Polish System Research Articles

Surface passivation and brightening of titanium-based AM materials using a robotic electrochemical mechanical polishing system

Surface passivation and brightening of titanium-based AM materials using a robotic electrochemical mechanical polishing system

Spatially Selective Ultraprecision Polishing and Cleaning by Collective Behavior of Micro Spinbots

Untethered magnetic actuation is an attractive technique for controlling a batch of micrometer‐sized soft robots. Recent advancements have enabled each robot to follow its path independently using a single magnetic device. However, applications of magnetic soft microrobots are mostly biased toward the biomedical field. In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane–Fe3O4 nanocomposite soft spinning microrobots, that is, spinbots that actuate on a tabletop magnetic stirrer, were utilized as innovative precision manufacturing tools for spatially selective precision polishing and cleaning. The pivot motion of the revolving spinbots, which involves repetitive sweeping during rotation cycles, is explored. This sweeping action physically removes nanometer‐sized surface contaminants from the workpiece, achieving a cleaning efficiency of 99.6%. Multiple spinbots, up to 42 in total, simultaneously operated along their own orbital pathways on three vertically stacked wafers, thereby demonstrating an unprecedented cleaning method. In addition, the spinbots precisely removed materials from the workpiece using a three‐body abrasion mechanism. Furthermore, the spinbots contributed to precise material removal, resulting in remarkable surface polishing (R a ≈ 1.8 nm). This novel polishing system, which uses the collective behavior of multiple spinbots on a tabletop magnetic stirrer, is 1000‐fold lighter than current state‐of‐the‐art equipment aimed at achieving similar levels of fine finishing.

Comparative Evaluation of Biofilm Formation on Temporization Crown Materials Used in the Rehabilitation of Primary Dentition With Different Polishing Materials: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Advancements in dental materials have enhanced aesthetic treatments for managing dental caries and injuries in primary dentition. Bis-acryl composite-based temporization materials are now preferred for restoring primary crowns due to their superior properties. However, prolonged exposure to dietary and hygienic factors can lead to discoloration and roughness, making efficient polishing essential to prevent plaque buildup. Objective This study aims to evaluate Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on temporization material polished with different polishing systems. Methods This study tested bis-acryl methacrylate temporization material. Thirty disk-shaped specimens were prepared and divided into three groups according to the polishing system used (n = 10 per group): Shofu Super Snap mini kit (Shofu, San Marcos, CA), aluminum oxide polishing paste, and propol polishing paste. Each group's specimens were polished according to the manufacturer's instructions. Surface roughness (SR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphological analysis, and Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation were assessed for each group. Results The results showed significant differences in roughness average (Ra) values among the polishing materials, with the Shofu Super Snap mini kit having the highest roughness (Ra = 2.04), followed by propol polishing paste (Ra = 1.30)and aluminum oxide paste (Ra = 0.75). Additionally, polishing methods significantly affected mean colony-forming unit (CFU) levels, with the first group having the highest mean CFU value (0.24), with SEM images showing substantial biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. Conclusion Bacterial biofilm formation on the aluminum oxide paste group's surface differed from that on the propol polishing paste and aluminum oxide disc groups. The polishing techniques that we tested significantly influenced surface properties and biofilm formation. These findings suggest that selecting an appropriate polishing system can reduce the risk of gingival inflammation associated with temporization materials.

Life imprisonment in Poland: Issues and Challenges

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this article is to analyze recent legislative changes to life imprisonment in Poland and to examine the consequences of introducing an absolute form of this penalty, called “an absolute life sentence”. Methodology: This paper combines two methods: a comparison of legal documents and legal writers' thoughts and author observation of this phenomenon. Main findings of the study: The main conclusion is that the changes introduced by the legislator concerning life imprisonment —specifically, the court discretion to optionally impose a parole ban under two circumstances— may not result in positive effects for crime deterrence. Consequently, this could worsen the already challenging task of educational rehabilitation efforts with the population of life prisoners. The Polish penitentiary system will face challenges related to ageing prisoners serving life sentences without parole and the natural consequences of this issue. Furthermore, the recent changes could make it difficult for Poland to cooperate on criminal law matters with countries that consider 'absolute life imprisonment' to be inhumane. Application of the study: The presented research relates to various scientific fields, e.g. criminal law, executive penal law and sociology. Originality/Novelty of the study: This problem is still a current matter. Life imprisonment is a relatively new punishment in Poland, and the Polish penitentiary system continues to look for new ways and methods for dealing with group of life-sentenced prisoners. As a result of the latest amendment, the Polish prison administration will once again face the challenge of implementing completely new severe penalty which is a life imprisonment.

