Polish Energy Policy Research Articles

Utilization of methane deposits from the liquidated mines in the aspect of environmentally friendly energy technologies

At the beginning of the article main factors occurring in polluted atmospheric air and their connection with the methods of energy production are discussed. Various energy sources in the aspect of energy production technologies, including primary energy sources are presented. Two main actions taken to improve the quality of atmospheric air in Poland are described: Clean Air Programme, assuming a subsidy for an exchange of individually-used coal boilers for ecological ones or for gas heating, and the Polish Energy Policy until 2040, which assumes a gradual reduction in the share of hard coal and lignite in energy production. Methane as a mineral accompanying coal seams as well as ways of its recognition and management are presented. An example of the conducted research project shows a significance of the resource recognition and dynamics of the deposit in planning an economically justified exploitation of the deposit from closed down mines. Finally, there is hope that due to a further process of efficient restructuring of the Polish mining industry, the importance of using methane from closed down mines as a green energy source will increase.

Analysis of the Strategy for the Energy Policy of Poland until 2030 implementation effects in the aspect of environmental protection taking into account the energy security of Poland

The article analyzes whether, after almost 10 years of strategy presented in the Polish energy policy until 2030, implementation effects in terms of the economy impact on the natural environment are visible. The changes in the energy-efficiency index were also taken into account, as well as the possibilities of replacing hard coal in the energy mix by another energy carrier. The article also includes forecasts of the future development of greenhouse-gas emissions in Poland, in order to determine how the implementation of the strategy set by Poland will take place over several years. ARIMA-class models were used for this purpose.

In the face of the rising importance of natural gas to the Polish economy

Objective: The purpose of this text is to determine ways of diversifying the sources of origin and directions for importing natural gas to Poland until the agreement for the supply of Russian gas expires in 2022. In so doing, the growth of extraction in Poland, deliveries from other countries and the partial replacement of gas in the economy with raw materials available in Poland are all analys ed. Research design and methods: A reasonable approach to energy policy, factor analysis and elements of multidimensional comparative analysis were adopted. Findings: It is important that gas imports to the country are substantially increased in winter and it is essential that the capacity of gas storage facilities, in particular cavity facilities, is increased as well. Furthermore, it is necessary to attempt to reduce energy consumption, with different preferences that facilitate the growth of the share of renewable sources of energy (RSE) in the energy mix. Implications / Recommendations: This article presents arrangements which may prove to be useful for implementation of Polish energy policy. Contribution / Value Added: Considerable political changes and alterations to the gas market have superseded a number of researchers’ arrangements and forecasts concerning Poland. What is missing is a comprehensive analysis, based on data from 2017 and 2018, of increasing the diversification of gas supplies to Poland. Article Classification: research article.

STRATEGICZNE ZNACZENIE GAZU ZIEMNEGO W POLSKIEJ POLITYCE ENERGETYCZNEJ – ANALIZA KRYTYCZNA

STRATEGICZNE ZNACZENIE GAZU ZIEMNEGO W POLSKIEJ POLITYCE ENERGETYCZNEJ – ANALIZA KRYTYCZNA

Polityka energetyczna Polski: główne problemy i prognozy

The objective scope of this analysis is focused on selected problems of the Polish energy policy. The text addresses three groups of issues connected with Polish energy policy: (1) institutional and legal matters, (2) forecasting, and (3) problems. In the first case, attention is given to the statutory solutions with regard to the goals, tasks, the model and the elements of the energy policy, as well as to the responsibility of different entities for its implementation. In the second case, scenarios for the development of the energy policy are presented; they are also subjected to a brief comparative analysis. In the third case, attention is given to the presentation of the following issues: (1) energy dependence, (2) energy monoculture, (3) the level of development of renewable energy sources, (4) emissions performance, and (5) energy efficiency. In order for the research problem to be elaborated, the text features the following research questions: (1) to what extent do institutional and legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?; (2) which scenario for the development of Polish energy policy should be deemed most likely?; (3) which problem issues singled out in the analysis should be regarded as the greatest challenge to the Polish energy policy?

