Public Opinion Polls Research Articles

Abortion and Directive Genetic Counseling

AbstractThis multi-method study uses statistical and comparative-historical investigations to find that abortion values shape genetic counseling practices across societies. Genetic counselors and genetically interested social scientists have long questioned, but never systematically demonstrated, whether this relationship exists. Genetic counseling data are drawn from cross-national surveys of genetic counselors (n= 2,906) from the mid-1990s, the key historical moment after this profession was globally established but before potentially confounding transnational professional effects. Data focus on Trisomy 21, severe open spina bifida, and Huntington’s chorea. Abortion data are drawn from a new comparative-historical investigation of abortion attitudes in 36 countries based on law, frequency of policy debate, incidence rates, and public opinion polling. The key overall finding is that the more controversial abortion is within a society, the less directive genetic counselors are willing to be, whereas the less controversial abortion is, the more directive the counseling. Polynomial regressions,t-tests, likelihood ratios, and Wald tests provide statistical evidence for the relationship observed through qualitative clustering.

Историческое наследие как ценность российского общества: историко-правовой ракурс

Introduction. The article is devoted to the current policy of memory in Russia and its relationship with social trends, which is a two-pronged process of transformation of communicative and cultural memory.Materials and methods. The main sources were materials of normative legal acts that underlie the current state policy for the preservation of historical memory and protection of the country's cultural heritage, as well as statistical data from analytical agencies and public opinion polls that characterize the ideas about the past that exist among Russians. The study is based on the concept of historical memory, as well as an interdisciplinary approach that involves the use of legal methods for analyzing normative legal acts.Results.The author analyzes the current state policy for the protection of cultural and historical heritage, and also correlates it with the general ideas about the past of the state that take place in Russian society. Conclusions are drawn regarding the specifics of the transformation of the ideas of Russians about the most significant dates and phenomena in the history of Russia, and the general vector of development of Russian society is also reflected.Conclusion. An analysis of the normative legal acts that underlie the state historical policy, as well as data from analytical centers, shows that at present we can observe a two-pronged process of dense interweaving of communicative and cultural memory. The events of the Great Patriotic war as a fundamental element for patriotic education in Russia continue to be part of the family history, passed down from generation to generation, and already have solid grounds for being part of the cultural memory of the people.

Utah History Textbooks and Utah History

Utah History Textbooks and Utah History

Взаимодействие органов местного самоуправления с городским сообществом Хабаровска: социологический анализ

Sociological analysis of interaction of the local governments with the population of Khabarovsk, presented as the local community is given in this article. Based on the forms of participation of the population determined by the current legislation, evaluation of their relevance in solving the problems of local importance and urgent problems of life was given. From the methodological standpoint of sociology, the author interpreted the results of public opinion polls of the citizens as the forms of their collective behavior and involvement in the socially useful activities in the territory of their residence, in public hearings, and participation in the municipal elections.As a result of research, it was determined that the activity of the participation of the population of Khabarovsk in the legally determined forms of interaction with the local self-government is extremely low due to the weakness of solidarity social ties, high disunity of power and civil society. This is due to both the objective conditions for localizing residents in city apartments of apartment buildings and their subjective assessments of dissatisfaction with the activities of local governments to solve the urgent problems of their life and unwillingness to contribute to their solution. To increase the civic activity of population, it is advisable to develop the network interaction with the local government on the basis of modern means of communication, aimed at formation of the solidarity local communities in the territories of residence, to stimulate them with grant support from the city budget.

MONGOLIA’S NEUTRAL POSITION ON RUSSIA’S SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION IN UKRAINE: A YEAR LATER

The article discusses the results of the implementation of the official Mongolia's neutral foreign policy and public opinion regarding the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and Russia's Special Military Operation in Ukraine (SMO), analyzes the results of a public opinion poll in Mongolia organized by the Mongolian Public Opinion Foundation «Sant Maral» and the German Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the influence of pro-Western, pro-American, antiRussian information warfare and propaganda on various layers of civil society in Mongolia, especially on young people.