Prevalence of Obesity among Polish Primary Care Population Considered Healthy.

Obesity is a complex disease with numerous health complications, influenced by factors such as genetics, lifestyle, mental health, societal impact, economic status, comorbidities, and treatments. This multicenter study included adults aged ≥35 years referred to a CVD prevention program, where sociodemographic data, anthropometric examinations, laboratory tests, and HLPCQ responses were collected. The study analyzed 1044 patients with a mean age of 47.9 years. Among them, 22.2% (232 patients) were diagnosed with obesity. These patients exhibited higher blood pressure, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels (all p < 0.001). A comparative analysis showed that obese patients had significantly lower scores in healthy dietary choices, dietary harm avoidance, daily routine, organized physical exercise, and overall HLPCQ scores. These results indicate that individuals considered healthy were actually living with obesity and its associated complications. Consequently, family physicians should proactively identify patients at risk of obesity using existing programs. The Polish healthcare system urgently needs systemic solutions, including effective health promotion and the creation of obesity prevention programs at an early stage of adult life. These measures are essential to address the growing obesity epidemic and improve public health outcomes.

Split Genders: Medical versus Legal Understanding of Gender Identity (De Lege Lata and De Lege Ferenda)

Abstract For centuries, the law accepted the legal gender of an individual that was indicated at birth by the appearance of their genitalia and stated on their birth certificate. Nowadays, however, we have plenty of scientific, medical and psychological evidence (and thus reasons) to revise the adopted way of thinking about legal gender to associate it more with gender identity. Most people do not perceive a potential conflict between genital sex and gender identity, because their genital sex is consistent with their gender identity. Trans- and intersex comunnity needs recognition of their gender identity independent of their genital sex as a condition for a life of self-determination, personal freedom, respect and dignity; these are, aft er all, values that are extremely important for the law. The purpose of this analysis is to determine whether the concept of gender identity is perceived generally in the Polish language and the Polish legal system in a way that takes into account current medical knowledge and the legitimate needs of the individual. If not, then what de lege ferenda recommendations can be made to change this situation?

Investigation of Various Finishing/Polishing Procedures on Color Stability of Composite Resins

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of various finishing and polishing systems on the color stability of composite resins treated with coffee. Methods: Fifty samples of each of nanohybrid and supra-nanohybrid composite resin materials were prepared and each material was randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10): Group 1: Control group (mylar strip), Group 2: One Gloss (one step), Group 3: One Gloss + polishing paste, Group 4: Soflex disk (multistep), Group 5: Soflex disk + polishing paste. The samples were colored in coffee solution for 144 hours to simulate six months of coffee consumption after polishing. The color of the samples before-after staining was measured with a spectrophotometer and ∆E00 values were calculated. Results: Material, polishing type and the interaction of these two parameters had a statistical effect on the color change values (p&amp;lt; 0,001). The ∆E00 values of supra-nanohybrid composite resin were higher than nanohybrid. Both materials exhibited color change above the thresholds of clinical perceptibility (PT&amp;gt; 0,8) and acceptability (AT&amp;gt; 1,8). In terms of polishing types, the highest ∆E00 was found in the control group and the lowest in the disk group. The additionally applied polishing paste caused a non-significant decrease in the color change of the single-step polishing system (p&amp;lt; 0,05) and a statistically significant increase in the multi-steps polishing system (p&amp;gt; 0,05). Conclusion: Considering the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that the use of multi-steps discs is more advantageous in preventing discoloration of composite resins.

Effect of finishing and polishing systems on surface roughness and color stability of aesthetic restorations exposed to staining solution.