Present condition and prospects for Polish coal mining

Coal is the basis of energy production in Poland. Its production, however, has been steadily decreasing. Falling prices on world markets, which make their extraction in Poland, continues to pay off. You can not forget, however, that the country's energy security is based on this raw material all the time. Actions should be taken to limit the cost of extraction. It is necessary to start to use advanced technologies in coal combustion process and be aware of its other applications. With this in mind it is necessary not only to lead efforts to liquidate mines, but also to take corrective actions. Nowadays, coal mining is experiencing a setback. However, the resources that are in Poland do not allow you to abandon this energy source. In the coming years we can expect an increase in demand for coal. Polish power industry in the coming decades will be based, as at present, on carbon. In line with the Polish Energy Policy until 2050 Poland should strive for energy independence and therefore the indigenous resources of coal and lignite will stabilize country's energy security. Consumption of coal will remain at current levels, due to improvements in the efficiency of new generation units. Therefore, the aim of the suggested actions should be providing both the security of energy and the rational use of available resources of coal. Key words: coal, energy, Polish mining.

Post-Communist Poland and the European Union: Energy Policy and Relations with Russia

Abstract In the past two decades Europe as a whole has undergone a transformation, and Poland has been an integral part of these changes. Poland has transitioned from a communist nation to a democratic European Union (EU) member. This transition was not without trials, but through this history Poland has established itself as a significant international actor. This article aims to analyze post-communist Poland, within its membership in both the EU and the Visegrád Group, and the effects these relationships have on Polish and EU energy policy, as well as Russian-EU energy policy.

Przestrzenno-czasowa analiza dynamiki udziału energii ze źródeł odnawialnych w końcowym zużyciu energii w Unii Europejskiej

The development of the renewable energy sector is one of the top priorities for the Polish government. In accordance with Directive 2009/28/EC, EU member states should increase their energy from renewable sources as a share of total energy consumption. The specific objective for Polish energy policy is to grow energy from renewable sources to comprise 15.5% of total energy production in 2020 (19.3% for the electricity sector, 17% for the heating and cooling sector, and 10.2% for the transport fuels sector). The main objective of this research is to assess the dynamics of the share of energy from renewable sources in particular sectors, including the electricity, heating, cooling and transport fuels sectors. The article ranks countries according to their share of energy from renewable sources in production and to the gross domestic product. It then compared the linear orderings. The purpose of this analysis is to test the hypothesis that the rank of EU countries in terms of their share of renewable energy in overall energy consumption did not change significantly in the years 2005–2013. Finally, it presents the results of the analysis of the relationship between the share of renewable energy in individual sectors. The countries are grouped according to their share of renewable energy in individual sectors.

Transformation of Polish Energy Policy in the Context of Changes in European Union Member States

Transformation of Polish Energy Policy in the Context of Changes in European Union Member States

Influence of nuclear power unit on decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases

Abstract The paper presents a comparison of selected power technologies from the point of view of emissions of greenhouse gases. Such evaluation is most often based only on analysis of direct emissions from combustion. However, the direct analysis does not show full picture of the problem as significant emissions of GHG appear also in the process of mining and transportation of fuel. It is demonstrated in the paper that comparison of power technologies from the GHG point of view has to be done using the cumulative calculus covering the whole cycle of fuel mining, processing, transportation and end-use. From this point of view coal technologies are in comparable level as gas technologies while nuclear power units are characterised with lowest GHG emissions. Mentioned technologies are compared from the point of view of GHG emissions in full cycle. Specific GHG cumulative emission factors per unit of generated electricity are determined. These factors have been applied to simulation of the influence of introduction of nuclear power units on decrease of GHG emissions in domestic scale. Within the presented simulations the prognosis of domestic power sector development according to the Polish energy policy till 2030 has been taken into account. The profitability of introduction of nuclear power units from the point of view of decreasing GHG emissions has been proved.

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete based on Fly Ash in Density 350kg/m3 as an Environmentally Friendly Material for Energy - Efficient Constructions

In recent years the evaluation of U-value for buildings materials has been seen. Since 1st January 2014 U-value can’t be higher than 0,25 [W/m2K], but since 2017 this value will be 0,23 and 0,20 from 2021. Therefore, a good solution to fulfill mentioned conditions is using buildings material with better thermos insulation. One of the best construction materials, which have very low λ value [W/mK] is an autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). It's the reason why AAC is the most popular buildings material from years. AAC could be produced with using various aggregates, like sand or fly ash. Test results of thermal conductivity clearly shown that AAC based on siliceous fly ash have better λ value than sand AAC in the same density. Polish energy policy is based on coal and production AAC based on siliceous fly ash is a great solution to utilization this waste. Autoclaved aerated concrete has better λ value than other available construction materials in polish market. Lower density have good impact on environment, because lower weight caused possibility to transport more products by the same truck and also it means less waste from buildings made from AAC in the future. This waste can be used again in normal production process of AAC. Due to these facts were undertaken studies of possibility of production AAC in 350 [kg/m3] density in PGS process technology. The PGS process technology is a very specific because in a production cement is not used. As a binder are used only: quick lime, gypsum and some part of fly ash. The most important properties of AAC were tested, like: compressive strength, density, λ value or phase composition. Production AAC in lower density could be the next step to improve that it's an environmental friendly material for energy-efficient constructions.

