Polish Respondents Research Articles

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВПЛИВУ ІНТЕРНЕТ-МЕДІА НА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНУ ЕКОНОМІКУ

Описано, що на сучасному етапі стрімкий розвиток інформаційно-телекомунікаційних технологій (ІКТ) спричинив зростання ролі інформації та знання в усіх сферах людської діяльності. Зазначено, що в сучасній інформаційній економіці інформація ототожнюється з товарною продукцією і завдяки провідній ролі ІКТ впливає на економічний розвиток країни. Проаналізовано, що інформаційна діяльність в суспільстві належить до «індустрії знань», яка охоплює і сектор мас-медіа, які, зокрема, представлені в Інтернеті. Вивчено сучасні тенденцій розвитку інформаційної економіки за допомогою реалізації проекту дослідження впливу Інтернет-медіа на її розвиток в Україні. За допомогою хмарного сервісу Google Form проведено анкетування користувачів Інтернет-медіа, на підставі якого порівняно сучасний стан україно- та польськомовних ринків. За результатами проекту було визначено: найбільш інформативні канали онлайн-ресурсів на українському і польському ринках; масовість використання Інтернет-джерел у веденні господарської діяльності; залежності між віком, статусом, місцем проживання досліджуваних та їхнім ставлення до Інтернет-ресурсів; вплив інформації з Інтернет-медіа на: 1) імідж, рентабельність компанії, попит на її товари і послуги; 2) розвиток новітніх технологій; 3) політичну, соціальну та бізнес-ситуацію у країні; 4) міжнародну бізнес-співпрацю.

Choosing the Future: Economic Preferences for Higher Education Using Discrete Choice Experiment Method

This study illustrates how respondents’ stated choices (the discrete choice experiment method) combined with the random utility framework can be used to model preferences for higher education. The flexibility offered by stated preference data circumvents limitations of other approaches, and allows quantifying young people’ preferences for selected attributes of higher education programs that are typically highly correlated in revealed preference data. The empirical study presented here is based on a survey of 20,000 Polish respondents aged 18–30, who stated their preferences for higher education programs in carefully prepared hypothetical choice situations. The attributes considered include tuition fee, expected salary after graduation, quality of institution, interest in the field of study, distance from home, and mode of study. Using random parameters and latent class mixed multinomial logit models, young peoples’ preferences are formally described, and the financial trade-offs they are willing to make are identified (willingness to pay for specific attribute levels in terms of increased tuition fees or expected salary after graduation). Accounting for respondents’ observed and unobserved preference heterogeneity addresses a few research questions related to, for example, distinct preferences of students with parents who never attained tertiary education, students from lower socio-economic groups, or students of a particular gender. Overall, the usefulness of stated preference methods as a tool for exploring economic preferences is demonstrated, allowing for better understanding the determinants of choices, forecasting, and designing the services offered by higher education institutions in an optimal way.

Popyt na włoskie dania regionalne wśród polskich turystów i mieszkańców Włoch

Kuchnia włoska opiera się na produktach świeżych i łatwodostępnych z dodatkiem dużej ilości świeżych warzyw i przypraw. Cechuje ją także przystępność w wykonaniu, choć bywa czasochłonna. Dania przygotowywane są według starych, tradycyjnych receptur, co wpływa na różnorodność potraw i włoski charakter dań. Celem badania było pokazanie, na które dania regionalne istnieje popyt wśród polskich turystów, a które są preferowane przez mieszkańców Włoch przebywających w regionie Marche. Próba badawcza objęła 225 osób narodowości polskiej (w 2018 roku) i 125 osób narodowości włoskiej (w 2017 roku). Badanie zostało przeprowadzone z wykorzystaniem formularza ankiety w języku polskim i włoskim. Ulubionym daniem polskich respondentów okazała się pizza, a włoskich vincisgrassi, brodetto oraz passatelli. Z win zaś Verdicchio di Jesi, Rosso Conero i Rosso Piceno.

You don't have to be rich to save money: On the relationship between objective versus subjective financial situation and having savings.