Armenia as Object of Influence of Turkish Policy of “Soft Power”: Difficulties, Successes and Prospects

Despite the fact that Turkey was among the first to recognize the independence of Armenia on December 24, 1991, diplomatic relations have not been established between the countries to this day. In the first decade of the 21 st century, there were attempts to normalize relations, but they were unsuccessful. After the Second Karabakh War, Turkey resumed efforts to normalize relations. The article discusses the importance of Armenia for Turkey, presents the tools of the Turkish policy of “soft power”, a separate emphasis is placed on the existing obstacles that impede its advancement in this country. One of the main objectives of this article is an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness and research the results of Turkey’s soft impact policy in Armenia. The authors studied public opinion polls, speeches and statements of politicians, opinions of labor migrants and representatives of the Armenian community in Turkey, publications in the media, scientific works of scientists from both sides on this topic. The authors found that the absence of diplomatic relations is not a barrier to the policy of “soft power”. To achieve its foreign policy goals, Turkey uses all kinds of tools not only of “hard” but also “soft power”, such as various funds, media, the Armenian diaspora in Turkey, etc. If in other South Caucasian states Ankara pursues a policy of “soft power” with the help of state and non-state organizations, then in Armenia, due to the lack of diplomatic relations, only with the help of non-state actors.

Attitudes Towards Russia and the USA in the Public Opinion of Modern China

The acute Russian-American confrontation made it important to reveal the attitude of international public opinion towards Russia the United States, especially in countries such as China. But the specifics of the attitudes of the population towards foreign states makes it necessary to analyze many aspects of these attitudes, preferably over a long period of time. Since public opinion poll data is usually severely limited both in the number of indicators and in temporal coverage, there is a need to summarize as many polls conducted by different organizations as possible. In this article, such a generalization is made on the basis of eight large-scale public opinion surveys covering the period from 2004 to 2022, including the time shortly before and after the start of the SMO (special military operation). An analysis of survey data reveals that public opinion in the PRC from 2004 to 2021 consistently treated Russia much more favorably: a large majority systematically expressed positive attitudes, the gap of which from attitudes towards the United States frequently exceeded 50%. With the onset of SMO, this positive attitude worsened in some aspects, improved in others, everywhere by an insignificant amount. Attitudes towards the United States also slightly worsened. Thus, we can confidently say that the public opinion of modern China has a very positive attitude towards Russia, rather negatively towards the United States, the beginning of the SMO, in general, did not change this situation, and the current events are not perceived by the Chinese public as extraordinary, requiring revision of views on international relations.

ИНТЕГРИРОВАННЫЙ ПОДХОД ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РЕГИОНОМ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ОБЩЕСТВА

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the use of an integrated approach to assessing the efficiency of regional management in the context of digitalization of society. Based on theoretical developments and social practice, a comparative analysis of approaches was carried out to determine promising areas for the inclusion and use of assessment methods. The conclusions and provisions presented in the article are based on the results of an analysis of formalized methods for assessing the efficiency of regional management. The work shows that existing approaches and methods can be divided into three separate classes according to the sources of primary information: statistical data, results of public opinion polls, analysis of information posted on the Internet. Assessing the efficiency of regional management is an urgent task in the current realities. Today, a complex of various methods is used to assess the efficiency of regional management, based on various sources of information. However, in the context of the digitalization of society and the active use of social media and social networks, their inclusion in the general system for assessing regional management is required to obtain more objective and timely information. Consequently, the priority task today is the methodological justification and practical use of an integrated approach to assessing the efficiency of regional management. As a result of the study, the author argues for the feasibility of integrating the results of analyzing data from social networks and social media publications with methods that use statistical indicators and the results of sociological research as initial data. The use of integrated methods for assessing a region in the context of digitalization of society, including a synthesis of quantitative and qualitative methods, will allow us to obtain the most reliable, relevant and complete information.

Картографические маркеры стиля жизни сельских жителей Крыма

The method of cartographic interpretation of information on recreational mobility of the population of urban and rural territories of recreational areas of Crimea is considered. Recreational mobility of the population, according to the author’s version, can serve as an indicator of people’s lifestyle. For the rural population of Crimea, the lifestyle was actualized as an opportunity to use free time not related to work in the field of agriculture. The authors conducted public opinion polls of Crimean residents in 2019 and 2021. The purpose of the surveys was to form a spatial model of intra-Crimean recreational mobility of people and the possibility of its cartographic confirmation in the process of studying the social mobility of rural residents. The recreational mobility of the population was taken into account in the cartographic plots of its preferences regarding the types and seasons of recreation, the range and frequency of trips to rest. To identify the features of rural lifestyle, the authors used a comparison of the characteristics of recreational and social mobility of the population. The social mobility of the population of rural areas was determined in the process of a public opinion poll of rural residents, which allows authors to conclude that they have a desire to connect their own and the future of children with life in the village. The maps have been developed confirming the low recreational mobility of rural residents of the peripheral territories of the Crimea. The conclusion is made about the dependence of this type of movement on the features of transport accessibility of places of residence of the rural population, as well as pricing policy on public transport. In the lifestyle of the population of the Crimean periphery—the Northern and most of the Central recreational areas, where almost two-thirds of residents live in rural areas, traditional trips for the purpose of bathing and beach holidays are poorly represented. The lifestyle of these territories, as well as the peripheral Northwestern and Eastern recreational areas of Crimea, has practically no mobility associated with health improvement. One of the reasons for the high social mobility of the rural population of the peripheral regions of Crimea may be the weak transformation of their lifestyle, manifested in the structure of preferences in recreation.

