Political Reasons Research Articles

Analyzing the Nexus Between Meritocracy and Sectoral Approach in the Civil Service Recruitment in Bangladesh: From Jobseekers’ Perspective

ABSTRACT The quota system for Civil Service Recruitment (CSR) in Bangladesh has long been a subject of intense debate due to excluding many candidates who may have superior qualifications and allegations of corruption linked to the implementation of the quota system. The government is skeptical about abolishing the quota system due to political reasons. On the other hand, jobseekers want the quota system to be reformed rationally so that it will mitigate dissatisfaction among groups. Therefore, it is important to know jobseekers’ perspectives regarding the issue. We argue that a sectoral approach might provide a rational solution to this dilemma. Based on a survey conducted among jobseekers, extensive interviews, and analysis of secondary sources, this research paper aims to explore jobseekers’ perceptions regarding ensuring merit-based recruitment in civil service through a sectoral approach. We argue that this would offer a signal to the government about what policy should take to ensure inclusive civil service and mitigate jobseekers’ dissatisfaction.

A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation of Turkish Public Opinion towards the United States

Türkiye - United States relations have a multifaceted character and have spanned a long period, witnessing ups and downs throughout their historical trajectory. Türkiye’s relations with and foreign policy towards the US have been closely monitored by the public, and diverse perspectives towards the US have emerged within Turkish public opinion over time. This paper investigates the various factors that affect Turkish public opinion towards the US. Previous studies have generally examined public opinion through the demand side, exploring what features of the public predict their behavior towards other countries. In this research, we examine what exactly it is about the US that the public likes or dislikes. The research question of this article is: What are the determinants of the variation in individuals’ foreign policy attitudes towards the US in Türkiye? By answering this question through survey data conducted in 2021, we aim to present the economic, security-related, and political reasons behind the Turkish public’s positive and negative attitudes toward the US. The findings demonstrate that individuals are influenced by various dimensions pertaining to the US and its relations with Türkiye. The respondents’ demographic characteristics and political and foreign policy attitudes have resulted in disparate opinions regarding these multiple dimensions.

Using public–private partnerships for political reasons: the Government’s motivation and conditions

ABSTRACT Why does government use Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs)? Besides their economic values, we argue PPPs are used for political reasons. Employing a political agency framework, we explain how politicians use PPPs to appear competent and extract rents, and under what conditions these political potentials are attractive and accessible to politicians. By analysing U.S. state-level data, we reveal some political and fiscal variables that are associated with PPP initiations and uncover state PPP legal framework diminishes the associations. By echoing literature on public administration, political economy and state politics, our research responds to the call to study the political natures of PPPs.

The Main Challenges of AI Ethics: Historical Contextualization, Black-Boxing, Social Biases, Labor Invisibility

In the research described here, I argue that an adequate approach to AI ethics should include the four topics below. My aim is to answer the question of which are the necessary topics that someone should have under consideration in order to make an adequate approach to AI ethics. First, a critical history of AI, which focuses not on the technical differentiations between previous and following technologies, but on the social, economic, and political context in which artificial intelligence is designed, developed, and used. Second, an overview of the issues that most of the time are described as AI ethics, such as fairness, accountability, and transparency, in order to have the ability to understand what is missing from these approaches. A study on the black box of AI is necessary, not only from a technical perspective, but mainly from a perspective that is directly related to the political, social, and economic reasons that enforce and reinforce this black box, revealing, among others, the social relations, the hidden labor, and the “unintelligence” that are hidden under this black box. Third, an analysis of specific cases through critical approaches which take into account capitalism, with all the social, political, and economic relations that are connected with it. In this way, the emergence of biases, inequalities, and discriminations, becomes not a bag, but the substance of AI. Fourth, a study on the hidden labor of AI and the concerns regarding the future of work and AI. The study on hidden labor which is related with AI, is important in order, first, to criticize the intelligence and autonomy of AI systems, and second, to make visible the terrible working conditions of some workers, as a try to change them. The discussion regarding the future of work should not only contain discourses regarding the circular function of capitalism or vague ideas about ethical implementations of AI in the workplace. An adequate discussion should take into account the social, political, and economic relations of our society and ultimately challenge the current form of capitalism. I argue that all the above should be included in an adequate study of AI ethics.