Saving is an important financial behavior that provides an individual with psychological security and boosts his/her overall sense of well-being. For this reason, scientists and practitioners have attempted to understand why some people save when others do not. One of the most common explanations for this phenomenon is that those individuals who earn more should be more willing to save their money. In line with this logic, people who have more money should be more likely to have savings. Considering the results of prior research, we expected objective financial situation (income) to be positively linked to having savings (i.e., propensity to have savings and the exact amount of savings). At the same time, however, we assumed that subjective financial situation (perception) should also be positively related to these variables. To test our assumptions, we conducted a nationwide representative survey (N = 1048) among Polish respondents, asking them about their objective and subjective financial situation. The results of a regression analysis showed that objective financial situation was indeed significantly positively related to having savings. However, subjective financial situation was also positively correlated with having savings (even when we controlled for objective financial situation and demographic variables). We discuss the implications of the links between objective versus subjective financial situations and having savings.

The Polish adaptation and further validation of the Fear of Being Single Scale (FBSS)

The article discusses the results of the validation and psychometric parameters of the Polish-language version of the Fear of Being Single Scale (FBSS), originally developed by Spielmann and colleagues (2013). The study participants included 175 Polish respondents aged 18 to 67 (M = 27.19, SD = 8.63). The findings confirmed the one-dimensional structure of the Polish FBSS, convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity, reliability of the Polish FBSS, and its high test–retest reliability over a lag of six months. The obtained results make it possible to assess the Polish FBSS as a reliable and valid measure of fear of being single in a Polish non-clinical sample of adults.

What Is an “Ethnic Group” in Ordinary People’s Eyes? Different Ways of Understanding It Among American, British, Mexican, and Polish Respondents

Although the term “ethnic group” (EG) is often used in social studies, its definition differs among researchers. Moreover, little is known about ordinary people’s subjective understanding of this term, even though it is often used in social discourse. We examined this issue in a cross-sectional study of 273 American, British, Mexican, and Polish students using an open-ended questions approach. Results revealed cultural differences in patterns of “ethnic group” definitions across the four countries. U.S. respondents predominantly connected EG to “race”; British participants frequently related it to “race,” but more often to “common culture” and “customs/traditions.” Both latter categories were overwhelmingly dominant in Mexico and Poland. However, “nation,” “shared history,” “religion,” “language,” and “territory” were also very popular as EG understandings in Poland. Although most participants used the newer definition of EG (referring to all groups in a society, including minority and majority groups), a few in each country used the term only to refer to minorities and people different from themselves (an older, “minus one” definition). Unexpected definitions of EG also appeared (e.g., people having similar hobbies, having similar work goals, or living in the same city). The results also indicate that for the United States, the United Kingdom, and Mexico, “ethnic group” was more a subgroup within a nation, whereas in Poland, they represented the same level of categorization. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

General population normative data for the EORTC QLQ-C30 health-related quality of life questionnaire based on 15,386 persons across 13 European countries, Canada and the Unites States

ObjectiveThe European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 health-related quality of life questionnaire is one of the most widely used cancer-specific health-related quality of life questionnaires worldwide. General population norm data can facilitate the interpretation of QLQ-C30 data obtained from cancer patients. This study aimed at systematically collecting norm data from the general population to develop European QLQ-C30 norm scores and to generate comparable norm data for individual countries in Europe and North America. MethodsWe collected QLQ-C30 data from the general population across 11 European Union (EU) countries, Russia, Turkey, Canada and United States (n ≥ 1000/country). Representative samples were stratified by sex and age groups (18–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 and ≥ 70 years). After applying weights based on the United Nations population distribution statistics, we calculated QLQ-C30 domain scores to generate a ‘European QLQ-C30 Norm’ based on the EU countries. Further, we calculated QLQ-C30 norm scores for all 15 individual countries. ResultsA total of 15,386 respondents completed the online survey. For the EU sample, most QLQ-C30 domains showed differences by sex/age, with men scoring somewhat better health than women, while age effects varied across domains. Substantially larger differences were seen in inter-country comparisons, with Austrian and Dutch respondents reporting consistently better health compared with British and Polish respondents. ConclusionsThis study is the first to systematically collect EORTC QLQ-C30 general population norm data across Europe and North America applying a consistent data collection method across 15 countries. These new norm data facilitate valid intra-country as well as inter-country comparisons and QLQ-C30 score interpretation.

