Polish Proverbs Research Articles

Репрезентація життєвого шляху людини у прислівʼях та приказках із семантично протилежними компонентами (на матеріалі польської мови)

The article analyzes the scholarly works devoted to the main aspects of human existence and delves into Polish proverbs and sayings with semantically opposite components that indicate the human life path. Taking into account the semantics of the paremic units, five thematic groups have been distinguished which most clearly reflect the processes of human existence, human destiny, life experience and human labor activity, as well as human existence in time space. It has been discovered that the “Human Fate” TG includes the largest number of Polish paraphrases with semantically opposite components, while the “Human Labor Activity” TG has the smallest number. As the analysis of the actual material has shown, the image of fate in Polish proverbs and sayings is most often represented by such lexemes as fortuna, dola and los.

Nazwy potraw i produktów w przysłowiach polskich

The analysis used proverbs whose components are the names of foods and meals. The linguistic analysis of proverbs made it possible to identify the basic dishes of rural cuisine, in which vegetable dishes, depending on the seasonality of the cultures, predominated. The cultural research perspective made it possible to show the broader context of the importance of food in the daily life of the rural population, which affected their paremiological semantics.

Nedîm Dîvânı Örnekleminde Türk ve Leh Atasözlerinin Karşılaştırılması

IProverbs and idioms contain those lexical elements of a language that how the unique way of thinking, lifestyle, religious beliefs, and practices of a nation. People across different nations may have different worldviews, however, it is worth noticing that they focus on the same subjects in their proverbs, use the same analogies, and underline the same details. Therefore, comparative studies between cultures of different nations are very important in showing the common grounds of cultural values and intellectual capacities. Moreover, it is interesting to make people from different cultures aware of them. Although Poland and Turkey are countries without common borders, they show similarities in terms of cultural elements included in their written language. To determine similar uses in Turkish and Polish proverbs, proverbs used in the poems of Nedîm, who was the most important representative of the Localization Movement (Mahallileşme Akımı) in the eighteenth century were used as a sample. Rather than identifying the proverbs and idioms in Nedîm’s Divan, this study reveals the poet’s individual use as opposed to the universal use of those proverbs in different cultures. In this study, Polish proverbs that have the closest meaning or deal with the same subject as in the proverbs mentioned in the Divan of Nedîm are presented.

Interpretation of familiar metaphors and proverbs by Polish people in middle and late adulthood.

The ability to understand figurative language, including metaphors and proverbs, decreases with age, although the phenomenon is not universal. Cognitive capacities and education play an important role in the competence connected with figurative language use and comprehension in people during the second half of life. To identify possible similarities and differences in task performance by subjects representing middle adulthood (40-49 and 50-59 years old) and late adulthood (60-69 and 70-92 years old). Additionally, the analyses took into account factors significantly affecting the results, that is, tasks type (metaphors versus proverbs), the way the answer is given (open-ended versus multiple choice) and types of answers (abstract and concrete). This study also aimed to identify some cognitive correlates of task completion. A total of 86 Caucasian subjects, aged 40-92 years, participated in this study (Mwhole group = 62.37, SD = 15.53); the group included 20 subjects aged 40-49 years (Mage = 45.4; SD = 3.05), 20 aged 50-59 years (Mage = 55.50; SD = 2.64), 20 aged 60-69 years (Mage = 64.40; SD = 2.78), and 26 aged 70-92 years (Mage = 79.15; SD = 6.27). A total of 20 well-known Polish metaphors and 20 popular Polish proverbs were used to assess the level of proverb and metaphor comprehension. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale and Vocabulary subtest of the Polish version of WAIS-R were applied to assess the cognitive functions. The results of the analyses suggest that there are differences as well as certain similarities between the groups. At 70+ years of age, the ability to explain and comprehend metaphors and proverbs decreases when compared with younger adults. In the 70+ group, the ability to grasp the meaning of both metaphors and proverbs is similar, unlike in the younger groups which present a better ability to explain and comprehend metaphors than proverbs. The conditions related to the types of tasks, that is, spontaneous interpretation and choice of responses, do not affect scores of the oldest subjects. The analysis of response types, that is, abstract versus concrete, shows that, compared with younger groups, people aged 70+ years tend to less frequently provide abstract explanations and more often give concrete (but correct) responses, referring to situational data or examples from everyday life. Moreover, attention, short-term/delayed memory and lexical reserve influence the ability to use and comprehend figurative language to a varied degree. What is already known on the subject Studies focusing on metaphor and proverb interpretation by people in middle and late adulthood are rather scarce, and what is more, they provide inconclusive results. Research has shown that the capacities related to attention and memory, as well as language resources and executive functions, all deteriorate in older people, which negatively affects their ability to understand metaphors and proverbs. However, varied methods are applied to assess these skills, which may explain why the related findings are inconsistent. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the analyses took into account the type of task (metaphors versus proverbs), the method of responding (open-ended versus multiple-choice) and the nature of the answer (abstract versus concrete). This allowed us to highlight intergroup differences and to show specific characteristics of proverb and metaphor spontaneous interpretation and choice of correct answers. The results were compared among the participants representing relatively narrow age ranges classified as middle and late adulthood. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Analysis of how people in middle and late adulthood interpret metaphors and proverbs might constitute an element of preliminary screening assessment showing whether a decrease in this capacity is in the normal range or if it reflects a serious cognitive decline. It would be worthwhile if the diagnostic process included varied task designs, that is, both metaphors and proverbs, as well as spontaneous interpretation and multiple-choice, as well as varied types of responses.