Facing migration under adverse conditions: challenges and resilience in the Colombo-Venezuelan border area

BackgroundInternal displacement and cross-country migration are an increasing global phenomenon drawing the attention of politicians and the public. Causes and effects on the migrants and receptor populations are varied and often shaped by immigration laws and how migrants and refugees are being dealt with by local conditions, policy frameworks and by the host population (receptors). The massive influx of Venezuelan migrants into Colombia for more than a decade has characteristics which warrant a systematic analysis to identify contextual and individual factors favouring and hindering the well-being of migrants and their new Colombian neighbours of the receptor population.MethodsA household interview survey was conducted in two cities of the Colombo-Venezuelan border: Cucuta and Valledupar. The survey included 412 migrant families, comprising 1656 individuals, and 317 Colombian neighbour families, totalling 1077 individuals. Only migrants staying in the border area for more than 6 months and excluding “short term migrants” who cross the border only for getting treatment or schooling for their children. We used systematic sampling in neighbourhoods with the highest concentration of migrants. The sampling interval was set at every 7 and 6 migrant households. Ethical approval was obtained by the ethics committees of the three participating universities and the local health authority.ResultsVenezuelan migrants were younger than their Colombian neighbours (22.04 and 28.69 years respectively). The primary reason for migration among these individuals was economic (84.1%) and much less for political reasons (< 10%); about half of them had entered the country through an irregular crossings, known locally as “trochas”. Within this group, around 28% reported experiencing various forms of violence, particularly physical or verbal aggression, much less sexual assault. Following their arrival, irregular migrants had to go through a regulation (legalization) process in Colombia, with 48.1% having either initiated or completed this process. The target migrants have been living in Colombia for an average of 4.3 years, mostly in poor shelters, just as their Colombian neighbours (64.8% and 53% respectively). Both groups, but particularly the migrants, belonged to the lower socioeconomic strata according to their educational levels and occupations (street vendors including street musicians and entertainers; 21.6% of migrants and 10.6% of Colombian neighbours). They all had stressful life events recently, with economic hardship being the most significant one, especially among migrants. In terms of exposure to physical violence, the rates were almost equal for both groups. However, specific incidents such as theft, assault and intended homicide were more often experienced by the Colombian receptor population. Legal services were often sought by migrants, mostly in a special advice centre for migrants or from international organizations while their Colombian neighbours resorted mainly to national institutions including the police. For health issues migrants had often to go to private services with out-of-pocket payment while the Colombians accessed the health system through the subsidized or pre-paid health insurance. Emotional and psychological symptoms were frequent in both groups but more among migrants. The Colombian respondents had more frequently negative comments about migrants but acknowledged that they were exploited in Colombia and that they contribute to community activities and the local economy.ConclusionBoth Venezuelan migrants and their Colombian neighbours suffer significantly from the consequences of poverty and stressful living conditions. As such, they require equal attention from policymakers and public services. This attention should encompass enhanced security in the public spaces, accessible legal advice, and comprehensive health support.

Classification of international crimes

The article examines the problems associated with the classification of international crimes. It is stated that in the doctrine of international law, international crimes are understood as the most serious and dangerous violations of the principles and norms of international law which encroach on the global interests of humanity and pose a threat to international peace and security. The author analyses the classification of international crimes provided for in the statutes of the Nuremberg and Tokyo International Military Tribunals, the Geneva Conventions, the United Nations documents, the Rome Statute, and case law. It is noted that the list of international crimes is only approximate, since it will constantly change as international law develops. Today, in our opinion, the corpus delicti of international crimes are most fully presented in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998. They include: genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes; aggression. It is noted that, in addition to inhuman acts (murder, extermination, enslavement, exile and other cruelties committed against civilians before or during war) and persecution of a human group (for political, racial or religious reasons), the list of crimes against humanity also includes torture, sexual crimes, enforced disappearance of persons and apartheid when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against any civilians. It is noted that the full-scale russian armed aggression is accompanied by the commission of numerous international crimes on the territory of Ukraine which have no statute of limitations. The author emphasises that the main discrepancy between national legislation and generally recognised corpus delicti of international crimes in international criminal law is the absence of criminalisation of crimes against humanity and the absence of the institution of command responsibility (chief of command). It is concluded that the main legislative step is to bring the national criminal legislation of Ukraine into full compliance with the requirements of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to ensure fair, necessary and inevitable punishment of persons who commit international crimes.