The color and the surface roughness of aesthetic restorations are related to the clinical sucess and longevity of these treatments. Aim: This study evaluated the influence of finishing and polishing systems, and storage media on the surface roughness and color stability of aesthetic restorative composites. Materials and Method: Cylindrical specimens (n=10) were prepared and treated according to: 1. Type of composite resin (nanofilled- Filtek Z350XT, suprananofilled- Estelite Omega, nanohybrid- Empress Direct); 2. Type of finishing and polishing systems (no polishing, aluminum oxide discs or abrasive rubber polishers); and 3. Type of immersion medium (water or coffee, 3 h/day/30 days). Surface roughness (Ra - μm) and color stability (L, ΔEab, and ΔE00) were evaluated at baseline (after polishing) and final time (after immersion). Data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (α=0.05). Results: Nanohybrid (p<0.001) and suprananofilled composite resins (p=0.004) showed an increase in Ra after polishing, regardless the finishing and polishing system. After immersion in coffee, the nanofilled composite had the highest roughness values (p=0.032). L values increased for all resins after polishing (p<0.05). Suprananofilled composites had the greatest color stability with the lowest values of ΔEab and ΔE00. Conclusions: Finishing and polishing systems had an impact on the surface roughness and color stability of all aesthetic resins, and their effectiveness depended on the type of composite resin.

Status prawny zabytkowych obiektów budowlanych w kontekście zarządzania majątkiem przedsiębiorstwa

The purpose of the article is to present regulations relating to monument buildings in various areas of law in the Polish legal system. One of the key aspects is to examine the way of regulating the status of monument buildings in tax law. The article is divided into three parts in which the authors discuss the following issues: civil law regulations, the status of monument buildings in accounting law and taxation of monument buildings. Within the Polish legal system, heritage buildings are typically subject to different regulations than other real estate, as shown in this study.

Effect of Different Finishing Systems on Surface Roughness and Gloss of a 3D-Printed Material for Permanent Dental Use

The object of the study was to assess the effect of different finishing and polishing systems on the roughness and gloss of a 3D-printed permanent restorative material. One 3D printable Permanent material was selected for the study. Squared-shaped specimens (14 mm2; 5 mm thickness) were obtained by designing and printing. Eighty specimens were produced and randomly assigned (n = 10) to 8 finishing and polishing methods: Sof-Lex™ Spiral Wheels (SW), Sof-Lex™ XT Pop-on Disc (SD), Identoflex Lucent no paste (Ln), Identoflex Lucent + paste (Lp), Resin Nitrogen polymerized (NG), Optiglaze (OG), Opti1Step (OS), and HiLusterPLUS (HL). Surface roughness and gloss were then measured by a roughness meter and a glossmeter, respectively. For roughness, statistically significant differences were found (p &lt; 0.001), with NG(a) &gt; SD(b) = OG(b) = Lp(b); Lp(b) = Ln(bc); Ln(bc) = OS(cd); OS(cd) = SW(de); and SW(de) = HL(e). For gloss, statistically significant differences were also identified (p &lt; 0.001) with NG(a) &gt; SD(b) &gt; Lp(c) = OS(c) = OG(cd); OG(cd) = Ln(d) &gt; HL(e) = SW(e). The nitrogen chamber polymerization showed better results for both roughness and gloss. Multi-step finishing/polishing systems were able to produce smoother surfaces than 1-step and 2-step systems.

THE PROFESSIONAL LANDSCAPE OF POLISH TEACHERS AS PRESERVED IN THEIR DIARIES FROM THE FIRST MONTHS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The article presents the conclusions formulated on the basis of a qualitative analysis of diaries submitted by Polish teachers in response to the competition conducted in the years 2020-2021 by the Institute of Social Economy of the Warsaw School of Economics. The analysis of the diaries made it possible to answer questions about the condition of not only the teachers themselves, but also, and above all, about the emerging picture of the state of the Polish education system. The difficult times and new circumstances of school functioning during the pandemic highlighted the importance and essence of the teacher profession. However, these experiences also revealed the weaknesses of the education system, forcing us to look at the extent to which teachers are able to adequately recognize the situation of their activities, to what extent they have the ability to recognize the essence of “what is good and right”, how their awareness of their socio-professional role is shaped, what importance they attach to their work and what are their abilities to overcome extraordinary difficulties.The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges for education that have resulted in profound changes in the way we think about school and its environment and about the work and professional development of teachers.