To Translate, or Not to Translate: A Cognitive Linguistic Analysis of Selected English and Polish Proverbs

Abstract Proverbs are often said to be part and parcel of the cultural, social, and cognitive heritage of a given linguistic community. This very specific nature of proverbs poses a challenge for any contrastive paremiological study which looks for “equivalents” in the target language. Especially difficult cases which escape systematic analysis are novel modifications of well-established traditional proverbs. To illustrate this, consider a proverb such as The early bird gets the worm. Based on this traditional saying, we have nowadays a number of modifications such as The early bird gets the worm, but the late one gets the pizza or The early bird gets the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese. Also, a Polish original saying such as Kto rano wstaje, temu Pan Bóg daje, lit. “God provides to those who rise early”, now has a number of variants, including Kto rano wstaje, ten idzie po bułki (lit. “Those who rise early go to a shop to buy rolls”) or Kto rano wstaje, ten jest niewyspany (lit. “Those who rise early are sleepy”). One thing is certain: any attempt to develop a viable contrastive paremiological analysis can hardly ignore the complex and intricate relations between the cognitive, linguistic, and cultural aspects of proverbs compared. What is needed is a multifaceted account of such structures. A translation model which seems to be perfectly suited for this purpose is Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk’s theory of reconceptualization (2010). Using as a point of departure Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk’s assertion that that the translation of a proverb from a source language (SL) to a target language (TL) entails “a number of cycles of reconceptualization of the original SL message, expressed eventually in the TL” (2010: 107), we will offer a re-conceptualization-based account of the shift in meaning involving traditional proverbs and their jocular transformations.

Współczesna polska paremiografia dla dzieci.

The aim of this paper is a comprehensive examination of the contemporary collections and dictionaries of Polish proverbs for the young audience. The abundance of such publications in Poland enables the author to have a close look at numerous issues related to paremiography itself as well as the youngest readers. The paper analyses the content of the collections and dictionaries with a special focus on the selection of proverbs, the presentation of their semantics and pragmatics, their arrangement in the books and the illustration of their usage. The analysis reveals many differences between the collections regarding the number of items, their typology, the description of their meanings and use as well as the illustrative content. The paper suggests integrating the description of the contemporary proverb dictionaries for children with educational material with an eye to describing the ways in which proverbs are presented, explained and taught.

Temperature Forecast Accuracies of Polish Proverbs

AbstractProverbs are a part of traditional knowledge that has been increasingly acknowledged to be a valuable source of information for environmental policies. Proverbs on weather convey the cumulated experience of generations that provide guidelines for agricultural practices, everyday decisions, and other situations. Besides the value the proverbs have in their cultural setting, they also serve as an indicator of objective meteorological patterns. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the Polish temperature-related proverbs. From the collected corpus of more than 2000 Polish proverbs, 28 were related to temperature and provided concrete predictions and so were selected for further analysis. The proverbs were tested on the basis of temperature (minimum, maximum, and mean) data from 20 weather stations, located in Poland and the neighboring countries, for the period of 1951–2012. Harbingers and forecasts were identified and coded as 0 or 1. Proverb accuracies were then compared using Heidke skill scores and proportions of fulfilled proverbs. The proverbs’ spatial and temporal contingencies were tested via generalized linear mixed models. Some proverbs provided a high proportion (up to 79%) of fulfilled proverbs. Furthermore, the accuracy of the proverbs was reversely proportional to chronological date (decreased with time), with values increasing toward the east and north directions of station locations. The observed changes in proverb accuracies may be attributed to the shift of Polish borders following the Second World War and the respective migration of the population.