CURRICULUM FOR PRACTICE AND LEADERSHIP IN NURSING HOMES: THE US RESPONSE

Abstract The Teaching Nursing Home (TNH), which began in the 1980s under the leadership of Dr. Mathy Mezey, was a visionary approach to improving the lives of older adults in nursing homes through the efforts of the interdisciplinary healthcare team. The project had extraordinary outcomes, but for a host of political and economic reasons was never brought to full realization. Forty years and a pandemic later, the need for improving quality care in our nations’ nursing homes took center stage. Dr. Terry Fulmer (John A Hartford Foundation) and Nancy Zionts (Jewish Healthcare Foundation) provided extraordinary leadership to address what is now widely regarded as a devastating gap in the US healthcare system. With over $5 million in funding, academic/practice partnerships were revisited in a pilot project with renewed energy, creativity, and resolve by three major universities in Pennsylvania and four affiliated nursing homes. Early on, the lack of curriculum models for faculty educating pre-licensure students in the delivery of quality care in nursing home settings was identified as a barrier to progress in the TNH project. The authors of this paper present the groundbreaking work that was done by an interdisciplinary panel of over 40 expert healthcare practitioners and academicians who came to consensus in the identification and qualitative development of a curriculum that prepares healthcare professionals and their faculty through academic/practice partnerships. Competencies include: creating a culture of care; improving diversity, equity and inclusion; person/family-centered care; models of care delivery; geriatric syndromes; interdisciplinary practice; regulation and finance; and information technology.

Multilingualism of Ukrainian Elites in the Seventeenth Century: The Case of Lazar Baranovych

The article examines the multilingual practice of Lazar Baranovych in the context of the sociolinguistic situation of Ukraine in the early modern period. Multilingualism is inherent in border societies, including Ukrainian society in the seventeenth century, and the choice of language in each case depends on a combination of factors – religious, pragmatic, communicative, cultural, and artistic/stylistic. The study analyzes the phenomenon of codeswitching on the example of Baranovych’s own marginal notes, made in Polish, Ruthenian (prosta mova) and Church Slavonic. The Ukrainian recension of Church Slavonic reflects the influence of spoken Ukrainian, which can be traced in texts from the cultural centers in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later the Russian Empire. This is illustrated by the language of the collection of sermons Трубы на дни нарочитыя праздникɷвъ [Trumpets for Major Feast Days] (1674), which Lazar Baranovych could not publish in Moscow not only for political reasons but also because of the peculiarity of the language.

Prohibition of Eugenic Practices in Europe: Political and Legal Reasons

INTRODUCTION. This article is devoted to the analysis of the complex political and legal reasons behind the prohibition of eugenics in European law. The article examines the contemporary prohibition of eugenics in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 2000, the ban in international criminal law, the historical regulation of eugenic practices in European countries, as well as new challenges in this area.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The scientific study examines international treaties, conventions, and judicial practice. General scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition (methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction, induction, comparative legal and formal legal methods) were used in preparing the study.RESEARCH RESULTS. The author concludes that there are several blocks of reasons for the modern prohibition on the regulation of eugenic practices. The first block of reasons for the prohibition of eugenics is linked to the criminalization of certain eugenic practices, including the deliberate selection of people, at the international level after World War II. The second block of the eugenics ban is due to the failure of the political and legal course in several European countries (primarily Scandinavia), associated with the infringement of reproductive rights of certain vulnerable social groups. The third block of reasons for the prohibition of eugenics is triggered by attempts to apply modern advances in biomedicine and genetics, affecting human reproduction and genome, which could adversely impact the interests of future generations of humanity.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. New challenges of eugenics are difficult to regulate and are often not covered by any prohibition or legal regulation at all. An obvious threat is that eugenics for the purpose of human selection, facilitated by the development of new biotechnologies, may become an initiative of civil society without any state programs and policies and be based on the activities of non-state actors or the convictions of private individuals.

