Policy Purposes Research Articles

Future Consumption Scenarios of Power Sector in Bangladesh

Future electricity demand is an essential prerequisite for planning the expansion of a power system. The purpose of this paper is to provide a forecast of electricity consumption in Bangladesh. Forecast is done here total as well as sector-wise consumption up to 2040 considering the base year 2009. The time series analysis to find the trend line by the method of Least Squares (LS) is applied in this study. We accumulated data from the annual reports of the Bangladesh Power Development Board for the years 2009 to 2023 and used that for forecasting purposes. For the convenient and policy purposes, the forecast is presented for every five years interval. The findings have significant implications with respect to energy conservation and economic development. As the study differentiated sector-wise projected growth of electricity consumption in Bangladesh, it has implications for the planners related to electricity distribution system. The findings can create awareness among the planners of power system expansion in Bangladesh to meet the continuous future development demand.

Some issues of state policy in the field of relocation of business entities under the influence of economically dangerous events

In recent years, Ukrainian businesses have been forced to make decisions to relocate their production and other facilities to safer regions of Ukraine or abroad. First of all, the relocation of business is directly related to the consequences of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation (one of the types of economically dangerous events). It should be noted that Ukraine currently lacks a unified state policy on the relocation of business entities under the influence of economically dangerous events. This causes additional difficulties both for the business itself (business does not understand the direction of this policy) and for the state (due to the lack of a strategic vision). The article aims at defining the purpose of the State policy in the area of relocation of business entities under the influence of economically dangerous events and the basic principles of this policy. These are the principles on which the State policy is based and which ensure its effectiveness. The principles of the State policy in the field of relocation of economic entities under the influence of economically hazardous events are based on the principles of the State regulatory policy in the field of economic activity, which are most relevant. As a result of the study, the author defines the purpose of the state policy in the field of relocation of business entities under the influence of economically hazardous events, namely: to facilitate the continuity of economic activity under the influence of economically hazardous events by relocating production and other facilities to safer regions of Ukraine For the first time, the author outlines the main principles of the state policy in the field of relocation of economic entities under the influence of economically dangerous events: universal (expediency, adequacy, efficiency, timeliness, efficiency, balance, predictability, planning and forecasting, scientific support, transparency and openness, availability of state support); special (validity, security, integration, competition (ensuring a competitive component), promotion of territorial development, social responsibility). Each of these principles was also described.

Relatedness and economic complexity as tools for industrial policy: Insights and limitations

The use of relatedness and economic complexity (REC) to advise on industrial policy is expanding. Typically, it leads to the recommendation to (not) support activities that are (un)related to a region’s comparative advantages. Yet, the implications of such use remain largely unaddressed. Drawing on developmental state and innovation studies, I identify two reasons for caution when using REC for policy purposes. First, technological and economic catch-up may require diversification toward unrelated activities. Second, REC focuses exclusively on domestic supply, ignoring demand and international competition. In addition, I highlight conceptual and methodological limitations that are likely to affect REC’s policy implications. Most notably, REC literature might overestimate the magnitude and significance of relatedness, while overlooking the contribution of policy to past diversification outcomes. This paper shows that while REC metrics can provide valuable insights into patterns of structural change, their use in industrial policy requires the concurrent assessment of other crucial elements, including the environmental footprints of diversification options and the dynamics of international supply and demand.

Disseminating our knowledge in an inclusive society: An inaugural editorial statement

Inclusive research is essential at all stages of research, including data collection and dissemination. This essay investigates how current literature and the practical application of inclusive practices in the academic setting illuminate this critical but often overlooked aspect of research. It offers the South African policy of Working Paper 6 (WP6) to clarify how the principle and policy of education for all learners can be implemented in inclusive societies and development, which confront various obstacles due to psychosocial issues. It discourses the purpose of the South African Policy of WP6 and its discourses in multiple contexts by adopting innovative and more inclusive techniques for dissemination, intellectual and developmental disability research, and analysis that can reach far beyond the academic walls. It finally discusses barriers to inclusive dissemination and methods to overcome them. Even though further research needs to be explored in this regard, this article would be beneficial to scholars to champion and implement inclusivity to make research more meaningful and accessible to all who are affected by any form of exclusion and discrimination in our society.

