Polish Press Research Articles

Oświata i szkolnictwo polskie na Białorusi. Analiza dyskursu prasowego «Głos znad Niemna na uchodźstwie» w latach 2014–2016

Artykuł koncentruje się na analizie dyskursu prasowego dotyczącego oświaty i szkolnictwa polskiego na Białorusi w latach 2014–2016 w tygodniku «Głos znad Niemna na uchodźstwie». Sytuacja polskiej mniejszości na terenach Białorusi była zawsze trudna ponieważ polityka władz białoruskich skupiała się na niszczeniu wszystkiego co związane było z polską kulturą oraz posiadającego polskie korzenie: inteligencja, szkoła, teatr, prasa. Sytuacja Polaków należących do polskiego społeczeństwa zamieszkującego obszar poza granicami we współczesnej Białorusi wydaje się być skomplikowana. Z jednej strony, stanowią oni duży odsetek społeczeństwa na Białorusi, jednakże z drugiej strony, znaczna ich część ma problemy z zachowaniem polskiej tożsamości. Polska prasa na Białorusi odgrywa ważną rolę w procesie tworzenia i rozwoju świadomości narodowej. Przez wiele lat tak ważną rolę odgrywał tygodnik «Głos znad Niemna na uchodźstwie» wydawany przez organ prasowy Związku Polaków na Białorusi. Analiza dyskursu prasowego okazała się być szczególnie pomocna w odniesieniu do spraw etycznych oraz mniejszości narodowych. Przeprowadziliśmy analizę pięciu wybranych artykułów w odniesieniu do oświaty i szkolnictwa polskiego na Białorusi na łamach tygodnika «Głosu znad Niemna na uchodźstwie». Zaobserwowaliśmy jakie tematy porusza się w prasie w odniesieniu do polskiej oświaty, czym jest dyskurs i tworzenie, rodzaje stosowanego słownictwa oraz struktur, jak i osiągnięte zmiany w zachowaniu oraz mentalności czytelników.

The perception of the journalist’s profession in the context of fake news dissemination by official and social media

The majority (57%) of Polish press, radio and TV journalists participating in a survey conducted in 2019 considered the dissemination of fake news to be a common phenomenon. The mass scale of this process was also noted by the majority (88%) of communication experts participating in an international research project also carried out in 2019. The threat of misinformation has become one of the elements that shapes the perception of the profession’s prestige by journalists, and also influences the selfesteem of professionalism. A comparison with surveys conducted in 2015 and 2016 showed that the percentage of journalists perceiving high (from 13% to 38%) rather than low (from 7% to 17%) social recognition for their profession increased significantly. However, their belief in a high level of professionalism decreased (from 60% to 49%), and the number of respondents reporting a noticeable lack of competence and substantive preparation among journalists (from 16% to 35%) increased.

Rzeszowska prasa lokalna w pierwszych latach II Rzeczypospolitej (1918–1924)

Artykuł dotyczy rozwoju rynku prasowego w Rzeszowie po odzyskaniu niepodległości w 1918 r. Cel: Przedstawienie charakteru tytułów prasowych i rynku prasowego w Rzeszowie w pierwszych latach II Rzeczpospolitej (1918–1924). Metody badań: Opis i analiza zwartości tytułów ukazujących się w latach 1918–1924 w Rzeszowie. Wyniki i wnioski: Mimo swojego prowincjonalnego w tym czasie charakteru i stosunkowo słabo rozwiniętego rynku prasowego, w Rzeszowie ukazywało się w badanym okresie kilka tytułów ważnych dla rozwoju lokalnej społeczności. Wartość poznawcza: Artykuł stanowi uzupełnienie obrazu lokalnej prasy polskiej po 1918 r. przez bardziej szczegółowe spojrzenie na prasę wydawaną w Rzeszowie, niż miało to miejsce w dotychczasowych publikacjach na ten temat.

