties over instability in the northwestern regions of the PRC intensify.

Challenges in the management of urban natural protected area systems and the conservation of ecosystem services in Guadalajara and Monterrey, Mexico

The manuscript analyses the importance of the integrated management of urban and ecological systems to achieve sustainable development from the perspective of various social actors linked to natural protected areas (NPAs) located in urban contexts. The literature has mainly taken an urban planning perspective; however, fewer studies have been conducted on the environmental governance processes and collective actions carried out by governmental and non-governmental actors to achieve management integrated at the territorial and institutional levels. The objective of the manuscript is to study the collective actions and proposals carried out by strategic social actors linked to the management of urban NPA systems in Guadalajara and Monterrey, Mexico, to solve the many problems they are facing. An exploratory mixed-methods study was conducted to analyse the perceptions of 64 governmental and non-governmental actors concerning the challenges they face in the conservation of urban NPA systems and ecosystem services that they provide. The initiatives of strategic actors regarding the metropolitan management of NPA systems were analysed and combined with proposed hypothetical green belts that integrate urban NPA systems. A multitemporal analysis of land use and vegetation changes was carried out in combination with a study of the political-administrative structure of metropolitan areas with regard to the interconnection among NPAs. The results indicate that strategic actors perceive the following: (1) metropolitan management is necessary to achieve the comprehensive management of territory and NPA conservation; (2) to do so requires cross-cutting or intersectoral policies from a metropolitan perspective; and (3) the participation of non-governmental actors is indispensable in generating information and innovative ideas to establish decision-making processes and democratic and participatory urban planning institutions. This research seeks to provide useful findings for decision makers and those in charge of public policy in the implementation of sustainable urban and metropolitan policies.

Políticas de identidad y gestión sexual de los cuerpos: un análisis de los discursos legislativos acerca de la gestión estatal del conflicto trans en Chile

In recent years on Chile, we have seen an increase in public politics related to gender identity, in the attempt to provide solutions to the problem that it means for trans identities to develop in a social and political-administrative structure that excludes them. In this context, this paper proposes a problematization of the legislative discourses about the state management of the trans conflict, in order to analyze what have been the new modalities of the integration of sexually dissident identities, how they have been configured, and what implications they have for the Chilean socio-political scene. This research is based on the approaches of legal sociology, feminist and governmentality theory. The methodology used was a documentary research and the critical discourse analysis, of all documents officially issued by the executive and the legislative branch of Chile between 2007 and 2017. The main results of this research point to biomedical science as the epistemological paradigm from which legislative discourses are based. On the other hand, an ideological matrix is identified based on a linear causal relationship, between sex-genderbody, as an axiom of the hegemonic conception concerning the trans problematic. In that sense, we have evidenced how government strategies have delimited those sexual identities that put binary taxonomy in tension, under the frameworks of the intelligibility same conceptual matrix that excludes them, and with this, they have configured new modalities of standardization. This is key for the reconfiguration of an exclusionary citizenship, insofar as the socio-sexual norms that define the emerging notions of the figure of the citizen are institutionalized, evidencing that is framed in the borders of non-being to all corporality that does not manifest under the margins of intelligibility imposed by the scientific-colonial logic and the political-administrative structure.

РЕФОРМЫ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В ТУРЦИИ

This article focuses on public management reforms in Turkey and how the reform trajectory has changed over the past two decades. Reforms in Turkey represent a mixture of ideas and reform elements that are constantly evolving under the influence of foreign actors, especially the European Union, efforts to respond to global reform trends, and domestic political developments. The article is divided into three parts. The first part gives a brief picture of the political-administrative structure of the country. The second part provides a landscape of the reform initiatives in the last two decades. The third part examines the main challenges Turkey might face in the coming years in terms of implementing reforms and provides a discussion on how they can be addressed.

A Amazônia e a política de Integração Nacional

The article presents a reflection about the projects of the Brazilian state, especially after the military coup of 1964, which, with the strong support of the national entrepreneurship, made the Amazon the strategic locus of the development model adopted for the country. We intend to analyse the general power strategy of the dictatorship in Brazil and demonstrate how the Amazon became the political and economic axis in this governmental experience, materialized in several public policies. Under these assumptions, it is important to study governmental discourses and practices that underpin the support that redefined power relations in Brazil, especially by focusing on the various political devices that are embodied in laws, decrees, plans, institutional programs, and in the stateʼs own administrative reform. This last one, carried out during the dictatorship, was not discussed in the National Congress and was supported by the powers of exception of the 2nd Institutional Act - December 1966. The business logic prevailed as an administrative practice, which persisted in the political-administrative structure of the country after the military regime.