Low-Earth-Orbit Packing: Implications for Orbit Design and Policy

As more and more operators propose and deploy large constellations, the finite orbital volume in low Earth orbit (LEO) is becoming increasingly congested. Over the last several years, we have been developing a proposal for LEO orbital coordination that uses carefully designed slots in nested concentric shells to avoid the potential for hazardous close approaches between participating spacecraft in their mission orbit. Such a slotting structure provides several benefits, including a reduction in orbital risk, clear analytic tools to understand the opportunity costs associated with a particular shell and slot design, and methods to assess and improve the efficiency with which operators make use of LEO. This paper offers a high-level description of key findings from our previous work on shell design under orbital perturbations and slot reconfiguration, with an emphasis on applications for assessing the efficiency of orbital use. It then explains how these methods could be used for a variety of policy and regulatory purposes, including assessing the efficiency of orbital use, remaining potential admissible slot locations that preserve compatibility, and the efficacy of capacity-expanding measures. Various potential implementation pathways for slotting are presented and compared. Several best practices for safe and efficient constellation design are proposed.

The New EU Industrial Policy: Opening Up New Frontiers for Financial Capital

The EU has implemented a whole array of industrial policy programmes over the past decade to bolster the competitiveness of selected knowledge-intensive industries and to induce a digital and green transition. Responding to shifting competitive challenges in global capitalism, and the adoption of industrial strategies by other major economies, the new EU industrial policy seeks to onshore manufacturing capacity in sectors of geoeconomic importance, and simultaneously reduce dependencies on global value chains. Drawing on a historical materialist perspective, this article historizes and contextualises the financing strategies adopted within EU industrial policy. Faced with tight budgetary constraints, and deficit spending not being an option at the EU level, unlocking private investment takes centre stage, such as by tapping into capital markets or using member state aid or EU structural funds as a precursor, as well as by incentivising private investments through risk-absorbing financial instruments that rely on the EU budgetary resources. As will be shown, the EU has been experimenting with such risk-absorbing financial gimmicks for industrial policy purposes since the 1990s; yet, their usage has reached unprecedented levels with the heightened geoeconomic tensions since the 2008 and Covid-19 crises. The article demonstrates moreover that organised factions within financial and industrial capital have actively advocated for public safeguards, and that their deployment thus is not merely a functionalist response to shifting power dynamics or a desperate last resort in the absence of a supranational fiscal policy.

Concussion and brain injuries in sport: conceptual, ethical and legal perspectives

ABSTRACT This special issue examines critical ethical, legal, and policy debates surrounding brain trauma in sport, focusing on challenges in concussion management practices and protocols. Brain injury concerns extend beyond traditional contact sports like boxing, encompassing sporting activities involving rapid acceleration, deceleration, and surface impacts, such as cycling and equestrian sports. Among such problems are the identification and management of brain injuries, the roles of officials and healthcare professionals, and the broader implications for sport integrity and athlete careers. The special issue is organized into four sections: ethics of concussion medicine, socio-legal aspects, sport ethical dimensions, and public health policies. Contributions discuss concussion management in youth sport, sport federations’ and athletes’ duties involvement in concussion-related research, strategies to support and enhance athlete autonomy, public health-informed brain injury frameworks, conflict of interest in concussion management protocols, litigation and liability in concussion research and collaboration, race and genomics in brain-injury scientific discourses, rule changes in sport to reduce head impact, the contextual nature of brain injury and athlete decision-making, the ethical use of genetic testing in brain-injury related research, marketing strategies to advertise tackle football to children and adolescents, and policy purposes and evidence underpinning concussion management practices. This comprehensive exploration offers diverse disciplinary insights, making it a crucial resource for sport humanities scholars, policymakers, and medical professionals. Keywords: brain injury, sport ethics, concussion, sport law, sport policy.