Postawy wobec Stanów Zjednoczonych: raport z międzynarodowych badań porównawczych

The paper presents the results of surveys conducted among students in nearly thirty countries. The surveys concerned the students’ attitudes to the presidential elections in the USA in 2008, and their opinions on the candidates running for election. The attitudes towards the United States, its policy and culture were also surveyed. The results indicate that the attitudes of Polish respondents differ significantly from those of the respondents in other countries. In the fall of 2008, Polish respondents were relatively friendly towards Americans, appreciating their honesty, but disrespecting their incompetence and lack of knowledge. The Polish respondents’ assessments of American policy and culture, the US government and its operations in the international arena were also relatively mild. However, the results of Polish surveys were less favorable to US citizens than the results of earlier surveys. They confirmed that, during the George W. Bush presidency, the attitude of Polish society to everything American slowly, but consistently, grew colder. It seems reasonable to suggest this was a reaction to the US’s global policies and a result of Poles’ dissatisfaction with Polish-American bilateral relations.

The effects of culture and moral foundations on moral judgments: The ethics of authority mediates the relationship between power distance and attitude towards lying to one’s supervisor

We tested whether moral judgments in a cross-cultural setting are related to both culture and moral foundations. Our objective was to verify if the relationship between cultural power distance and moral judgment of both egoistic and other-oriented lies told to one’s supervisor is mediated by adherence to the ethics of authority. We analyzed data from Mexican, Spanish, Estonian, Dutch, Swedish, and Polish respondents (N = 1176). The hypothesized mediation effects were found to be significant: higher power distance entailed more negative moral judgments. Power distance was positively related to the ethics of authority, which was in turn related to harsher moral judgments. When we controlled for the influence of the ethics of authority, power distance was no longer related to moral judgments.

Organizational citizenship behavior of IT professionals: lessons from Poland and Germany

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to investigate the similarities and differences in Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of male and female information technology (IT) professionals in Poland and Germany, which represent a transition economy and a developed economy, respectively. We examined two dimensions of OCB: individually-oriented (OCBI) and organizationally-oriented (OCBO). We conducted an online survey among 282 Polish respondents and 80 German respondents, using a combination of random and snowball sampling. We observed both similarities and differences between Polish and German IT professionals. Overall, female subordinates evaluated their supervisors’ OCB more positively than did male subordinates. In contrast, female supervisors evaluated their subordinates’ OCB less positively than did male supervisors. Also, it was evident that in Germany employees value OCB more than those in Poland. In conclusion, our findings contribute to the stream of existing research on the relationship between gender, country and OCB in transition and developed economies in Europe.

Międzykulturowe kompetencje komunikowania się polskich emigrantów zarobkowych w Anglii a ich poczucie sukcesu

The aim of the research was to determine the most important intercultural competences of Polish employees in England in their own opinion and in the opinion of their employers. The study was placed in an objectivist paradigm using the method of a diagnostic survey with the questionnaire technique and the research tool in the form of a questionnaire developed by the author. The empirical material was collected in the Dorset County – in England in the southwestern region (South West). 123 questionnaires, which were correctly completed by employees and 36 employers, were used in the research. Analysis of the results obtained has shown that both the Polish respondents and their employers regarded nearly all competences as important for the employee’s career. The situation looks different as regards the level of their mastering by the Polish respondents. Poles functioning on the British job market are fully satisfied by the mastering level as opposed to their employees who have a much more critical opinion of the mastering level of these competences by their employees.

Generation Y Perceptions and Expectations of Food Quality Labels in the Czech Republic and Poland

The paper advances the topic of food quality labels. The main goal of the study is to explore generation Y perceptions and expectations of food quality labels in the Czech Republic and Poland. The data were collected through an online survey from 372 respondents, involving 221 of Czechs and 151 of Poles. The statistical analysis procedures including descriptive statistics, Chi‑square test and Mann‑Whitney U test were performed to discover whether significant differences do exist between Czech and Polish consumer attitudes to the topic. Findings show that the number of food quality labels is perceived as strongly high and confusing, it is evident mainly in the Czech Republic. Impact of quality labels on food purchases is therefore limited and the labels benefits are not understood in full range. Statistically significant differences were confirmed between attitudes of Czechs and Poles to the food products characteristics that should be guaranteed by quality labels. Futher, Czech and Polish respondents differ in their opinion on the fee for the certification and credible administrator of the labels.