倉本一宏著, 『日本古代国家成立期の政権構造』, 吉川弘文館, 一九九七・一刊, A5, 五〇九頁, 九五〇〇円

倉本一宏著, 『日本古代国家成立期の政権構造』, 吉川弘文館, 一九九七・一刊, A5, 五〇九頁, 九五〇〇円

Leveraging intergovernmental and cross-sectoral networks to manage nuclear power plant accidents: A case study from China

Addressing nuclear power plant accidents (NPPAs) overwhelms the capability of single jurisdictional government and spans the boundaries of multiple sectors. NPPAs management requires public sectors affiliating to multiple governments, private and non-profit sectors to interact with each other for sharing responsibilities, capabilities and information. How to leverage network to improve collaboration and coordination among all the involved organizations presents challenges for Chinese public administrators in NPPAs management. From the emergency management practice of the earliest nuclear power plants in China, this research investigates and conceptualizes governance mechanisms and associated interorganizational relationships involving in each jurisdictional governmental level and among multiple levels of governments in this specific field. The inter-governmental and cross-sectoral NPPAs management network is built, visualized and analyzed at the levels of the node, link, subset of the nodes and whole network based on Social Network Analysis, and managerial implications of improving inter-organizational collaboration in this field are discussed. Our research shows that the current NPPAs network in China mainly relies on the resources and capabilities of public sectors, and the private and non-profit sectors should be integrated into the network for providing diversified emergency services. NPPAs management network is a hybrid network in the centralized political-administrative structure of China, and hierarchical, market and network governance mechanism play essential roles together and complement with each other in the multi-organizational environment. This network demonstrates the characteristics of selective integration, and the interorganizational relationships that should be paid more attention to be sustained are identified and emphasized from the network perspectives. Furthermore, the absence of collaborative relationships among the organizations that poses barriers to interorganizational collaboration is also discovered and the improvement approaches are discussed. This research provides guidance for improving collaboration in NPPAs management in China, and contributes to literature on emergency management network and interorganizational collaboration in the centralized political-administrative structure.

<b>Estudo da correlação entre ICMS Ecológico e estrutura político-administrativa ambiental nos municípios brasileiros

O ICMS Ecológico (ICMS-E) é um instrumento de política ambiental atualmente implementado em 16 estados brasileiros. Estudos discutem sua efetividade no incentivo à criação de Unidades de Conservação, melhoria das ações voltadas à preservação ambiental e capacidade de compensação financeira para municípios que tenham limitações em usufruir economicamente da totalidade de sua área. Entretanto, um assunto pouco discutido é a capacidade de incentivar e possibilitar a existência de estrutura político-administrativa específica para o meio ambiente. Assim, este trabalho apresenta a importância dessa estruturação em âmbito municipal e o estudo da correlação entre o ICMS-E e a estrutura político-administrativa relacionada ao meio ambiente nos municípios brasileiros. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa de Informações Básicas Municipais (MUNIC) de 2013, feita pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), para identificar a correlação entre ICMS-E e a existência de órgãos e de instrumentos relacionados à preservação ambiental. Os resultados indicaram que o ICMS-E influenciou os municípios a integrar Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica, ter Conselho Municipal do Meio Ambiente, Fundo Municipal do Meio Ambiente, Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente e criar legislação específica para tratar da questão ambiental.

One Scandinavian approach to management by objectives and results?


 This article details a comparative study of Management By Objectives And Results (MBOR) in three different tasks, Prison and Probation Services, Food safety and Meteorology, in central government in the three Scandinavian countries, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The article examines differences and similarities in the design and use of MBOR across the countries (within each of the different tasks), and within each of the three countries (across the three tasks). The empirical basis comprises case studies in nine agencies and their parent ministry, carried out in 2010-2011. The article shows a range of differences as well as similarities in MBOR across the countries and tasks studied. Important factors at state-level as well as agency level such as the political-administrative structure and the measurability of tasks affect the design and use of MBOR. Although patterns can be discerned, the patterns are now and then quite complex. The findings point to the importance of the national and organisational context in which MBOR is implemented. The implication hereof is, that it is important to consider how the specific context, in which a MBOR system is implemented, will affect the system, and which consequences it will have.