Informing evidence-based policy for sport-related concussion: are the consensus statements of the concussion in sport group fit for this purpose?

ABSTRACT This essay explores how evidence-based policy can be developed for sport-related concussion (SRC), focusing particularly on the role and influence of the Consensus Statements of the Concussion in Sport Group (CiSG). Three credible policy purposes are suggested: (i) to mitigate acute health impacts of concussion events in sport; (ii) to reduce or eliminate the identified causes of SRC (direct blows to the head, neck, or body); and (iii) to improve long-term brain health outcomes for athletes. Eight of ten systematic reviews commissioned for the most recent Consensus Statement, and ten of its thirteen headings, address the first purpose. The primary influence of the CiSG Consensus Statements has been to improve SRC acute response practice and protocols in professional/elite sport, which has always been their primary policy purpose, although evidence of improvement is more limited in child/adolescent and recreational sport. But a primary focus on mitigating acute health impacts has crowded out other credible policy purposes of concern to stakeholder groups with whom evidence-based policy for SRC must be co-produced. No recommendations are made to improve long-term brain outcomes for athletes because concerns about imperfections in evidence are cited to question the link between such outcomes and SRC. Modifications to reduce or eliminate purposive blows to the head, neck, or body that are permitted as a structural part of the way some sports are played are given very limited attention, even when discussing prevention, where they are just one approach considered alongside protective equipment, neuromuscular strengthening, and concussion management strategies. The essay concludes that the CiSG should shift the primary policy purpose of its Consensus Statements to address the identified causes of SRC: purposive blows to the head, neck, or body. Reducing or removing causes of SRC both better safeguards children/adolescents and renders debates about the link between SRC and long-term brain health outcomes superfluous.

The purpose and instruments of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states and Great Britain, their legal basis

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the purpose of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states and Great Britain, its instruments and legal acts, in which they are fixed. The legislation of the member countries of the European Union (Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary) and Great Britain, modern approaches in the science of constitutional and administrative law regarding the definition of the goal of the monetary policy of the central banks of the member countries of the EU, and the range of its instruments are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the purpose and functions of national banks are interrelated, but not identical. The concept of the goal of the monetary policy of the Central Banks of the EU member states, the activities and instruments of the monetary policy, the functions of the central bank of the EU member states are delineated. It is argued that reducing the purpose of the activities of the central banks of EU member states and Great Britain exclusively to the implementation of legal regulation of currency circulation in the state and that the main purpose of the central banks of such EU member states as the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary is purely to ensure the stability of the currency - is not justified. It is argued that the main joint functions of the central banks of Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Great Britain are to ensure the stability of the monetary unit, to promote the maintenance of sustainable rates of economic growth, to achieve and maintain price stability in the state, and to support economic policy. It is established that the goal of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states is to ensure price stability, and it is additionally substantiated that the inflationary inclination of the financial policy is the most effective. It was established that the accounting policy, the interest rate policy, and the regulation of mandatory reserve norms, the volume of the money supply, operations on the open market and operations with credit resources, the amount of interest rates, interest rates of the mandatory reserve of banks are not the purpose of monetary and credit policies, instruments of monetary policy of the central banks of EU member states and Great Britain.

Proclaimed and Real Purposes of Policies for Regulation of Access to Higher Education in Brazil (1997-2017)

The article aimed to analyze the purposes of educational policies that reformed the last stage of basic education (high school) and higher education in Brazil, between 1997 and 2017, considering the mode of state regulation established in its relationship with access to education Brazilian public superior. Starting from a Marxian theoretical perspective, we undertook descriptive and explanatory research taking as sources the legal provisions enacted in the period that reformed secondary education and higher education in the period established in the study. The analysis of the proclaimed and real purposes of the devices showed that although there are specific regulations for higher education, access to this level is also impacted by policies relating to basic education, especially secondary education, which is why we infer that the regulation of basic and higher education produced in the period calibrates processes of state regulation of access to higher education. To the extent that they are reforming policies that directly (higher education) and indirectly (secondary education), due to their purposes analyzed here, have an impact on expanding or slowing access to higher education, highlighting societal and educational projects in dispute that, for a certain period, they maintain hegemony by implementing their policies. expanding or slowing down access to higher education, highlighting societal and educational projects in dispute that, for a certain period, hold hegemony by implementing their policies.