Satysfakcja i przywiązanie do organizacji pracowników administracji samorządowej – wyniki badań pilotażowych

The authors try to describe determinants of job satisfaction and organizational commitment of local government employees. On the basis of the review of literature, it can be concluded that there are a few studies in the area of commitment of public administration employee in Poland. This article consists of two parts. The fist one describes the role of job satisfaction as factor inflencing different employee organizational behaviors, and explains the relationship among job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and selected elements of motivational system. The second part presents the results of the study carried out among 146 Polish officials from the Lublin region. The results relate to the level of satisfaction and organizational commitment, and their relationships with the ten motivational factors. Conclusions are consistent with literature fidings. Polish respondents have a low level of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The observed relationships of those variables with chosen elements of the motivational system indicate possibilities of changing the situation in local administration in Poland. It mostly refers to focusing on the atmosphere in workplace, and development of good relationships between managers and employees. Authors postulate the need for further research in this area.

Produkcja i jakość ziemniaka jadalnego w opinii konsumentów w Polsce i na Ukrainie

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań ankietowych, przeprowadzonych metodą wywiadu bezpośredniego w 2014 roku na terenie Ukrainy, w mieście Łuck i Polski, w mieście Biała Podlaska. W badaniach uczestniczyło 100 osób pochodzących po połowie z Ukrainy i Polski. Kwestionariusz ankietowy zawierał dwanaście pytań, w tym dziesięć pytań zamkniętych i dwa, w których trzeba było wybrać 2-3 warianty odpowiedzi. Badania przeprowadzono anonimowo, uwzględniając pięć przedziałów wiekowych respondentów. Analiza udzielonych odpowiedzi wskazała, że większość ankietowanych uprawiało ziemniak w swoim gospodarstwie. W Polsce największa liczba respondentów stwierdziła, że spożywają bulwy ziemniaka 1-2 razy w tygodniu, mieszkańcy Ukrainy preferowali spożywanie 3-4 razy w tygodniu, a preferowaną formą w obu krajach były ziemniaki gotowane z wody. Bulwy do celów konsumpcyjnych pochodziły z własnej produkcji oraz kupowane były głównie na bazarze. Większość ankietowanych Polaków interesowała się krajem pochodzenia kupowanych ziemniaków oraz etykietą na opakowaniu. Na decyzje zakupowe mieszkańców Ukrainy wpływała głównie cena, a opakowanie miało najmniejsze znaczenie. Ankietowani pochodzący z obu krajów najbardziej doceniali w ziemniaku dobre walory smakowe, ponadto oczekiwali bulw o dobrej jakości kulinarnej i o dobrym wyglądzie zewnętrznym. Zdecydowanie mniejsze wymagania ankietowanych dotyczyły „bogatej” w informacje etykiety i przystępnej ceny.

1989 in European Vernacular Memory

This article is part of the special section titled The Genealogies of Memory, guest edited by Ferenc Laczó and Joanna Wawrzyniak In our contribution, we examine the vernacular memory of the end of Communism and the year 1989 in Europe. Analyzing sixteen focus groups conducted in Germany, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom, we concentrate on the question whether the events related to 1989 might have the disposition to become a transnational European lieu de mémoire. We show that 1989 is not a salient historical event for British and Spanish participants, while Polish and German respondents do connect it with patterns of national identity building. Differences between vernacular and official memories could be revealed as respondents hardly mentioned the democratic achievements made in the course of the transitions. A transnational dimension was only found in Poland, where respondents articulate a feeling of neglect toward their own national history. The Solidarity movement is being interpreted as a motor of liberation and Europeanization of Poland and as a pioneer of democratization on a European scale. German respondents remain in their national frame, focusing on flashbulb memories of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the issue of social integration of East and West Germany after 1990, which they evaluate as imperfect. The strong national bias of Polish and German focus groups raises doubts as to whether 1989 can become a transnational basis for a shared European memory.

Realizacja projektów inwestycyjno-budowlanych z wykorzystaniem Big Data

A paper focuses on analyzing the impact of Big Data (BD) on minimizing the risk in investment and construction projects. The work presents the aspects of risk occurring during the execution of the construction project. It presents an on-line survey which was aimed at knowing the opinion of Polish construction companies on the BD, and checking their readiness to implement technologies supporting manipulation of the data. It was underlined that results of the BD analysis provide a powerful tool for risk management, however, it is hardly noticed by the Polish respondents.