Political Consumerism and Fairtrade: Some Critical/Theoretical Points

In the past decades, fairtrade and political consumerism became two paradigms of sustainability at large. And above all, in the context of social metamorphosis, they reflected another chapter of postmaterialist values update’s. Then, could we talk about a sort of “gastropolitics” (or, better, “gastropolity”)? And could we talk about this subject inside the frame of a political sociology of sustainability? Political consumerism refers to the deliberate purchase or avoidance of products, goods, or services for political reasons. And political consumption is a field of research at the intersection of consumer research and political sociology. Political consumption means the consideration of ethical or political motives in the decision to buy certain kind of products and to choose certain typologies of goods. Political consumerism is mainly expressed through boycotts and buycotts by consumers who want to make clear their political, ethical and environmental concerns. With this paper we would like to try to use some of these categories to discuss some examples and models of Fairtrade as a paradigm that has emerged in recent years in public discourse, disputing on what are possible critics and “objections” concerning so-called “Fairtrade debate”. And finally, we would like to use, on the other hand, as concrete case studies, two examples that although rather “classic”, studied in the relevant literature, serve us to critically explore the edges and involutions of the fairtrade and consumerism paradigm. Two very different brands that nevertheless seem to embody the extremes of this paradigm: on the one hand that of Slow food and on the other that of Whole Food.

Science and Engineering Practices: a Comparative Analysis of Indonesian, Thai and Vietnamese Science Curricula

Abstract Southeast Asian countries are embracing updated integrated curricula, such as STEM, which are impacted by socio-scientific, political, and economic reasons related to global educational reform. This study compares science curricula regarding science and engineering practices (SEP s) in Indonesian, Thai, and Vietnamese science curricula. The SEP s in the curricular learning outcomes were examined using qualitative content analysis. According to the analysis, the learning outcomes of the three Southeast Asian countries were more aligned with science than engineering. Students most often practiced ‘constructing scientific explanations,’ while the least common was ‘asking questions and defining problems’ across countries. Compared to Indonesia and Vietnam, the Thai curriculum typically included ‘developing a model’, a key science and engineering practice. The findings suggest that curriculum design may reconsider integration, curricular coherence, and learning goals for modelling, asking questions, and engineering to increase engagement with diverse activities.

Reassessing International Art Exhibitions in Finland

Cold War politics accelerated artistic exchange and the transnational circulation of art. Within state-run cultural diplomacy, hundreds of art exhibitions traveled to Finland opening a rich and varied perspective on international art. Only a few of them have though made their way into the canon of exhibitions and consequently, into the Finnish history of art. Using a few Cold War art exhibitions as an example, the article challenges the established Finnish art historical canon of significant exhibitions. It demonstrates that many interesting exhibitions have been ignored or marginalized without a good reason due to prejudices or because they have been considered awkward, for instance, for political reasons. The formation of the art canon and exhibition histories are interrelated. Thus, the article suggests that Finnish art history of the second half of the 1900s would look different if more attention had been paid to a greater variety of art exhibitions. It argues that a more profound and detailed knowledge of exhibition histories would provide new perspectives into the transnational circulation of artistic influences and the impact of international art on Finnish art, artists, and the art scene.

Codification projects of Soviet All-Union legislation (late 1920s – early 1950s)

The article shows the stages of codification of All-Union legislation. In the 1920s the legislation of the RSFSR was codified. After the formation of the USSR the all-Union legislation developed. At the end of the 1920s, the first ideas about the advisability of the transition to all-Union codification appeared. After the adoption of the Constitution of the USSR in 1936, drafts of the Criminal Code of the USSR, the Civil Code of the USSR, the Code of Criminal Procedure of the USSR, the Civil Procedure Code of the USSR are being developed. The process of preparation of projects and the result obtained are analyzed. The political and legal reasons for the refusal of the all-Union codification are revealed.

International legal principles of combating tax offenses

The article examines the international legal principles of combating tax crime based on current legislation and the legislation of the European Union in a comprehensive and systemic aspect. The urgency of conducting scientific research is determined by the need to improve tools for preventing violations of tax and levy legislation, which take into account the inter-branch connections oftax and other branches of legislation. The object of the study was the social relations that develop during the implementation of the norms that provide for combating tax crimes. The subject of the study was international legal acts, norms of Ukrainian and European tax legislation regulating the protection of tax relations. The methodological basis of the work, along with general scientific dialectical and materialistic methods of studying social phenomena, are made up of private scientific methods of cognition: formal-legal and formal-logical; statistical and system-analytical; comparative legal. International and national tax legislation, which combines the regulation of public law and private law relations in the tax sphere, reflects the tendency of private interest and dispositive principles of legal regulation to penetrate into the tax sphere. It is noted that in the system of legal regulators for combating tax crime there are special institutions of legal regulation, regulators of tax relations related to the establishment and collection of taxes, which are more abstract and less defined than the norms of tax law, the fundamental elements of a unified system of tax law forms, related to the establishment of taxes, endowed with general obligation and having an objective nature of the content. The weakening of the role of its determinants at the current stage of the development of tax legal relations is indicated, which is expressed in the conflicting nature of these legal relations, economic and political reasons for tax evasion, problems of tax culture, the severity of taxation, the complexity and instability of legislation on taxes and fees.