Public health challenges in the context of the influx of refugees from Ukraine to Poland

The new geopolitical situation connected Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has put the Polish healthcare system in front of a huge challenge and the necessity to quickly take and implement strategic decisions aimed at providing the best possible healthcare for refugees without harming the Polish society. Objective: The main objective of the article is to present selected challenges of public health resulting from the influx of refugees to Poland. Materials and methods: the research part used a review of the current Polish literature containing information on the influx of refugees to Poland, Google Scholar, and PubMed scientific databases, as well as statistical data from the Central Statistical Office (CSO). Results: public health, despite many difficulties related to the lack of medical documentation, the threat to the health security of the Polish population, the excessive burden on the state budget, and problems with the implementation of Ukrainian specialists, developed and consistently implemented health strategies with the involvement of private health care. The reforms implemented by the Polish government, aimed at adapting to the new reality, have contributed to the provision of the necessary and specialized health services for refugees, without adversely affecting access to medical care for Polish citizens. Conclusions: The changes introduced by the Polish government, which contributed to the adaptation of the healthcare system to new challenges, such as providing support to refugees, were analyzed. The results of the analysis show that these modifications made it possible to provide the necessary and specialized health services for this group, without affecting the accessibility of healthcare for Polish citizens. The study suggests that such an approach can provide an effective model for adapting to contemporary migration challenges while meeting the needs of refugees and ensuring access to healthcare for the local community.

Effect of surface sealant on the color stability and whiteness index of single-shade resin composites after staining and bleaching.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of polishing systems and surface sealant on the color stability and whiteness index of single-shade resin composites after staining and bleaching. Three single-shade (Omnichroma, Charisma Diamond One, Zenchroma) and one multi-shade (Filtek Z250) materials were tested. From each resin composite, 40 specimens were prepared. The specimens were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 10) according to the surface treatments: 1-step polishing, 1-step + Biscover LV, 2-step polishing, and 2-step polishing + Biscover LV. Color differences (ΔE00) were calculated after being immersed in the coffee solution for 12 days. After the staining, the specimens were immersed in a whitening mouthrinse (Crest-3D White) for 12 hours. Whiteness index differences (∆WID = WID after staining - WID after bleaching) values were recorded. The generalized linear model was used for analysis (p < 0.05). The lowest and highest ΔE00 values were found for Zenchroma and Charisma Diamond One respectively. Sealed groups indicated higher ΔE00 values than nonsealed groups with significant differences (p = 0.008). The lowest and highest ΔWID values were found for Zenchroma and Charisma Diamond One respectively. Sealed groups indicated lower ΔWID values than nonsealed groups with significant differences (p = 0.022). The use of surface sealant increased the discoloration and showed less whiteness change in resin materials. When the 1-step was compared with the 2-step polishing, the effects on the color stability and whiteness index values of the resin materials were similar.

Towards a Digitalised Criminal Justice System: Lessons from Poland

The Covid-19 pandemic has expedited technological advancements within the Polish criminal justice system, notably through the integration of remote communication tools for legal proceedings. This paper examines the introduction and impact of remote hearings, including those for detention on remand, arguing for the expansion of remote hearings beyond cases where the defendant is in custody. It highlights the existing legal framework's limitations, such as the conditional telephone contact between a defendant and their defense counsel, which infringes on the right to defense due to the lack of confidentiality and effectiveness in legal assistance. Furthermore, the paper discusses the potential benefits of digitizing criminal proceeding files, including improved efficiency, accessibility, and the safeguarding of the fair trial principle. Despite potential drawbacks like digital exclusion and security concerns, the implementation of a unified digital system across all courts is proposed to facilitate data exchange and streamline proceedings. Additionally, the paper addresses the limitations of replacing human interpreters with automated translation software in criminal proceedings, emphasizing the necessity of human oversight to ensure fair trial guarantees. The study suggests a hybrid approach to translation that combines machine translation with human verification, drawing parallels with GDPR provisions for human intervention in automated decision-making processes.

Intelligence Assessment of Children & Youth Benefiting from Psychological-Educational Support System in Poland

This article presents a unique dataset comprising 419,135 intelligence assessment results. The study utilised the Polish adaptation of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 5 during individual diagnostic sessions conducted under natural conditions. The research included children aged 3;0–18;11 of both genders who had been referred to support institutions (psychological-educational counselling centres, post-hospital clinics, hospital departments) by preschools or schools, or voluntarily requested by parents with their consent. The data collection spanned the entire country of Poland from 2018 to 2023. In addition to comprehensive intelligence assessment results, the dataset contains valuable demographic information, enabling in-depth analyses. The dataset’s uniqueness lies in its impressive sample size, encompassing over four hundred thousand observations as well as the utilisation of time-consuming and thorough intelligence assessment procedures in settings that mimic the real world. Moreover, the context of the study is noteworthy, as the participants are individuals benefiting from the publicly - available Polish psychological support system.