Are bilateral conservation policies for the Białowieża forest unattainable? Analysis of stated preferences of Polish and Belarusian public

Transboundary nature protected areas constitute a considerable proportion of all the existing spatial forms of biodiversity protection. One prominent example is the Białowieża Forest, shared by Poland and Belarus. There is a considerable literature on allocation of funds to preserving nature shared by several countries. Some of this literature assess the funding schemes and the impacts on biodiversity within the EU. A particular challenge for the Białowieża Forest is that the larger part of it is outside the EU border. There has been less research on the economic benefits that citizens attach to protected transboundary land nature on the other side of the border. We are trying to fill the gap by finding out and comparing preferences towards increased protection of domestic and foreign segments of the transboundary Białowieża Forest, stated by samples of Polish and Belarusian citizens. The results of a discrete choice experiment show an almost unilateral preference for nature conservation, passive protection of forest land, on the domestic side. Whilst Polish respondents on average are willing to pay for an increased area under protection, on their side of the border, most Belarusians seem to be satisfied with the status quo. Taken at face value, there is even an apparent mutual disutility derived from the perspective of co-financing bilateral passive protection programmes in the Białowieża Forest. By use of latent class analyses of responses, a group of the Polish sample willing to contribute to the transboundary conservation is identified and described, and compared against the non-cooperative groups on both sides of the border. The results can to some extent be explained by a strict border division with a high fence, by differences in welfare or by behavioural reasons. However, it cannot be ruled out that the affected populations simply do not perceive the Białowieża Forest as a binational public good.

Development and Validation of a Polish-Language Version of the Satisfaction with Relationship Status Scale (ReSta)

This article presents a study aimed at developing and validating a Polish-language version of the Satisfaction with Relationship Status Scale (ReSta) (Lehmann et al. in Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 169–184 2015). The construct and concurrent validity, and psychometric properties of the Polish ReSta were examined in the sample of 185 Polish respondents aged 20–32 (M = 22.59, SD = 3.23). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the unidimensionality of the Polish ReSta. The analyses demonstrated the existence of differences in the domain of status satisfaction between single and partnered individuals, and between women and men, as well as between single individuals who reported different frequency of preference of the alternate relationship status. The analysis of zero-order correlations revealed strong associations between status satisfaction and relationship satisfaction, and romantic loneliness. Finally, status satisfaction was found to be a better predictor of life satisfaction, emotional and psychological well-being, and depressive symptoms than relationship status per se. The Polish ReSta was assessed to be a valid measure of status satisfaction with high reliability and high test-retest reliability over a lag of one month.

The appropriate moment of sexual initiation Sociological study in Poland

이 논문은 폴란드의 응답자의 의견에 따라 성관계를 가지는 적절한 시기에 대해 논하고 있다. 성은 자연적이고 타고난 특성으로서 사람 들이 인간관계에서의 유대감과 관계를 형성할 수 있도록 동기를 부여 한다. 그것은 생식 및 쾌락적 기능을 포함하여 사람의 삶에서 다양한 기능을 한다. 이 논문은 성관계의 적절한 시기에 대해 초점을 두고, 폴란드 카토비체의 거주자들과 한국의 한국외국어대학교 학생들을 대상으로 경험적 연구를 진행하여 통계분석을 한 결과를 제시한다. 제시된 주제는 가족, 결혼의 대안, 가정생활 유형에 대해 실시된 연구의 일부에 지나지 않는다. 성별, 결혼상태, 종교활동에의 참여 빈도나 참여 부족과 같은 독립변수는 성활동의 시작에 관한 통계적으로 중요한 응답자의 의견을 구분시킨다. 조사 결과의 분석은 I.Reiss가 제안한 성활동 기준의 모형에 기반을 두고 진행되었다.The paper discusses the appropriate moment of sexual initiation in the opinions of Polish respondents. Sexuality is a natural and inborn feature that motivates people to create interpersonal bonds and relations. It serves many functions in a person s life, including procreation and hedonistic function. The paper presents the results of a statistical analysis carried out as empirical research concerning the residents of Katowice, Poland, which focused on the appropriate moment of sexual initiation. The presented issue is only a small part of the conducted research on family and alternative marriage and family life forms. Independent variables such as: sex, marital status, frequency of participation in religious practices or the lack of such participation differentiate the respondents statistically significant opinions concerning the beginning of sexual activity. The analysis of the survey results has been conducted based on the models of sexual activity standards proposed by I. Reiss.

Stereotypes regarding business conditions in Latin America – the results of own research in the Polish and Czech society

Stereotypes and prejudices in international trade could be devastating to operations carried out in a different culture. The aim of this document is to highlight issues of cultural differences in business. In the article has been used a number of scientific publications, and also presents the results of own research. Surveys of perception of business conditions in Latin America were conducted separately among Polish and Czech respondents.