Poliomyelitis In Monkeys Research Articles

Immunization of monkeys against poliomyelitis

This work represents efforts made toward developing a practicable method of immunization against acute poliomyelitis. Highly potent monkey polio virus is attenuated by heat in two ways. In one case 5 c.c. of brain and cords in 10 per cent. saline suspension from monkey poliomyelitis is subjected to 55° C. for one half hour and injected subcutaneously into monkeys on ten successive days. This represents the use of killed virus. In the other method the 10 per cent. emulsion is subjected to graded attenuation as follows: heated to 55° C. for one half hour on first two days; to 45° C. on third day; to 37° C. on fourth day and on the fifth day the material is injected unheated.On the 20th day after the series of subcutaneous injections are completed, the treated animals are bled from the heart in order to test for the presence of neutralizing substances in the blood. On the following day the treated animals were tested by subjecting them to three to five intracerebral lethal doses of highly potent monkey virus...

CULTIVATION EXPERIMENTS ON THE GLOBOID BODIES OF POLIOMYELITIS

The globoid bodies, identical in morphological and cultural characteristics with the organisms described by Flexner and Noguchi, have been obtained in twenty-two cultures from the tissues of seven monkeys suffering from experimental poliomyelitis. Twenty of the strains were cultivated from the central nervous organs, all being obtained from the cerebrum except one, which was cultivated from the cervical portion of the spinal cord. Two strains were cultivated from the spleen. None of the cultivated strains inoculated produced typical poliomyelitis in monkeys. The recovery of a strain of the globoid bodies from the inoculated monkey is as difficult as is the original cultivation of the organisms from animals inoculated with the ordinary virus of poliomyelitis. Nothing in this study has served to implicate the streptococcus in the pathology of the poliomyelitic process; the streptococcus is, however, encountered as a common contaminant or secondary invader, especially in animals which have been etherized while moribund, or which had died some hours previous to the autopsy. When the infected and paralyzed animals are killed while still strong, secondary invading bacteria, including the streptococcus, tend to be absent from the tissues. A modified, perhaps improved, but alternative method has been devised for the cultivation of the globoid bodies and other microorganisms demanding a high degree of anaerobiosis.

Further Studies of an Antipoliomyelitic Serum, its Protective and Curative Properties in Experimental Poliomyelitis of Monkeys

Journal Article Further Studies of an Antipoliomyelitic Serum, its Protective and Curative Properties in Experimental Poliomyelitis of Monkeys Get access John W. Nuzum, John W. Nuzum Pathologic Laboratory of the Cook County Hospital, Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ralph G. Willy Ralph G. Willy Pathologic Laboratory of the Cook County Hospital, Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 22, Issue 3, March 1918, Pages 258–270, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/22.3.258 Published: 01 March 1918 Article history Received: 04 December 1917 Published: 01 March 1918

THE TREATMENT OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS WITH IMMUNE HORSE SERUM

In a previous report, 1 it has been shown that the serum of a horse, which had been immunized with streptococci isolated from the central nervous system of monkeys paralyzed with virus, had the power to neutralize virus in vitro, and to prevent poliomyelitis in monkeys following intracerebral inoculation of active virus. Moreover, this serum appeared to have a curative effect in the experimental disease in monkeys after the symptoms had begun. Opportunity to test the effect of this serum in patients presented itself during the present epidemic of anterior poliomyelitis at Davenport, Iowa, and surrounding community. The routine procedure consists of making a spinal puncture for diagnostic tests and for relief of abnormal intraspinal pressure, and of injecting the serum. From 5 to 30 c.c. of spinal fluid are allowed to escape, depending on the age of the patient and the amount of pressure. The fluid is made to

THE ETIOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS

After Landsteiner and Levaditi¹and Flexner and Lewis²demonstrated independently that the causative agent of epidemic poliomyelitis could be passed through a bacterial filter, the disease was classed with those caused by a filterable, ultramicroscopic virus. The bacteria of ordinary size were no longer considered of etiologic importance, and when obtained were discarded as postmortem invaders or accidental contaminations. Wickman,³after reviewing the earlier experiments with streptococci, says, "The time has fully arrived when such investigations should be discarded from the literature of the disease." In 1913, Flexner and Noguchi⁴cultivated and demonstrated microscopically a small filterable micro-organism with which they produced poliomyelitis in monkeys. They note that "the cultural conditions are those that apply more particularly to the bacteria," but do not attempt definitely to classify the micro-organism. Rosenow⁵has shown by the use of special methods that the specific localizing power of bacteria

EXPERIMENTS WITH POLIOMYELITIS IN THE RABBIT

EXPERIMENTS WITH POLIOMYELITIS IN THE RABBIT

The Diagnosis of Infantile Paralysis in the Prodromal and Early Acute Stage as Found in the Experimental Study of Acute Poliomyelitis in Monkeys, with Report of Findings in Four Human Cases

Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — The Diagnosis of Infantile Paralysis in the Prodromal and Early Acute Stage as Found in the Experimental Study of Acute Poliomyelitis in Monkeys, with Report of Findings in Four Human Cases

EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS IN MONKEYS

The experimental investigations of epidemic poliomyelitis, carried out during the past several months, have added a large number of important facts to the knowledge of this disease. These facts relate to the nature of the cause of the disease, the manner of its entrance into and exit from the body, the pathogenesis of the affection, and the existence of an enduring state of resistance to reinfection following an attack of the disease.¹In the present communication we wish to present briefly certain further results which have been obtained in the course of experiments on active and passive immunization in respect to experimental poliomyelitis in monkeys. The virus which we are employing in our experiments was derived from Case K,²is in its twenty-fifth genaration in monkeys, and has attained a high degree of activity. Intracerebral inoculation of even minimal quantities of a filtrate³(0.02 to 0.01 c.c.) prepared from

THE TRANSMISSION OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS TO MONKEYS

In a previous communication 1 we presented in the form of a chart the results secured up to that time in producing poliomyelitis in monkeys by injecting intra-cerebrally a virus, denominated M.A., obtained from the spinal cord of a child suffering from epidemic infantile paralysis. The virus had been passed successively through three generations of monkeys and is still being transmitted. We desire in this communication to present the results in the form of a chart 2 obtained up to this time with the second virus, denominated K. It is, in our opinion, desirable that the facts thus far secured relating to this virus be published, since they extend considerably the previous observations. In the first place, it can now be affirmed that the virus of poliomyelitis cannot be very difficult of transmission to monkeys under the conditions leading to the development of the lesions and symptoms characteristic of epidemic poliomyelitis in