Assessment of the Effectiveness the Use of Spectral Analysis in Forecasting Of Sales Quantity of Hard Coal

Coal will be a cheaper alternative than natural gas, and oil to generate electricity in many regions, but in the long term essential for determining the future will accepted strategies to improve efficiency, reduce air pollution at the local level and mitigating the effects of climate change. Currently, the Ministry of Economy is preparing an update Polish Energy Policy until 2050. The new document will consider the most important elements in the energy sector such as min. use of gas from unconventional sources, climate challenges, the construction of a common energy market in the European Union or the use of European funds in the new financial perspective 2014-2020. Sales forecasting coal is the subject of this paper, is a problem whose solution should look for today. This paper presents a prediction method that can be used to solve specific problems of forecasting sales volumes of coal, which is the result of logical conclusions following areas: mining, predictive theory, energy security and social security.

KONTROWERSJE POLSKIEJ POLITYKI ENERGETYCZNEJ W KONTEKŚCIE REALIZACJI WYMOGÓW UNIJNYCH

The issues connected with ensuring energy supply and securing its carriers determine the real development opportunities in the future. Therefore, energy policy has been developed both at the EU and member states level. Polish energy policy includes the requirements of the EU policy, but the characteristics of our economy and the possessed energy resources cause some problems with its implementation. For this reason, the principal objective of this article is to show the controversies related to the implementation of the Polish energy policy in the context of existing conditions.

Thermodynamical motivation of the Polish energy policy

Abstract Basing on the first and second law of thermodynamics the fundamental trends in the Polish energy policy are analysed, including the aspects of environmental protection. The thermodynamical improvement of real processes (reduction of exergy losses) is the main way leading to an improvement of the effectivity of energy consumption. If the exergy loss is economically not justified, we have to do with an error from the viewpoint of the second law analysis. The paper contains a thermodynamical analysis of the ratio of final and primary energy, as well as the analysis of the thermo-ecological cost and index of sustainable development concerning primary energy. Analyses of thermo-ecological costs concerning electricity and centralized heat production have been also carried out. The effect of increasing the share of high-efficiency cogeneration has been analyzed, too. Attention has been paid to an improved efficiency of the transmission and distribution of electricity, which is of special importance from the viewpoint of the second law analysis. The improvement of the energy effectivity in industry was analyzed on the example of physical recuperation, being of special importance from the point of view of exergy analysis.

CHANGES IN THE ACTIVITY OF ENERGY SECTOR IN POLAND

In recent years the connection business and environment have a bigger and bigger importance. The use of energy resources have to take into consideration principle of rationalization and saving. In this connection the individual countries, just like Poland, make a working, which permits to find a new development’s way for power industry. In this paper author has presenting the works on reform of energy sector – in particular of coherent energy law – and further development’s plan of power industry in Poland. It’s comparing Polish energy policy to EU’s ones in respect goals and research tasks as well as subjects, which take part in creating this policy. Author also has suming ip continuation of works in the field assume of energy security in Poland.

Energy efficiency highlights in transformation period and updating of energy policy of Poland up to 2005

This paper presents some important macroeconomic components characterising the energy economy in Poland during the transition period 1995-2000. Evaluation of primary energy use in Poland has been made in two separate energy flows firstly, energy in the production sector and secondly, energy consumed by households. The comparison of energy productivity in Poland and the EU in 2000 shows 50%; of the EU average when GDP is calculated according to the ppp methodology, and still around three times smaller when Poland's GDP is expressed applying the official exchange rate. Some issues of energy pricing policy during 1997-2000 are discussed, mainly analysis focused on changes of relative prices of energy used in the industrial sector and in households. The comparison shows that relative prices of natural gas and electricity increased by 30%; and district heating by 17%; during the analysed period. Some developmental challenges to Polish energy policy guidelines focusing on both the newest macroeconomic data and legal aspects of energy law are also discussed briefly. A short energy forecast overview is presented finally.

ELECTRIC UTILITY DEMAND‐SIDE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND

Demand‐Side Management (DSM) improves load factors and energy efficiency and reduces emissions. DSM methods are understood in the United States, but using DSM in Poland poses problems related to constraints in the power sector and the economic environment. This paper discusses the reorganization of the Polish energy sector and Polish energy policy during in the transition since 1989 and discusses the obstacles to implementing DSM programs.