Cultural Features Reflected in Polish and Vietnamese Proverbs

Cultural Features Reflected in Polish and Vietnamese Proverbs

The Cognitive Representation of SHAME in Lithuanian and Polish Paremias

The article provides a glimpse at wider research on the conceptualization of shame, fear and anger in Lithuanian language. The author attempts to present the semantic and axiological substance of Lithuanian gėda and Polish wstyd (Eng. shame, embarrassment) encoded in the consciousness of two different – namely, Lithuanian and Polish – linguistic-cultural communities.The cognitive representation of the concepts mentioned above has been construed by applying S-A-T methodology, proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński. The data have been drawn from dictionaries and paremias collected from the compendiums of Lithuanian and Polish proverbs by searching for the conceptual and lexical keys of gėda and wstyd. Examination of the lexical data sketches the semantic core of gėda and wstyd, while the semantic analysis of paremias reflects its textual potential, giving an insight into its ethno-conceptualization.Thus, the construct of the mental image of shame illustrated in the Lithuanian and Polish proverbs under study draws on the dictionary definitions of the lexemes, and on semantic analysis of paremias containing those lexemes. The study concludes with a synthetic definition of the Lithuanian gėda and Polish wstyd with an emphasis on its similarities and differences, entrenched in proverbs and language systems as well.

From the Proverbs to Modern Media. Formation of People Identity Through Education of Language Stereotypes of Neighbors

Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of language as a marker of people's identity, which is formed by building boundaries and describing relationships, primarily between neighbors. The aim of the research work is to analyze the forms of expression of journalists in the media.Methodology and sources. The report examines materials from the main release of the News of the first Polish television channel, concerning the two neighbors of the Poles, that is, the Germans and Russians. The collected material covers the period of November 16, 2015, that is, from the day of the inauguration of the new Polish government (which has a completely different approach to Poland’s foreign affairs than its predecessors) until December 31, 2016. Created and described on the basis of the collected material stereotypes of German and Russian in modern Poland will be compared with the stereotypes of these two peoples, familiar to Poles by proverbs, which were found in the explanatory dictionaries of the Polish language, as well as in other dictionaries of proverbs and sayings. The linguistic analysis of the text, the socio-psychological-linguistic foundations of the formation of auto-and heterostereotypes, mass-media discourse and its impact on recipients were used as the theoretical basis for the arguments presented in the paper.Results and discussion. In Polish dictionaries, and dictionaries of Proverbs and sayings it was found 38 Proverbs Russian Proverbs and 107 of the Germans. It was analyzed how many of them are positive and how many negative traits of Russians and Germans. As for the Russian, positive traits can be found in only 6 of 38 Proverbs (15.7 percent). There are 18 positive of 107 sayings about Germans in Polish sources (16.8 percent). Specified number of Proverbs shows that the poles hand down from generation to generation a negative image of their neighbors. On the basis of material collected from "News" channel images of Russians and Germans were made up as well. During the period under review, any positive information about Russia and Russian has not appeared. As for the Germans, it is also dominated by a negative image, and, if to speak about positive things, they are never left without comment, which contains a warning.Conclusion. Heterostereotypes play an active role in fostering the way of thinking of contemporaries and, one can assume, representatives of the next generations, since popular wisdom and historical experience are passed on from generation to generation in each country. Heterostereotypes often become reality themselves, are inherited and acquire new symbolic meanings, and are updated depending on the political situation. A comparison of the heterostereotypes of Russian and German in Polish proverbs, the oldest of which were found in a dictionary published in 1830, with modern heterostereotypes from the main release of “News” proves that the description of the phenomenon of stereotypes in each new historical era is an important scientific problem.

Gdzie kogo ciągnie…? O pewnej grupie przysłów

Where is everyone drawn to...? On a group of proverbsThe article is devoted primarily to two Polish proverbs: “Każdy rad tam chodzi, gdzie się urodzi” Everyone likes to go where they were born and “Każdy tam ciągnie, gdzie się ulągnie” Everyone is drawn to where they came from. They were mentioned by Julian Krzyżanowski, who concluded that their meaning is erotic, pornographic even, a view challenged and rejected in the article, and replaced with the author’s own explanations. Three most important meanings have been established: 1. when urodzi and ulągnie denote growth, prosperity, profit; 2. concern a return to the birth place: home, town, homeland; 3. tell us that people are ruled by inclinations, customs, nature, i.e. old Polish nałogi habits and przyrodzenie nature; cf. M. Rej’s “Muszą myśli nasze tam ciągnąć, gdzie je przyrodzenie wlecze; do czego kogo nałóg a przyrodzenie ciągnie, tym się zawżdy para i tego pilnie szuka” Our thoughts are necessarily drawn to where nature attracts them, what habit and nature attracts one is what one always does and diligently seeks. The author has also established that the Polish proverbs in question have their European predecessors: Greek, Latin, Egyptian, e.g. “Habit is the second nature of man” Aristotle, “Everyone is dragged on by their favorite pleasure” Trahit quemque sua voluptas – Virgil; “To each his own is beautiful” Suum cuique pulchrum — Cicero, “You will return to your own mud floor, you will find your sycamore Egyptian.