Czech Labour Market: Long-Standing Problems and New Challenges

The article presents an analysis of the development of the Czech labour market, taking into account demographic trends. The main long-term trends of decreasing unemployment, structural changes and maintaining their attraction for foreign actors are outlined. The negative consequences of the last two years have been assessed. A lack of certain specialists and high-qualified workers remains among the key problems of the Czech labour market which the government regulatory measures are aimed at. Changes in the financing of employment policy and transition to more effective support measures are shown. Special attention is paid to solving the ageing problem and to involving of older people on the labour market. The implemented methods of maintaining employment among this category of citizens are analysed. Operating instruments of attracting highly qualified and qualified workers in the Czech Republic, the base of which are the key programs, are considered. A selectivity of such measures, its flexibility and changing due to political reasons are shown. The role of labour migrants on the Czech labour market is shown using the example of Ukrainians. The Ukrainian labour force traditionally was engaged in lowskilled labour, mainly in construction and industry. The consequences of the influx of refugees because of the Ukrainian crisis, their current situation and consequences for the Czech labour market are analysed. Due to gender and age differences between refugees and typical labour mi grants from Ukraine there is no significant increase in the influence of Ukrainians on the Czech market. Problems of poverty, integration and employment corresponding to qualification remain. The key perspective of changes of the Czech labour market, including problems of shortage of certain categories of specialists, are designated.

Specifics of Bilateral US-EU Relations under J. Biden Administration

The article is dedicated to current state of affairs and perspectives of institutionalization of US-EU relations. Due to different international and domestic political reasons, after the 2020 the two sides declared a rapprochement. The US is likely to re-main the most influential center of power of the current system of international affairs. Due to the process of European integration, the EU acquired an ability to behave as an international actor and the US’ global partner. An ambitious bilateral agenda includes not only pragmatic goals, but a long-term intention to cooperate. Institutions of bilateral relations are supposed to build strategic partnership regardless of concrete political situation. The period from 2021 to 2023 were favorable for such efforts, because of the White House retreat from the isolationist foreign policy. The article explores different formats of cooperation between the US and the EU with special focus on high level co-operation. Interparliamentary connections between the US Congress and European Parliament play a special role in institutionalizing the relations. Special attention is paid to the new frameworks of executive branch cooperation, such as Council for Trade and Technology, as well as a number of Strategic Dialogues on different topics. Institutionalization of bilateral relations is aimed at consolidation of economic and technological resources for strategic confrontation against China.

‘As a Token of Appreciation for her Dauntless Struggle…’

In this article, Mineke Bosch links art historical objects and interpretations to historical documents associated with the women’s movement in the Netherlands. Her focus is on a portrait of the prominent feminist Aletta Jacobs by the impressionist painter Isaac Israels. After the suffrage bill passed in 1919, the portrait was commissioned by the Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht to honour its president, with the implicit objective that the portrait be accepted into the collection of a national museum, i.e. the Rijksmuseum. Israels made five substantial portraits and two sketches of Jacobs, before finalizing one formal portrait. On the instigation of the minister of Art and Sciences, however, the Rijksmuseum turned down the offer, probably for political reasons. Open questions that remain are: why was Israels chosen to paint the portrait of Aletta Jacobs? Why did he produce such a large number of portraits and why in so many different poses? And why was this not noticed until only very recently? A key concept in answering these questions is gender: how notions about women and men have influenced the way in which portraits of women and men were painted, the dissimilarity in how their portraits have been used, and also whether, and if so, in what way(s), a woman like Aletta Jacobs has been integrated into the Dutch collective memory.