Reliability and validity of rapid assessment tools for measuring 24-hour movement behaviours in children aged 0–5 years: the Movement Behaviour Questionnaire Baby (MBQ-B) and child (MBQ-C)

BackgroundThe development of validated “fit-for-purpose” rapid assessment tools to measure 24-hour movement behaviours in children aged 0–5 years is a research priority. This study evaluated the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the open-ended and closed-ended versions of the Movement Behaviour Questionnaire for baby (MBQ-B) and child (MBQ-C).Methods300 parent-child dyads completed the 10-day study protocol (MBQ-B: N = 85; MBQ-C: N = 215). To assess validity, children wore an accelerometer on the non-dominant wrist (ActiGraph GT3X+) for 7 days and parents completed 2 × 24-hour time use diaries (TUDs) recording screen time and sleep on two separate days. For babies (i.e., not yet walking), parents completed 2 × 24-hour TUDs recording tummy time, active play, restrained time, screen time, and sleep on days 2 and 5 of the 7-day monitoring period. To assess test-retest reliability, parents were randomised to complete either the open- or closed-ended versions of the MBQ on day 7 and on day 10. Test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC’s) were calculated using generalized linear mixed models and validity was assessed via Spearman correlations.ResultsTest-retest reliability for the MBQ-B was good to excellent with ICC’s ranging from 0.80 to 0.94 and 0.71–0.93 for the open- and closed-ended versions, respectively. For both versions, significant positive correlations were observed between 24-hour diary and MBQ-B reported tummy time, active play, restrained time, screen time, and sleep (rho = 0.39–0.87). Test-retest reliability for the MBQ-C was moderate to excellent with ICC’s ranging from 0.68 to 0.98 and 0.44–0.97 for the open- and closed-ended versions, respectively. For both the open- and closed-ended versions, significant positive correlations were observed between 24-hour diary and MBQ-C reported screen time and sleep (rho = 0.44–0.86); and between MBQ-C reported and device-measured time in total activity and energetic play (rho = 0.27–0.42).ConclusionsThe MBQ-B and MBQ-C are valid and reliable rapid assessment tools for assessing 24-hour movement behaviours in infants, toddlers, and pre-schoolers. Both the open- and closed-ended versions of the MBQ are suitable for research conducted for policy and practice purposes, including the evaluation of scaled-up early obesity prevention programs.

Flawed MIREC fluoride and intelligence quotient publications: A failed attempt to undermine community water fluoridation.

To assess the evidence presented in a set of articles that use the Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study database to claim that community water fluoridation (CWF) is associated with harm to foetal and infant cognitive development. Critical appraisal of measurements and processes in the MIREC database, and articles derived therefrom. MIREC's cohort is approximately 2000 pregnant women recruited in 10 centres across Canada, 2008-2011, leading to measuring 512 children aged 3-6 years in six cities. Fluoride exposure was measured by city fluoridation status, self-reports and maternal spot urine samples. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was measured using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) by different assessors in each city. MIREC's fluoride and IQ measurements are invalid and therefore cannot support the claim that CWF is associated with IQ decline in children. The MIREC fluoride-IQ articles' results should be considered unacceptable for legal and policy purposes; other water fluoridation studies and systematic reviews show no effect of fluoridation on cognition.