“Germany in ruins”. Framing new political movements in Germany in the Polish opinion-forming press

Abstract One of the main goals of contemporary media, along with the experts and professionals, who speak in them, has been to explain complex issues and provide the audience with clear descriptions of social reality. This is mostly achieved by the production of ideologically useful interpretative schemes that facilitate understanding of the issues present on the media agenda. An important strategy of shaping the public opinion in the way in which public affairs and the activity of social life participants is framed. Analyses of such practices have been conducted for over thirty years within various research approaches collectively referred to as framing analysis. This research provides several arguments helping one to develop a more critical perspective on the representations of social phenomena dominant in the media and discourses of symbolic elites (e.g. opinion writers, academics, experts, journalists, politicians), along with the analyses of the origin of such phenomena, moral judgements and preferred "corrective policies". One of the phenomena defined by the media in Europe as the most important one for the past several years, is the so-called "New Right". The aim of the paper is to analyse the interpretative schemes used by the journalists of four Polish opinion-forming weeklies and to describe the activity of its German manifestation – the Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident (Pegida) social movement and the Alternative for Germany party (AfD).

“They Stepped on Their Toes”. Reception of the Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World in Polish Press of Galicia, 19061

Abstract At the turn of the 20th century many Native Americans took part in white man's enterprises: first Wild West shows, then silent movies. Wild West shows toured not only the United States but the Old World as well, including the south-eastern edges of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Among the Native Americans who performed in Europe particularly visible were the Lakota (western Sioux) who performed, among others, in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. The most famous of these Lakotas was Sitting Bull who had led his people's military resistance against encroaching white Americans a decade beforehand. Sitting Bull joined the Buffalo Bill's show for 1885 season. In 1890, the Sioux and other tribes lived a great religious awakening that was named Ghost Dance, hoping that by performing the Ghost Dance ritual they would make their lives better and get rid of the white men who took their lands, put them in reservations, broke treaty promises and brought hunger and diseases. On December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull was killed by Indian Police in front of his cabin at the Standing Rock reservation. Two weeks later, on December 29, 1890, at least two hundred, but perhaps as many as three hundred, Lakotas were killed in the tragic battle (that soon turned into a massacre) at Wounded Knee or died in its aftermath. A few months later, almost one hundred Lakotas, including those who survived Wounded Knee massacre, joined the Buffalo Bill show during its second European tour. In 1902 they participated in the third European tour of Buffalo Bill's Wild West, now called Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. I will discuss the show as well as the Native American performers and their reception while the show travelled among Polish cities during the summer of 1906, almost at the end of that tour. Delving into Polish press of that period, I will attempt to demonstrate how the Polish press made various, sometimes quite unexpected uses of the show.

In the Footsteps of Julia Pastrana. Cultural Responses to an Ape-woman's Stay in Warsaw in 1858 and Reaction of Polish Press to Her Extraordinary Body1

Abstract Julia Pastrana is one of the best known personalities of the mid-19th-century freak show business, understood as institutionalized exhibitions of human oddities. Born in 1834 in Mexico, she suffered from a genetic disorder which resulted in abnormal hair growth. Her career as a profit-making exhibit began in 1854 and lasted till 1860. Together with her impresario and husband Theodore Lent she toured the US, Canada and the British Isles from where she moved to Berlin, Vienna and Warsaw. Pastrana further headed for St. Petersburg and Moscow where she died in childbirth. While her odyssey in the US and Britain is well known, her stay in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia remains shrouded in obscurity. The aim of this article is to fill this gap in Pastrana's biography. Reconstructing her itinerary in Eastern Europe, I will focus especially on her visit to Warsaw. Drawing mainly on press accounts and unpublished iconographic sources, I will analyze both Pastrana's ‘enfreakment’ and commodification. My point is to see how her embodiment of difference was conceptualized at the eastern borders of Europe and how local artists and entrepreneurs reacted to her performances and the possibilities for making money that the freak show business offered.