Measuring the Spatial Distribution of Cities in West Azarbaijan Province

The aim of this paper is to analyze the hierarchical network of urban areas of West Azarbaijan for examining the rate of balance in variance and spatial distribution of population of urban areas in the province of West Azarbaijan. The methodology in use is a pragmatic-developing one. The quantitative models, such as bulk modulus, urban centralization index, anthropy model and gini coefficient index, are used in order to analyze the urban hierarchy of West Azarbaijan. Findings of this study shows that Urban centralization index in all the studied periods was higher that one. Population bulk modulus of all cities of the province in the years of 1956, 1966 and 1976 had augmented but in the years of 1986, 1996 and 2006 has reduced. Anthropy index in all the studied periods was less than one, which shows the unbalance in population in urban areas of the province. Calculation of spatial coefficient LQ shows that small cities of the province are exporter of services and their basic economy is based of services sector. The communicative network of the province, specially the roads, is in a condition that economically targets the capital of the province and like a radius ends to Urumieh. The final conclusion of this research is that the unbalance in variance and the spatial distribution of population in urban areas of the province is the characteristic of network of urban hierarchy of the province of West Azarbaijan; in a manner that transactions between the cities of the province are also affected by the political-administrative structure of the country as well.

A IMIGRAÇÃO HAITIANA PARA O BRASIL: CAUSAS E DESAFIOS

O artigo, primeiramente, procurou realizar um breve apanhado histórico da recente crise haitiana de 2004 bem como da atuação da comunidade internacional na prestação de auxilio por meio da Missão das Nações Unidas para a estabilização no Haiti – MINUSTAH. Posteriormente, o texto buscou apresentar o hodierno fluxo migratório de haitianos para o Brasil, suas razões, objetivos e consequências. Por fim, analisaram-se as medidas tomadas pelo governo brasileiro com vistas a lidar com a recente imigração proveniente do Haiti. As interpretações dos dados foram feitas de forma qualitativa.

Reclutar caciques: la selección de las elites coloniales filipinas a finales del siglo XIX

This work assesses the local elections in an indigenous municipality in the late 19th century Philippines. From a micro-historical and comparative approach, the paper during Spanish colonial rule. Therefore, the municipal sphere was one of the few real power spaces for the indigenous elite within the colonial political-administrative structure established in the Asian archipelago by Spaniards. The indigenous political leaders - appointed by the Spanish colonial authorities for diverse political, economic and religious reasons - played a crucial role in building resistance or allegiance to the metropolitan government in the oriental dominions. These are the main lines of a study that also compares the electoral process in the Philippine colonial territories with the strategies for political control of metropolitan power. The examination of analogies and dissimilitude is a central theme, as is the analysis of the strategy employed by the State in the power struggle between the insular elite, its causes and its consequences.

La provincia de Antofagasta. Creación y consolidación de un territorio nuevo en el Estado chileno: 1888-1933

The article examines diverse factors —geographic, economic, demographic, political and legal— which influenced the parliamentary debate and the subsequent creation of the province of Antofagasta under the government of Balmaceda. One of the most important differences of this province in comparison with other Chilean territories resulted from the municipal powers inherited from the Bolivian administration that contributed to the hardening of regionalist discourse in the face of the Chilean government’s aim of juridical uniformity. The article reviews the different proposals for a political-administrative structure for the Antofagasta territory and the different modifications affecting it from 1888 until 1933. Emphasis is placed on the complexity of the territory at the local, national and international levels.

Securing Land Rights through Indigenousness: A Case from the Philippine Cordillera Highlands

AbstractThe Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (1997) offers indigenous peoples in the Philippines the opportunity to obtain title to an ‘ancestral domain’. This article discusses how leaders of the Bakun Indigenous Tribes Organization (BITO) in the Cordillera Highlands strategically used the state-sponsored indigenous-peoples discourse and political-administrative structure to acquire land rights for the inhabitants of the municipality of Bakun. Though the inhabitants did not necessarily identify themselves as indigenous, they welcomed land rights as a protection against unwelcome incursions by mining companies and other extractive projects. However, the discourse of indigenous peoples’ rights tends to essentialise the difference between indigenous and non-indigenous populations. Being indigenous has become a politicised identity whose bearers are expected to prefer the ‘traditional’ over the ‘modern’, the ‘collective’ over the ‘individual’. In Bakun, moreover, the discourse of indigenous peoples’ rights eventually became an arena in which a power struggle was played out between BITO and the municipal council, both belonging to the indigenous community.