Collaborative Monitoring of Plant Biodiversity and Research on Sweet Acorn Oaks within Paths of Knowledge and Sustainability Education

Numerous studies have shown the multiple benefits of plant biodiversity and the crucial role of residents’ awareness of conservation and land management. Plant biodiversity was investigated in an analytical monitoring report conducted jointly with the local population engaged in livestock activities and young residents who were shifting toward hospitality and tourism. The study area, covering over 800 km2 in Sardinia, is half forested and attracts interest in its landscape. During our research, genotypes of Quercus ilex L., with sweet acorns rich in polyphenols, as the oldest ecosystem services in these rural communities, were discovered. Collaborative monitoring focused attention on the benefits of plants in different habitats as follows: 53% were known to livestock farmers as food for local breeds of goats and pigs, 15% were official, and 13% were endemic. They had also been used for human nutrition within the Mediterranean diet and attracted interest for their use in landscapes and gardens. This study analyzes numerical data from critical and educational perspectives. These data serve as indicators of ecosystem health for the purpose of sustainable management policies and attest to collaborative monitoring as a tool for analyzing human activities and the necessary balance between profit and biodiversity conservation, given the current challenging climate change conditions.

Implementasi Kebijakan Meningkatkan Literasi Generasi Muda di Kota Tangerang Selatan

Literacy is an activity to increase knowledge. The lack of motivation of the community and the younger generation to visit the library, the lack of available reading materials, the low awareness of the importance of reading, and the lack of facilities and infrastructure provided are still problems for the government in improving literacy. The purpose of the study was to find out how Policy Implementation Improves Young Generation Literacy in South Tangerang City. The method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results of this study refer to the theory of Varn Metter and Carl Varn Horn in agustino (2008: 142) which includes the following aspects: 1) Size and purpose of policy, 2) Resources, 3) Characteristics of implementing agents, 4) Attitudes or tendencies of implementers, 5) Communication between organizations and activities of implementers, 6) social, economic, and political environment. The research found that although the Library and Archives Office has shown a fairly good performance overall, there is still room for improvement because there are still some obstacles as already mentioned.

Local constant-quality housing market liquidity indices

Market liquidity is an important aspect of housing market developments. The time on market (TOM) of sold properties is frequently used by researchers, practitioners, and policymakers as a market liquidity indicator. Compared to research on house price indices, the literature is very sparse on constructing housing market liquidity indices. This paper proposes a new method to construct constant-quality market liquidity indices based on TOM. The first contribution is that the method improves end-of-sample reliability resulting in fewer revisions. This increases the practical usefulness for business and policy purposes. The second contribution is that the applied structural time series method is designed to work in thin markets. This allows index construction at the local level.

Data reusability for migration research: a use case from SoDaNet data repository

This study highlights the role of Research Data Repositories (RDRs) in the concept of data reuse by examining a use case on migration research, a domain that requires up-to-date and accurate data for research and policy purposes. The survey from which the data for the use case was derived aimed to investigate the alignment of humanitarian assistance and social protection in Greece during the post-2015 refugee crisis. Through our analysis, we try to formulate a new corpus of variables and information that can create a value chain for research and policy purposes related to migration research, as well as to draw useful conclusions from this use case study in relation to the concept of data reuse. We address several issues related to data reuse, such as its definition, the role of research data repositories and research infrastructures in data reuse, as well as the limitations and advantages of reuse. We also present some specific features of the SoDaNet RDR, which hosts the primary data. We argue that comprehensive documentation of data adds value to the data and, through reuse, this value can be recycled to the RDR and, therefore, to potential new reusers.

Penerapan selective policy oleh kantor imigrasi kelas I TPI Denpasar

The TPI Denpasar Class I Immigration Office is under the Directorate General of Immigration of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. The TPI Denpasar Class I Immigration Office applies selection laws to ensure the integrity of prospective Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) who have non-procedural status when applying for a passport. This office is responsible for immigration functions, from issuing passports to law enforcement against foreign citizens (WNA) and Indonesian citizens (WNI). The purpose of this selective policy is to ensure that every PMI candidate who plans to work abroad meets all applicable requirements and conditions and is not involved in any legal violations that could endanger them in their intended workplace. This research was conducted qualitatively, using a descriptive approach. The research results show that the TPI Denpasar Class I Immigration Office has carried out immigration supervision in accordance with the law and legal provisions to prevent non-procedural PMI. Supervisory measures involve refusing to issue passports to PMI candidates suspected of working non-procedurally. In carrying out supervision in the field, immigration officers still face obstacles such as passport applicants providing incorrect information, manipulating data, and falsifying letters of recommendation for work.