Kobieta w tradycyjnych przysłowiach i powiedzeniach angielskich i polskich

The linguistic view of woman in English and Polish proverbsThe aim of this paper is to present the linguistic view of woman in English and Polish proverbs. According to philosophers and linguists whose ideas shaped the concept of the linguistic worldview and cognitive definition, the language we use provides us with a specific interpretation of the world. Cognitive definitions should account for the way language users perceive particular phenomena. This article looks at connotative features encoded in English and Polish proverbs about women, which are sets of implicit judgments that build the linguistic stereotype of woman. The analysis of the material shows that the linguistic stereotypes of woman in English and Polish proverbs are to a great extent similar and predominantly negative. Yet, there are language specific differences concerning the overall attitude towards women, as well as relative salience of particular features.

ТИПИ АНТОНІМІВ У ПОЛЬСЬКИХ ПАРЕМІЯХ

The article analyzes theoretical works on opposites and typological varieties of antonyms. It also considers features which influence on antonimous words entering into a relationship of opposition. The paper focuses on the study of the types of antonyms in Polish proverbs and sayings based on semantic, formal-structural and stylistic features. In a semantic relation the cases of presence two and more antonymous pair are fixed, which can belong both to the different types of antonyms or to the same one. Also a lot of opposition was defined based on the sex and family ties. The types of antonyms are analysed in relation to parts-of-speech expression. The analysis of single-root and multicolored opposition in thecomposition of the studied units, which resulted in the finding that the antonymic pairs formed bywith the help of different roots, make up the majority. The one-root antonyms in the composition are singled out Polish paremias, in particular the opposition, formed by adding prefixes to verbs bases and a negative part nie to the basics of nouns. The analysis of contextual antonyms recorded that more often opposed than individual words, and multi word part of paroemias. Issues that need further detailed study are outlined.

Youth Education with Proverbs: A Case Study of Polish Proverbs about Work

This paper focuses on the place of metaphorical narratives in education and in young people’s perceptions of work. Paremiology—the study of proverbs—explores cultural stipulates as scripts imprinted in proverbs, based on metaphor and metonymy, stored in collective wisdom. The article aims to present typical features of proverbs, indicating their potential in teaching: for example, helping in value clarification and career planning based on metaphorical narratives found in youth discourse. The paper discusses theoretical and methodological issues and the potential of applying them in education. First, the basic theoretical assumptions referring to language and culture are introduced, alongside the phenomenon of reasoning through proverbs. Then, proverbs are described, and their use in cross-cultural linguistic research is justified. The new concept of the paremioscript is introduced to demonstrate the power of proverbs in youth culture, and a few case studies are presented as metaphorical carriers of folk wisdom in the collective memory. The paper concerns the mechanism of valuing and embodiment in proverbs and finally discusses the advantages and limitations necessary to be considered in applying paremiology in education.

폴란드와 한국의 속담 비교 연구 : 돈 · 재물과 관련된 속담을 중심으로

This study analyzed a number of Korean and Polish proverbs regarding money and wealth that are widely used in daily conversations and texts in the twenty-first century. It aims to investigate the two countries’ perceptions about money and wealth and their ways of life from the perspective of cultural history and to compare the value systems of the Polish and Korean people.BR Though they are diverse and different in terms of specific rhetoric, metaphors, and modes of expression, all proverbs have preserved their fundamental value related to human insights and morality. Therefore, it is not surprising to discover that many proverbs in different countries share similar meanings. Numerous proverbs regarding money and wealth have been found in Korea and Poland in terms of their similar meanings.BR Both Poland and Korea were traditionally agricultural countries, and they were often invaded by surrounding powerful countries due to their geopolitical situation. As a result, they experienced the sorrow of being small, weak countries, and suffered from poverty and suppression for a long period. Nevertheless, in the process, they learned how to cope with all kinds of risks through positive thinking and kept their own unique national identity and culture. The wisdom about survival and economic value they acquired through hardship and experience over a long history are expressed well in many proverbs of Poland and Korea, particularly proverbs related to money and wealth.