Instrumentalization, program-centrism, objectification of the child as a shortcoming of Polish system of education

Instrumentalization, program-centrism, objectification of the child as a shortcoming of Polish system of education

Effect of Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Aged and Stained Bulk-Fill Resin Composites.

The aim of this study is to investigate how two different polishing techniques affect the color stability, surface roughness, and changes in surface morphology of aged and coffee-stained bulk-fill resin composites. A total of 112 disc-shaped samples were prepared using Omnichroma Flow Bulk (OB), Charisma Bulk Flow One (CB), Estelite Bulk Fill Flow (EB), and Estelite Sigma Quick (control). Samples were divided into two subgroups (n = 16) and aged using thermocycling. A profilometer was used to measure the surface roughness (Ra) and a spectrophotometer was used for color stability (ΔE00). The EB group had the highest Ra values both before aging (disc: 0.23 ± 0.05, twist: 0.42 ± 0.05) and after aging (discs: 0.28 ± 0.04, twist: 0.46 ± 0.05). The OB group had the highest ΔE00 values before and after aging (discs: 3.06 ± 0.54, twist 3.05 ± 0.41) and the highest after coffee-staining (discs: 3.75 ± 0.70, twist: 3.91 ± 0.57). Re-polishing reduced the ΔE00 values in all materials but did not restore all to clinically acceptable levels. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the surface roughness and color stability of resin composites are notably influenced by the polishing technique, aging process, and coffee staining. Specimens that were polished using the multi-stage Super-Snap discs consistently exhibited smoother surfaces across all bulk-fill resin composites compared to those polished with the two-stage Diacomp plus Twist.

Między schematem a prawami człowieka - prawnomedyczne zagrożenia praw osób interpłciowych i europejskie modele ich ochrony, w kontraście do realiów krajowej opieki medycznej - część 2: Europejskie rozwiązania prawne chroniące osoby interpłciowe w odniesieniu do krajowego systemu ochrony praw pacjenta

This text represents second part of the analysis, regarding situation of an intersexual patient, especially a minor, in terms of protection against discrimination and exposure to IGM (Intersexual Genital Mutilation) procedures. Author presents a selection of European legislature regarding the abovementioned issue, comparing them to Polish system ofguarantees, securing patients’ rights in the healthcare system. Analysing position of an intersexual individual, both in terms of a requirement of assigning ones gender at birth, as well as general provisions regarding matter of an informed consent and fair process of decision making, in regard to an underage patient and their treatment, this paper presents set of legal solutions, which upon comparison and study of mechanisms related to protectingaforementioned group from IGM-related treatment across Europe, could be implemented in polish legal system in order to address the discussed matter.

Protection of historical monuments in Poland and property tax regulations

The aim of this study is to analyse the tax exemptions that make the Polish tax system easier for owners of immovable monuments in terms of property tax. The authors attempt to determine whether Polish property tax regulations can indirectly contribute to the improvement of the condition of immovable monuments. This is an important issue, as even the most perfect conventions and laws cannot protect monuments from destruction; for this, financial resources are necessary. As can be seen from the dogmatic and legal analysis, the solutions concerning tax exemptions for historic properties should be assessed as being far from sufficient to serve as effective financial and legal incentives for owners to care for the preservation of historic buildings. In this respect, the authors postulate making changes related to the extension of the existing exemption. In this article, the dogmatic-legal method based on the analysis of the texts of legal acts has been applied, as has the empirical method in terms of determining the number of immovable monuments in Poland.

Prawne aspekty dostępu do antykoncepcji w Polsce

The ability to choose safe, effective and affordable contraceptive methods and to have access to comprehensive information on all family planning methods is one aspect of reproductive rights, which are considered an integral part of human rights. According to reports by the European Parliamentary Forum for Sexual &amp; Reproductive Rights, Poland has for years recorded the worst access to contraception among European countries. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the regulations in force in the Polish legal system provide real access to contraception that complies with international standards. The following methods of contraception were analysed: emergency, chemical, mechanical, hormonal, long-term and permanent. Furthermore, issues affecting access to contraception, such as the conscience clause, sex education, and the lack of autonomy of underage women in deciding on contraceptive methods, excluding mechanical and chemical, were covered. As the majority of contraceptives are intended for use by women, any restriction on access to them can be qualified as a form of gender discrimination.