Lifetime excess absolute risk for lung cancer due to exposure to radon: results of the pooled uranium miners cohort study PUMA

The Pooled Uranium Miners Analysis (PUMA) study is the largest uranium miners cohort with 119,709 miners, 4.3 million person-years at risk and 7754 lung cancer deaths. Excess relative rate (ERR) estimates for lung cancer mortality per unit of cumulative exposure to radon progeny in working level months (WLM) based on the PUMA study have been reported. The ERR/WLM was modified by attained age, time since exposure or age at exposure, and exposure rate. This pattern was found for the full PUMA cohort and the 1960 + sub-cohort, i.e., miners hired in 1960 or later with chronic low radon exposures and exposure rates. The aim of the present paper is to calculate the lifetime excess absolute risk (LEAR) of lung cancer mortality per WLM using the PUMA risk models, as well as risk models derived in previously published smaller uranium miner studies, some of which are included in PUMA. The same methods were applied for all risk models, i.e., relative risk projection up to <95 years of age, an exposure scenario of 2 WLM per year from age 18–64 years, and baseline mortality rates representing a mixed Euro-American-Asian population. Depending upon the choice of model, the estimated LEAR per WLM are 5.38 × 10−4 or 5.57 × 10−4 in the full PUMA cohort and 7.50 × 10−4 or 7.66 × 10−4 in the PUMA 1960 + sub-cohort, respectively. The LEAR per WLM estimates derived from risk models reported for previously published uranium miners studies range from 2.5 × 10−4 to 9.2 × 10−4. PUMA strengthens knowledge on the radon-related lung cancer LEAR, a useful way to translate models for policy purposes.

Vneshnyaya politika pravitel'stva Azerbajdzhana po zashchite mira i regional'noj bezopasnosti na Kavkaze

This article construes the main purposes of foreign policy of Azerbaijan in international security: participation in modern worldwide system, beneficial use of the opportunities of the region, world countries and other foreign actors in order to provide sustainable development of the state, the rights of sovereign state, the security of its territory and population, their peaceful life, political, eco-nomic and geostrategic control over national resources.

Theoretical-conceptual and scientific-applied dominants of transfer pricing policy for economic entities

Introduction. Through the adept use of transfer pricing, companies can optimize their costs, minimize various types of risks, maximize profits, and gain tangible competitive advantages. At the same time, in the context of increased fiscal control and constant changes in the international tax environment, adherence to fiscal-regulatory requirements regarding transfer pricing by economic entities gains special importance. Therefore, companies need to develop, implement, and continuously modernize their own corporate transfer pricing policy, as it not only contributes to overall financial success but also strengthens tax security and business reputation of complexly organized and integrated business structures. This highlights and enhances the practical value of relevant scientific research. Objective. The aim of the article is to systematize, generalize, and develop theoretical-conceptual and scientific-applied foundations of the transfer pricing policy of entrepreneurial entities in the contemporary business environment. Method (methodology). The research methodology encompasses a critical systematic analysis of numerous scientific works to understand existing scientific theories and approaches to transfer pricing policy, including the use of comparative analysis to compare different definitions of its essence, graphical method, as well as methods of synthesis, induction, and deduction – in elucidating the targeted orientation, principles of construction, and functional purpose of the said policy. Results. Based on the analysis of a number of definitions of the transfer pricing policy of economic entities by broad and narrow scientific approaches, a proprietary definition of this term is proposed, characterized by universality and addressing identified deficiencies in similar definitions. In the context of deepening and modernizing the theoretical-conceptual foundations of companies' transfer pricing policy, an author's vision of the goals and tasks, principles of formation, and functional purpose of the transfer pricing policy of companies with a complex organizational structure and business associations is proposed. Scientific-applied recommendations on the development, implementation, and practical realization of an effective transfer pricing policy for entrepreneurial structures, which are advisable to follow in the proposed logical sequence, are formulated.