The war and the attitude of Ukrainians to language

This article is devoted to outlining the main trends of changes in the language and national consciousness of Ukrainians in the period of Russian-Ukrainian war. The language situation in Ukraine has changed significantly since the start of Russian aggression in February 2022. The basis of our investigation are the results of the latest sociological surveys. In order to study these changes, the materials of the following polls were involved: the poll conducted by the sociological group “Rating” (March 2022), the all-Ukrainian public opinion poll “Omnibus” conducted by KMIS (May 2022), the survey conducted by Gradus Research (October 2022), the KMIS survey (December 2022). Presented in the paper also are the opinions of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University students regarding language issues, which were collected in the process of student questionnaires in winter 2022—2023. The results of all studies confirm the fact of changing the language situation in Ukraine in the direction of increasing the amount of the Ukrainian language. Now the process of Ukrainization has become so visible. Ukrainians became more conscious in the aspect of their national identity and more switched to the state language of communication. We can make a conclusion that the sociological data prove the obvious transformation of the language situation of Ukraine and the expansion of the functions of the Ukrainian language. The war accelerates the processes of Ukrainization of the communicative space, and therefore in the future we can predict the continuation of changes in the language situation of the country in the direction of Ukrainian monolingualism. The prospect of our study is to investigate the language behaviour of Ukrainians in the post-war period. Keywords: state language, mother tongue, language of everyday communication, language situation, language consciousness, process of Ukrainianization, language identity, sociolinguistic survey

ЕС – Латинская Америка: институты сотрудничества и доверие к ним латиноамериканцев

Relations between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean have been rather unstable. Despite several significant successes achieved in the framework of the European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean Summits (EU–LAC), in fact, in the late 1990s they entered a period of stagnation. The vision of the key tasks of multilateral cooperation between the European Union and LAC was different. For the EU interaction with Latin America was important, both from the point of view of greater consolidation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and from the point of view of its greater involvement in the world agenda already in the positions of a prominent actor, broadcasting its authority outside the traditional sphere of influence. For LAC, relations with Europe were considered as a mechanism capable of activating, first, intra-regional processes. This article discusses the development of cooperation between the European Union and Latin America, which is traditionally special for both regions, at the present stage. Despite the different vision of the main goals and objectives of interregional relations, the partnership between the EU and LAC are built around three main institutions of cooperation: political dialogue, assistance and trade. These three thematic vectors were identified at the I EU-LAC Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1999, as the basis for bilateral cooperation. The author examines in detail all three institutions of multilateral interaction, including their achievements and obstacles. The mechanisms of cooperation launched under the pressure of new global challenges are identified. A separate section of the article is devoted to the analysis of the results of public opinion polls, which sheds light on the attitude of Latin America towards the European Union and its regional policy. The author approaches the analysis of the EU-LAC cooperation model comprehensively and bilaterally: from the standpoint of common tasks in the international arena of both the EU and Latin American countries, considered in close connection with the ongoing global and regional latest processes.

The use of drones in emergency medicine

In the 21st century, we are experiencing the widespread use of new technologies that are designed to make work and daily life easier. The emergence of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has also opened up new opportunities for medical rescue support. This paper explores the various aspects of using medical drones to aid rescue operations. These devices can move at high speeds, traverse difficult terrain that ground vehicles cannot, and have many capabilities depending on their equipment. Currently, the use of UAVs is limited to rescue operations of an extreme nature, such as searching for missing individuals in dangerous or vast areas, or providing support during mass events.The paper describes the potential possibilities of using drones in rescue operations, such as delivering critical medicines, first aid equipment, or collecting information on hazards relevant to rescue planning. It is important to note that UAVs are still a relatively new technology that requires reliable safety systems, especially in the context of medical use. Possible threats, such as hacking attacks, collision risks in different environments, and the level of training of personnel involved in UAVs management, were also presented. Additionally, the paper addresses current legal and systemic issues in Poland and the European Union. Lastly, the results of public opinion polls on confi¬dentiality and consent to the use of medical drones were mentioned.