Old and New in Old and New Rome

It has often been remarked that the central parts of Rome, notably the Forum Romanum, retain their pagan character long after the Empire has become Christianised. Various explanations have been offered: hostility from a largely pagan Senate, or fear that the pagan buildings might be inhabited by demons. However, the late antique fora built in Constantinople by Christian emperors, show the same pattern. This article suggests that rather than political and religious reasons, traditional Roman conservatism lies behind the reluctance to “Christianise” public squares. This traditionalism is also manifest in the extensive use of spolia in the buildings of the first Christian emperor, Constantine. The spolia are in this article seen as a means to acquire auctoritas by including older elements in a new building. Similar aims, though achieved with different means, can in Roman architecture be traced back at least to the time of Augustus, manifesting a will to recreate a real or imaginary past.

Law and Political Religion: the Theology of Soviet Law

That paper is one of my works, in which I try to apply the concept of political religion to Soviet law studies. Many political philosophers and scholars use this concept for describing the nature of totalitarian regimes, for which metapolitical goals (achieving communism, Nation defense etc.) and the tasks of their own legitimacy strengthening and increasing the control of society presuppose the usage of means which are religious by their nature. Political studies of political religion are quite developed, but legal theory pays almost no attention to such concept. So, in the paper I am trying to answer the question: if Soviet political regime can be defined as political religion, what does it means for law? In this paper I pay significant attention to Soviet law theology, that is the development of Marxism-Leninism dogmas in legal realm, which I call the “symbol of faith” of Soviet Law. I show how the “symbol of faith” guided Soviet legal studies, what philosophical and legal problems they raised and the ways Soviet scholars solved them. I mean such problems as connection between law and economics, law and state, law and factual social relations, the role of law in achieving communism. In 1920s there were different versions of Marxist legal theory (Evgeny Pashukanis, Mikhail Reysner, Pyotr Stuchka, and others), but at the beginning of 1930s the unification of approaches was being made (the 1938 narrow-normative definition of law by Andrey Vyshinsky became its). The Vyshinsky’s definition was partly rejected during post-Stalin era, the new attempts to substantiate the broader understanding of law by connecting it with legal conscience and legal relations appeared. Though these conceptions were formally substantiated as attempts to find “the right one” Marxist understanding of law, their authors were rather trying to reconcile their own vision of law with official ideology. In the paper I also delineate how Soviet law theology influenced Soviet law system. By using some examples, I argue that this theology was not just the set of ideas far from legal practice. For example, Soviet ideological dogmas determined the development of the socialistic legality doctrine as the key doctrine of Soviet legal order. At the same time Soviet legal system has never been developed exclusively under influence of Soviet political religion; it always was a mixture of influences, including Marxist-Leninist teachings, civil law tradition, political reasons etc.

Theories and models on the mode of action of homeopathic remedies

Background: As of today, no systematic review of published theoretical approaches to understand the mode of action of homeopathic remedies has been presented. References to possible theoretical models, therefore, remain speculative and arbitrary. The need to accelerate theory building for scientific and political reasons is widely recognized. Methods: Following scientific standards, we searched Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PhilPapers, the Gemeinsamer Verbundkatalog (GVK), swisscovery, CAMBase, several webOPACs (University Witten/Herdecke, IGM Bosch Stiftung, HBH, EBH) and personal libraries of the authors for original studies. All identified references were screened in duplicate, and eligibility was determined according to pre-set criteria. The references included have undergone systematic data extraction and bibliographic examination. The findings will be presented in two parts: the first providing a quantitative overview, and the second offering a qualitative evaluation. The manuscript for the quantitative analysis and bibliographic examination is currently being prepared and expected to be published in the coming months. This phase identifies theories and models on the mode of action of homeopathic remedies across various disciplines. A deeper qualitative analysis will follow in a subsequent publication. Results: Database searches resulted in several thousand unique references, of which less than 2000 were found eligible for title and abstract screening. Full-text analysis was performed on 495 publications, of which 217 were included. Besides bibliographical data, we extracted the scientific frameworks within which the theories are embedded and the aspects of homeopathy they aim to explain. Specific trends and connections could be identified. Conclusions: This systematic literature review provides a thorough overview of theories and models on the mode of action of homeopathic preparations discussed in scientific literature over the past 200 years. These findings will guide future theory building and development, identifying trends and connections within the existing body of knowledge.