The future of re-invented/post-socialist cities in Europe: a reflection on the State of European Cities Report(2007)

After the collapse of the socialist block in 1990, urban development in CEE countries was influenced both by special transitional factors (privatization, reactions to distortions inherited from the socialist period) and by global forces (competition, etc.). The countries of the region opened up to the global economy (globalization) to varying degrees and restructured their economy (privatization) and their political-administrative structure (decentralization), which had an enormous effect on the ‘post-socialist city’. The question is which model post-socialist cities will follow. The effects of the factors related to their ‘path dependency’ is less and less determining in the future of the post-socialist cities, and the answers to new challenges such as population shrinkage, ageing, regional differences, economic restructuring, transportation problems, demand for sprawling, etc. will assume greater importance.

Modelos Administrativos, Tradiciones y Reforma. ¿ Último Recurso Explicativo? .

Los eventos y experiencias pasadas, para bien o mal, son importantes para comprender problemas actuales en el ámbito público, y para encontrar soluciones apropiadas para tratar esos desafíos. No obstante, cómo exactamente pueda ayudarnos el conocimiento histórico a entender la compleja realidad administrativa de hoy, es una pregunta completamente distinta. En este artículo nos concentramos en cómo el análisis histórico nos ayuda a entender la naturaleza y dirección de la reforma del sector público.Adicionalmente, queremos determinar si, y cómo, la reforma del sector público toma diferentes formas en varios países de Europa occidental, dadas las particularidades de la estructura y tradición políticoadministrativa de cada país.

PROFESSIONS, INSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS, AND NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT IN THE DANISH HOSPITAL FIELD

ABSTRACT This article elucidates the role of professionals as stakeholders in the Danish hospital field. The sociological new-institutionalism has illuminated the role of professions as carriers of rationalities and norms and their role in radical changes in organizational fields, but we are short of contributions that elucidate their role as stakeholders in connection with incremental changes in mature organizational fields. First we focus on what interests professions can be expected to safeguard. We will argue that professions protect and expand their professional rationalities. In mature fields this must be done in interaction with the state apparatus that in numerous ways regulates the professions. Second we assume that in mature organizational fields, dominated by professional interpretative schemes, the professions’ safeguarding of interests will be tied to their influence on the creation of new institutions within the existing institutional landscape in the field. More specifically we argue that the professions’ opportunities of influence depend on: The existing constellationof institutions in the field. The degree of competitionamong new and old institutions. The existing political-administrative structure. The power relationsbetween actors in the field. Our empirical cases concern two attempts of institutional innovation in the Danish hospital field. In this field, attempts are made during the 1980s and the 1990s to introduce a series of innovations inspired by the New Public Management (NPM) strategy. We have examined two such innovations: Unambiguous managementand systematic quality development. The professionals have been able to maintain the dominant professional interpretive schema through a combination of central and local safeguarding of interests that has barred the two NPM inspired innovations from being disseminated effectively into the field. Another reason why the NPM strategy does not seem to have great impact in the two cases is, we think, that a coherent strategy was never formulated in Denmark. The two case analyses support our assumptions and are not conflicting with the conclusions of others on radical changes in organizational fields.1-4 We conclude that the four factors contribute to explain the success of the professionals. They might also be useful as general factors explaining the influence of the professions on the field dynamics and institutionalization in mature organizational fields. Another conclusion is that we should be very careful to generalize about the influence of the professionals from one country to another. Even if professional rationalities were alike, the institutional constellation and competition, the administrative structures and power relations differ strongly from one country to another. This might explain the different outcomes of NPM strategies in profession dominated fields in various countries.

:Good Government in Spanish Naples

Contents: No other book in English offers such a wide-ranging, yet still narrative historical perspective to understand the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Kingdom of Naples in its political-administrative structure and its social and economic foundations.

Bureaucracy and Development in Jordan

Bureaucracy is the major instrument of socio-economic development in Jordan. It functions within an environment of scarce resources, overpowering political leadership, and particularistic cultural habits. This study reviews not only the progress made towards achieving the goals of national development but also the obstacles that retard modernization efforts. It examines specific bureaucratic pathologies in the Jordanian political-administrative structure: clerkism, centralism, nepotism, incompetence, and the negative effects of such factors on development and administrative effectiveness. The examination of official administrative reform efforts in Jordan indicates that the substantive issues of reform have not been effectively articulated or managed.