Wybory do Dumy Państwowej i Rady Państwa w Królestwie Polskim i na Ziemiach Zabranych w latach 1906–1912 w świetle korespondencji konsulów austro-węgierskich w Warszawie

The Austro-Hungarian diplomatic services followed the course of the election campaigns for the State Duma in the Kingdom of Poland closely. This is entirely understandable. The Sejm was a novelty in the political life of the Habsburg Monarchy’s northern neighbour. Its functioning could have had far-reaching and difficult to predict consequences for the politics of the Romanov Empire. Reports by Austro-Hungarian diplomats accurately reflected the mood of Polish public opinion and the position of individual groups. They drew attention to the deterioration of ethnic relations in the Kingdom of Poland, both between Poles and Jews and between Poles and Russians. They accurately portrayed the dilemmas of Polish society, its powerlessness and frustration, including disappointment with the State Duma. The parliamentarisation of the political system in Russia and the departure from the self-rule did not improve the position of the Polish people in the tsarist state. The results of the elections to the State Duma confirmed the dominance of national democracy in the political life of the Kingdom of Poland. The Austro-Hungarian diplomats regarded this grouping as the true representation of public sentiment and the dominant force on the Polish political scene. They were not entirely impartial in their reports. Their correspondence shows that they were sympathetic to Polish conservative circles and clearly disliked socialist groups.

Polarizing Political Polls: How Visualization Design Choices Can Shape Public Opinion and Increase Political Polarization.

While we typically focus on data visualization as a tool for facilitating cognitive tasks (e.g. learning facts, making decisions), we know relatively little about their second-order impacts on our opinions, attitudes, and values. For example, could design or framing choices interact with viewers' social cognitive biases in ways that promote political polarization? When reporting on U.S. attitudes toward public policies, it is popular to highlight the gap between Democrats and Republicans (e.g. with blue vs red connected dot plots). But these charts may encourage social-normative conformity, influencing viewers' attitudes to match the divided opinions shown in the visualization. We conducted three experiments examining visualization framing in the context of social conformity and polarization. Crowdworkers viewed charts showing simulated polling results for public policy proposals. We varied framing (aggregating data as non-partisan "All US Adults," or partisan "Democrat" / "Republican") and the visualized groups' support levels. Participants then reported their own support for each policy. We found that participants' attitudes biased significantly toward the group attitudes shown in the stimuli and this can increase inter-party attitude divergence. These results demonstrate that data visualizations can induce social conformity and accelerate political polarization. Choosing to visualize partisan divisions can divide us further.

CZECH EXPERIENCE IN OVERCOMING THE MIGRATION CRISIS 2022

The article examines the experience of the Czech Republic in overcoming the migration crisis in 2022, which was caused by a special military operation in Ukraine. Despite the traditional ignorance of the problems of refugees from the Middle East and Africa, authorities, supported by the local population and non-profit organizations, were ready to provide large-scale assistance to Ukrainian refugees. The paper studies the main steps taken by P. Fiala’s Cabinet to support internally displaced persons. It is shown that measures were promptly taken to simplify the entry of Ukrainians into the labor market of the Czechia, access for children to educational institutions was opened, and temporary housing was provided. Amendments to the Czech legislation in the relevant areas of law and the weakening of the flow of refugees, already in the summer of 2022, allowed the Czechia to relatively easily go through the ordeal of the migration crisis, without using the country's full potential. At the same time, the study shows that the initial enthusiasm of the Czechs disappeared, and discussions began to arise about the formation of a Ukrainian minority in the Czechia and endowing it with political subjectivity. In turn, public opinion polls clearly showed that ordinary citizens were against the long stay of Ukrainians in the country

UKRANIAN FACTOR IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIAN IDENTITY

The transformation of Russian identity in the last 30 years has been influenced by both internal and external factors. As a rule, researchers attribute the policy of the West towards Russia to the most important external factors. In the opinion of the authors of this article, events and processes in the post-Soviet space, especially those taking place in Ukraine, are of no less importance. The article characterizes the impact of changes in political courses on the identification strategies of the political class of Russia and Ukraine, as a result of which they turned out to be not just different, but multidirectional. The work uses the traditional socio-constructivist approach for identity studies and the concept of identification matrices; discursive analysis was used as a method, the source base is presented both by publications and speeches of representatives of the political elite, and by data from public opinion polls and sociological surveys, which are secondary in nature. The conducted discursive analysis confirms that the most important point of divergence between the identification of Russia and Ukraine was the events that received the name “Orange Revolution” in Ukraine and caused value contradictions that contributed to the transition between the two countries into an open conflict after 2014. The severity of the reaction of Russian society to these discrepancies is explained by the stable traditions of perceiving Ukraine as a neighbor, as “Own”, due to which the change in value orientations and the political course of the Ukrainian elite towards Euro-Atlantic integration, accompanied and encouraged by anti-Russian rhetoric, the presentation of Russia as an oppressor and colonizer, began to be perceived and evaluated as a betrayal of the “brotherly” people, which destroys the Russian identity matrix .