Les sigles français et polonais : entre noms propres et noms communs. L’impact de la valeur sémantique des sigles sur leur traduction

Acronyms are lexical units that have been thoroughly explored in terms of their morphology or pronunciation. However, their semantic value has not been entirely determined yet. The present paper aims at investigating the manner in which a semantic value of an acronym, and particularly a difference between proper and common acronyms, influences techniques applied to translating them. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, on the basis of the cognitive theory of proper names, the authors have distinguished Polish and French acronyms being ergonyms as well as acronyms belonging to proper names and these designating item classification. The paper concerns the analysis of both Polish and French translations of ergonyms in foreign language press and French common acronyms in the Polish press. The performed analysis allows observing a tendency towards transferring acronymsergonyms that play the role of a rigid designator rather than full names in the target text. By contrast, the techniques of translating common acronyms differ, depending on whether they designate phenomena typical of the source culture or universal ones.

Powieść w odcinkach na łamach żnińskiej gazety „Pałuczanin” 1927–1939

The serialized novel in the Pałuczanin newspaper from Żnin 1927–1939In the history of the Polish press of the interwar period, a provincial publishing center located in Żnin, in Pałuki region, played a major role. In the 1930s, Żnin was home to a dynamically developing press company, offering high-circulation titles of nationwide coverage Moje Powieści, Moja Przyjaciółka. The first step towards the creation of the future Publishing House of Alfred Ksycki was the establishment of the Pałuczanin newspaper in 1927, which formed the basis for subsequent publishing initiatives. The periodical, including a few supplements, was edited in accordance with the principle of “everything for everyone”, and signalled the upcoming era of mass press. One of the ways of acquiring new readers, was the printing of novels in episodes, which started already in the first issue of the newspaper with a mini rural novel by Stanisław Kluczek, a folk writer of sensational historical novels. The newspaper featured 30 other popular novels from authors associated with the region Wanda Brzeska, Jan Andrzej Kraśny, Alojzy Kuzio, Franciszek Ksawery Tuczyński, but also those known from 19th-century French newspapers Émile Richebourg, Jules de Gastyne. The article presents the characteristics of all the titles published through the newspaper.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ ВЕКТОР УКРАЇНИ У ВИСВІТЛЕННІ ПОЛЬСЬКОЇ ПРЕСИ (1994–1999)

The article states the foreign policy activities of Ukraine during 1994–1999 to be aimed at the practical implementation of the strategic foreign policy priority – integration into the EU in the context of geopolitical realities. The foundations of the European integration policy of Ukraine began to be laid during this period. It was the time when the process of forming the juridical basis of Ukraine – EU cooperation began. The legal basis for relations was the Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. It was noted that the partnership dialogue between the parties was further developed in the framework of the annual meetings of the Ukraine–EU summit.The Polish press paid considerable attention to the establishment of partnership relations between Ukraine and the EU, giving them a detailed comment. Based on the analysis of the Polish leading publications, it was found that Ukraine– U have gone from initial political declarations and the provision of technical and financial assistance from the EU to a wide range of cooperation.For a case study of the process of formation and development of relations between Ukraine and the EU, based on materials from leading Polish publications, the historical descriptive method was used. To determine the role of Polish periodicals in covering the content of the European vector of Ukraine’s foreign policy, such general scientific methods as systemic, informational, semiotic were used. The system method in combination with the problem-chronological one allowed to consider the formation and development of Ukraine’s integration into European structures as an integral dialectical process.

The Polish People’s Republic in the context of elections to the European Parliament of the European Community (1979)

W artykule przybliżono polskie reakcje na organizację wyborów do Parlamentu Europejskiego w 1979 roku. Skoncentrowano się na opiniach publicystów prasy polskiej, zwrócono także uwagę na reakcje Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych PRL na zapowiadany po 1975 roku proces unifikacji politycznej EWG. Przedstawiono również reakcje społeczeństw państw „dziewiątki” na niebagatelne wydarzenie, jakim były wybory do Parlamentu Europejskiego.