REPRESENTATION OF FEMALE POSITIVE INNER ATTRIBUTES IN POLISH AND CHINESE PROVERBS FROM AN ETHNOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

The article investigates and compares the positive inner attributes of women reflected in Chinese and Polish proverbs. The sources of the features that underlie the representations of female positive inner attributes from proverbs were found to draw mostly from traditional (national) culture, cultural symbolism, and social and gender stereotypes. Social beliefs, ethnic and gender prejudice towards women in both societies, as well as ethno-cultural information accumulated in the proverbs, were revealed by means of the ethnolinguistic approach to their critical analysis. In both cultures, inner attributes provide a clear moral compass pointing to an ideal female behaviour. However, we only found evidence in Chinese proverbs of low intellectual and cultural qualities representing positive attributes of a good spouse.

Old Cracow Editions of the First Book of Polish Proverbs. 1. Stanisław Giermański as the Editor of the Edition of Salomon Rysiński’s Przypowieści polskie / Polish Proverbs from 1619

Old Cracow Editions of the First Book of Polish Proverbs. 1. Stanisław Giermański as the Editor of the Edition of Salomon Rysiński’s Przypowieści polskie / Polish Proverbs from 1619

Kobieta w <i>Karaim. Jego życie i zwyczaje w przysłowiach ludowych</i> Mardkowicza – punkt wyjścia do analizy porównawczej postrzegania kobiety w przysłowiach karaimskich, tureckich i polskich

Niniejsza praca poświęcona jest porównaniu postrzegania kobiety w przysłowiach karaimskich, tureckich i polskich. Takie zestawienie podyktowane zostało tym, że przysłowia zamieszczone w pracy A. Mardkowicza Karaim. Jego życie i zwyczaje w przysłowiach ludowych w rozdziale „O kobiecie i dziecku” posiadają swoje znaczeniowe odpowiedniki w zbiorach przysłów tureckich i polskich. Takie zestawienie wzbogaca także językowy i kulturowy obraz kobiety. Opisywana jest ona bowiem w oparciu o takie same kryteria. Zgromadzony materiał został podzielony ze względu na tematykę, jaką poruszają poszczególne wyrażenia. Ponieważ zgromadzone przez Mardkowicza przysłowia dotyczą także dziecka, oddzielna grupa poświęcona zostanie dziecku. I. grupa obejmować będzie przysłowia dotyczące postrzegania kobiety i jej charakterystyki, II. odnosić się będzie do kobiety jako matki, III. kobiety jako żony, IV. poświęcona jest rodzinie, V. dotyczyć będzie dziecka.

Zeit ist Geld – sprachliche Universalien in der deutschen und polnischen Phraseologie und Parömiologie am lexikographischen Material

The present article entitled "Time is Money – Linguistic Universals in the German and Polish Phraseology, as well as Paremiology on the Example of Lexographical Material" constitutes an analysis of phrasemes and proverbs in the German and Polish language, which contain in their vocabulary the components of time and money. The author of the paper presented the methods of conceptualisation, using the mono- and bilingual dictionaries, of time and money in the hackneyed linguistic phrases of both cultural communities. Undoubtedly, time and money are verbalised in the examined German and Polish phrasemes and proverbs in a similar or identical manner. Thus, these compounds function as internationalisms, as well as phraseological universals.

Obraz kobiet w przysłowiach polskich i koreańskich

During my research I found many similarities related to women’s image retained in proverbs of both nations, but also some differences. There are common characteristics conditioned by the similarities of women’s position and role in the Korean and Polish history. For example, women were, in both cultures, the inferior sex, illogical beings, the objects subordinated culturally and legally to men, the creatures prone to betrayal, chatty, clever, sly, mischievous, vain, extravagant and quarrelsome. Despite the apparent misogyny, the proverbs—both Korean and Polish—acknowledge in various aspects, the existence of women, who are better and nobler than men, also signal significant influence of women upon men. In addition, the authors of proverbs appreciate such positive qualities of women as feminine goodness, gentleness, economy, being a good companion of life for a man, etc. In contrast, clear differences between the image of women in the Korean and Polish proverbs are related to the fact that in the Polish proverbs the dominant image of women is the image of a person who is clever, often associated with the devil, which in the Korean proverbs does not occur at all. Another significant difference between the Korean and the Polish proverbs consists in the presentation of a tragic fate of women who, in the former Korea depended absolutely on men, believing in many superstitions associated with women.