MEDICARE AND THE DYNAMICS OF US HEALTH REFORM POLITICS

Abstract Since the 2020 election, President Biden and Congressional Democrats have largely abandoned proposals for creating a “Medicare for All” system or adding a “public option” to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplaces. This reflects a lack of sufficient enthusiasm, within the Congress or the public, for either option. These options are viewed by many current Medicare beneficiaries as a potential threat to their existing benefits. Indeed, framing the ACA and other efforts to expand insurance coverage as a threat to Medicare has become something that health reform opponents have done routinely since the 2010 midterm election. We will apply behavioral economics principles including loss aversion, hyperbolic discounting, and status quo bias, to explain why it has been easy to demonize reform options such as these. In addition to presenting data from public opinion polls, we will examine how Congressional and other party leaders have framed these choices for the public.

Государственное управление в области обеспечения благоприятной информационной среды в общественном транспорте

Purpose: To consider the problem of favorable information environment provision in public transport, to pursue the analysis of the results of opinion poll. organized by various subjects of social monitoring. To analyze the proposed initiatives in the field of solving the issues of rules regulation on passenger behavior on the use of audio and video broadcasting devices in public transport, including the issues related to the use of ndividualization means of media signal consumption - headphones. Methods: Content analysis of the texts, placed in publicly available sources, of proposed initiatives to solve the problem on the regulation of public relations in this sphere, as well as of the arguments of supporters and opponents of such initiatives. The secondary analysis of public opinion poll results. Results: For the first time, there is formulated the ecological level of the problem of media noise pollution of informational environment of public transport, and integrated approach to settle it via means, methods and hygienic regulation principles application is proposed, as well as there’s formulated the usage of all of the potential of informal social monitoring, including the advocacy of media consumption healthy way, of social advertisements, aimed at the formation of inner belief and behavior ethical principles in public transport. Practical significance: Provision principles for favorable informational environment as the most important task of public administration in the sphere of handling public relations in public transport have been developed. The insufficiency of regulation of audio and video signal broadcasting practices in public spaces, preconditioning their negative impact on human health and well-being, is shown. The ways to settle this problem are proposed with the help of standardization and rationing of the functioning of physical quantities, which are the subject for measurement, namely, of informational signal effects and parameters.

A Gain or a Loss? The Consequences of Brexit in the Opinions of Polish Migrants

The aim of the article is to present the opinions of Polish migrants in Britain on the gains or losses that Brexit may bring to the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and Poland, as well as the respondents themselves and their families. These opinions were determined based on the analysis of the results of a survey carried out among these migrants and presented against the backdrop of the results of public opinion polls on EU membership, which have been conducted in the British Isles regularly since the 1970s. The article analyses the beliefs held on this issue by economic migrants, who are faced with a choice as Brexit is underway: to remain expatriates or to return to their country of origin. Among the answers to questions about the possible benefits or negative outcomes of Brexit, it was the latter that predominated. In the discussion, the authors seek to ascertain why migrants from Poland fear the negative consequences of Brexit for the UK and for Europe more often than they fear those for Poland or for themselves and their close family members.

100 лет СССР и 30 лет без СССР: уроки истории и современность (обзор)

This article is devoted to the centenary of the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, to the understanding of its history and development, primarily, in the sphere of interethnic relations and nation building, to the key periods of this process and its results, achievements and problems, as well as to the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet historical project as an alternative way of world development. The paper presents a review and analysis of the main trends in Russian and foreign historiography on nation building in the USSR and Soviet ethnopolitical issues in the context of a general consideration of the Soviet historical and political project. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the reasons for the country’s collapse and discussions on this subject in Russian and foreign literature. Key versions as well as objective and subjective factors are considered, including the significance of the crisis phenomena and actions in the sphere of interethnic relations, the rise of nationalism, chauvinism and separatism, as well as the strengthening of centrifugal tendencies. Further, the paper describes the main consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union and its historical lessons, as well as the results of the development of post-Soviet states during the last thirty years. In addition, the author analyses Russian public opinion polls on the dissolution of the USSR. The article points out how the centenary of the Soviet Union can be used to enhance patriotism and form historical memory in the Russian citizens in the context of the country’s current efforts to gather the “Russian world” and promote the Russian language and culture globally.