AUTHORIZATION IN THE POLISH PRESS LAW

Since 1984, there have been regulations in the Polish press law under which the publication of verbatim statements of a person provided to the press depends on the consent of the person who made such a statement (authorization). These statements may have a creative nature on many occasions which is subject to the regimen of copyright.The scientific purpose of the article focuses on the problem of the influence of regulations on authorization adopted in 2007 on the right to the paternity of a work. The author regards as creativity, under certain conditions, not only a press article but also original statements made to the press. Thus, the specified problem concerns the borderline area between the press law and the copyright.An analysis of regulations which were in force until 2007, including an analysis of the legal status of statements that are subject to authorization and analysis of changes introduced to the authorization law in 2007 together with analysis of the legal status of statements subject to authorization will be used to solve the problem. The author indicates, moreover, circumstances which must be present for a statement made to the press to be regarded as a work protected by copyright and discusses the right to the paternity of the work in the context of statements made to the press. The author uses the dogmatic and legal historical method and the method of case law analysis.In the author’s opinion, the introduced changes consolidate the copyright of the person making a statement to the press and if they use the rights to authorization they are entitled to.

As memórias póstumas de Guimarães Rosa: sobre a presença da obra rosiana na Polónia

This paper is the first study of the presence of the works by the Brazilian author João Guimarães Rosa (1908-1967) in Poland. It aims to identify and analyze references to the works by Rosa in the Polish press and critical reviews published in Poland between 1967 and 1977.

„My” i „oni” w języku konserwatywnej islamofobii - strategie referencyjne i predykatywne w polskim prawicowym dyskursie prasowym na temat kryzysu migracyjnego w 2015 roku

„My” i „oni” w języku konserwatywnej islamofobii - strategie referencyjne i predykatywne w polskim prawicowym dyskursie prasowym na temat kryzysu migracyjnego w 2015 roku

Wielostylowość w tekście prasowym na przykładzie XIX-wiecznej kroniki informacyjnej

The aim of this article is to define the characteristic features of the 19th century news chronicle. I have approached this problem from the perspective of genologically-oriented linguistic stylistics (using the method of describing journalism genres put forward by Maria Wojtak). The analysis covers the corpus of ca. 100 news chronicles published in “Gazeta Polska” in years 1874–1882. The news chronicle was a very popular genre in the 19th century Polish press. Apart from providing information, it featured commentaries and evaluative texts, as well as official administrative announcements. This shows that the multistylistic features of the news chronicle result from its generic syncretism.

The most important women’s magazines and their publishers on the Polish press market in the years 1989–2018

Media Biznes Kultura » 2019 » Numer 1 (6) 2019 » The most important women’s magazines and their publishers on the Polish press market in the years 1989–2018 A A A

Jewish themes in the Polish press photography on the example of the „Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny”

„Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” (Illustrated Daily Courier – IKC) was issued in the years 1910- 1939 in Krakow; the title was the largest Polish newspaper (up to 400,000 copies) in the interwar period. The newspaper and press company named IKC had its branches in the main Polish cities as well as in some European capitals. Every number was read by approximately 1,000,000 readers. IKC was one of few Polish titles where the Jewish themes were regularly presented, also in photography. Photo-archive of IKC is one of the biggest and most important sources of photographs of Jewish life in the interwar Poland. The aim of the article is to present the most typical and frequent „Jewish” motifs in the Polish press and the answer to the question what was the picture of Jews in Poland presented in the newspaper.

ZaKODowani — przejawy kreatywności językowej w dyskursie prasowym (na przykładzie zabiegów graficznych zastosowanych w nagłówkach tygodnika „Polityka” z lat 2015–2017)

The aim of the article is to present and discuss graphic means used in press headlines. The material constituting the basis of the analysis was excerpted from several hundred issues of the weekly “Polityka”. This choice was dictated primarily by the variety of texts and headings included in it, as well as the important role of the weekly on the Polish press market. The analysis covers press headlines from 2015–2017. For the graphic means, also referred to as a graphic medium or a wider charting, every clearly marked elements of heading segmentation (brackets, spacing), exposed fragments (capital letters, lowercase, italics) were considered and also all elements accompanying the headings (symbols). The material was analyzed formally and then an attempt was made to indicate the function of such treatments in the broadly understood discourse. These action made it possible to determine the role of linguistic creativity in the functioning of press releases by showing the relationship between the form of communication (linguistic and graphic) and its meaning. The conclusions drawn from the analysis confirm the thesis that despite the apparent openness to the multiplicity of meanings of press releases, the number of possible readings of the message is limited and predetermined by the sender. The recipient can only join certain predefined schemes, reacting in accordance with the intention of the broadcaster.

Niestatystyczne kryteria doboru słów (i frazeo- logizmów) kluczy. Analiza na przykładzie materiału prasowego dostępnego w korpusie ChronoPress

The aim of the article is to analyze non-statistic methods of identifying key words (understood as units presenting special importance for a given culture and being a source of knowledge about it). The analyzed criteria of this identi cation are: the presence of the words in the given types of texts and in their speci c parts, undergoing semantic and pragmatic shifts, being a part of phraseo-logical units. The analysis is conducted mainly on the examples extracted form ChronoPress (The Chronological Corpora of Polish Press Texts 1945-1954) from 1945. The e ect of the survey is the evaluation of the abovementioned criteria in terms of their usefulness for identifying key words, followed by a description of the noticed problems and controversies as well as suggestions on finding solutions.

ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНИЙ ОБРАЗ ТАДЕУША КОСТЮШКИ НА СТОРІНКАХ ПОЛЬСЬКИХ І УКРАЇНСЬКИХ НАУКОВИХ ЧАСОПИСІВ ЛЬВОВА КІН. XIX – ПОЧ. XX СТ.

The article's purpose. To reconstruct the historiographical image of Tadeusz Kostiushko, which was formed on the pages of the Polish and Ukrainian scientific historical press of Lviv at the end of the XIXth to the beginning of the XX century. On the basis of materials – the content of the two most significant for that time Polish and Ukrainian historical sciences magazines «Kwartalnik Historyczny» (published in Lviv in 1887 – 1939) and «Notes of the T. Shevchenko Scientific Society» (published in Lviv in 1892 – 1937). The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systemicity, science, verification, author's objectivity, moderate narrative constructivism, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic ) methods. Scientific novelty is that for the first time attempt was made to reconstruct and compare the historiographical image of Tadeusz Kostiushko, which was formed on the pages of the Polish and Ukrainian scientific historical press of Lviv at the end of the XIXth to the beginning of the XX century. The conclusions. The study of texts on Tadeusz Kostiushko in the periodicals «Kwartalnik Historyczny» and «Notes of the T. Shevchenko Scientific Society» makes it possible to conclude that the authors of these editions, acting on principles of the positivist methodology, consistently de-mythologizing the image of the Polish national hero and tried to defend the objectivism of historical science, even if it contradicted the state of affairs at the moment and the political challenges of time

Railroad Workers, Civilization and Communism: the Young Men’s Christian Association on the Interwar Polish Frontier

This article seeks to present and analyze one of the aspects of the work of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA or Y) in interwar Poland: the initiatives for railroad workers from eastern frontier towns and cities. Focusing on the efforts that the organization undertook on the territory commonly referred to as the Polish borderlands (Kresy), I show that for the leaders of the Y the work among the railway employees was of utmost political and civilizational importance. There were several reasons why the YMCA became involved in the railroad work on the eastern Polish borderlands. One of them was the looming threat of communism from neighboring Russia, another—the American Y leaders’ mythic perceptions of the U.S. moving frontier, which prompted them to adapt the American discourse on civilization to the Polish political and social situation. Using archival documents and recollections of Americans involved in the Y’s activities on the eastern Polish frontier I demonstrate how the perception of the Polish borderland by the Y’s secretaries was greatly influenced by myths deeply embedded in American culture. Drawing on the contemporary Polish press reports as well as writings of local collaborators of the YMCA, I also describe the reaction of Polish public opinion to the Y’s undertakings on the Polish frontier.