Policy Outcomes Research Articles

Evaluating the Implementation and Impact of Fee-Free Education Policy in Temeke Municipality: Challenges and Opportunities

This study examines the implementation and impact of the fee-free education policy in Temeke Municipality, Tanzania, with a focus on its influence on access, quality, and equity in primary education. Guided by the Classical Liberal Theory of Equal Opportunity, Interactionism Theory, and Human Capital Theory, the study employs a mixed-methods approach to gather data from 201 participants, including head teachers, teachers, parents, and students. The findings reveal that while the policy has significantly increased enrollment and reduced dropout rates, its success is hindered by systemic challenges such as resource shortages, overcrowded classrooms, insufficient teacher training, and delayed funding. Additionally, limited parental involvement and inadequate stakeholder collaboration impede the delivery of quality education. The study underscores the need for increased funding, teacher capacity-building, and infrastructure development to address these challenges. It also highlights the importance of structured parental engagement and robust monitoring systems to ensure policy effectiveness. The findings contribute to the discourse on educational reform, providing practical recommendations to bridge the gap between policy intentions and outcomes.

Asymmetric effects of exchange rate and oil price on export performance and economic growth in WAMZ

The purpose of the study is to explore the effects of exchange rate and oil price asymmetries on export performance and economic growth in the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ). The study uses monthly data from 1970 to 2022. The study makes use of the asymmetric ARDL approach. Our findings show that there exists a long-run relationship between oil price, exchange rate, export performance, and output growth. We find that depreciation of the exchange rate and increases in oil prices generally hinder the economic prospects of these nations. Furthermore, it was found that currency depreciation did not significantly improve the export performance of these nations, primarily due to the largely stagnant manufacturing sectors and other challenges such as infrastructural decadence that these nations face. The findings imply that these countries, as well as the rest of Africa, still need to implement sincere and significant economic changes. We need to make large-scale investments in infrastructure development, revive the dormant manufacturing sector, actively and transparently combat corruption at all levels, and take other actions to stabilize their currencies and boost export performance, all of which will contribute to economic prosperity. We also recommend a strong institutional framework that will strengthen and support the effective policy outcomes.

The Future of Public Money: From Fiscal Fantasy to Reality

With relentless pressures on the public purse and urgent demand to improve policy outcomes, it is time to reshape the management of public money. Governments around the world are in a fiscal fix. Debt is high, growth remains stubbornly low, and taxpayers are dissatisfied as they pay more for outcomes that are stagnating or getting worse. Given aging populations, creaking infrastructure, heightened defense, security risks, and the green transition, demand for public spending will not ease up. In today’s volatile world, the next shock—which would be costly for governments to manage—could be just around the corner. Some commentators say their governments are living in a “fiscal fantasyland”; that the trade-offs required to place public finances on a sustainable footing remain unconfronted and leave difficult decisions delayed. It is not hard to feel pessimistic about the situation and the prospects for the future. However, the authors of this report do not share this pessimism. That is because the ideas and technology are in place to get us out of this fiscal fix. Our working hypothesis is that the answer lies in focusing not just on the money—the facts of revenue, expenditure, and debt—but in engaging much more deeply with the productivity of the money that is spent; how it contributes to the actual outcomes achieved. To test this hypothesis and draw up a route map to guide governments out of “fiscal fantasyland,” representatives of the EY organization have been working with OMFIF’s Economic and Monetary Policy Institute. We joined an OMFIF-convened group of leading public finance thinkers from international finance institutions, public sector bodies, and the investor community to review how public finances are managed today and explore how public money could be better allocated in the future—through more effective rules and institutions, and better use of data and technology. Our discussions led to a consensus. Although many countries have good public finance institutional frameworks and practices in place, fundamental implementation issues in the various service delivery systems are impeding their effectiveness. For instance, long-term goals and horizon targets are undermined by short-term political cycles and priorities; insufficient accounting for future risks disincentivizes investment in resilience; and the lack of information on the impact achieved by expenditure hampers effective decisions on how to allocate money. The heartening news is that there are clear ways in which structure, rules, and decision-making can be overhauled, to improve dramatically the management of public finances. These ideas and approaches are set out in this report and the authors hope you find them to be a valuable contribution to this debate. How well governments manage public money to improve outcomes matters greatly to citizens and communities all around the world. This is a vitally important debate and it is one we are delighted to help convene and advance.

The Role of Electoral Interests in the National Distribution of EU Covid‐19 Funds

AbstractExpectations are high regarding the impact of the extensive Covid‐19 crisis support ‘Next Generation EU’. Mixed experiences from established EU distributive policies indicate, though, that ultimate policy outcomes largely depend on national implementation decisions. This article scrutinises vote‐buying strategies according to which domestic governments exploit the largely autonomous national distribution of EU funds to target certain constituencies. To study national strategies, the analysis takes advantage of the extraordinary leeway given to domestic governments in distributing REACT‐EU funds, part of Next Generation EU. The encompassing quantitative analysis covers a large sample of member states and committed funds. The regression results provide no support that national governments distribute REACT‐EU funds to politically opportune regions. In a departure from most previous analyses focusing on specific member states, these findings suggest that vote buying is not the dominant strategy in the national implementation of all EU funds.

Discourses in disjointed streams: Dissecting SOGIE Equality Bill's legislative stalemate

AbstractThe Philippine SOGIE Equality Bill is the longest‐running series of Senate and House proposals filed in the Philippines. Despite academic efforts to analyze its intricacies, little is known about the discursive dimension of its agenda‐setting and the mechanisms behind its persistent deadlock, which exemplifies the phenomenon of policy stagnation. Through critical discourse analysis (CDA) and textual analysis, this study examines the statements of the legislative opposition. In doing so, it reifies Winkel–Leipold's approach to agenda‐setting, which reconceptualizes Kingdon's streams as discursive patterns. The study argues that the stalemate of the Bill is due to the disjunction in the political, policy, and problem streams that take reference from an entrenched socio‐culturally Abrahamic‐oriented landscape of the country, which actively shapes legislative outcomes of unconventional and progressive policies. Proponents may initially try to minimize potential conflicts by utilizing the normative power of such hegemonizing discourse to attain desired policy outcomes amidst existing discourse conditions. Analyzing the Bill's underlying discourses suggests that legal and socio‐cultural transformative change requires addressing overt and covert resistance in policy debates.

EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN PENGURANGAN PENGGUNAAN KANTONG PLASTIK (STUDI KASUS DI PASAR PABEAN SURABAYA)

The problem of plastic waste is an important issue, one of which is for the City of Surabaya, therefore the Surabaya City Government formed Perwali Surabaya No. 16 of 2022 concerning Reducing the Use of Plastic Bags. However, in its implementation, there are still many business actors who still use plastic bags, one of which is in the Pabean Market. This study aims to determine the success and provide recommendations for policies to reduce the use of plastic bags in the Pabean Market, Surabaya City. This research uses qualitative research methods, with the technique of determining snowball informants. Data collection techniques were carried out by interview, observation, and documentation methods. The research focuses on policy evaluation theory, namely input, process, outputs, and outcomes. Data analysis techniques are carried out by collecting data, condensing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the policy of reducing the use of plastic bags in the Pabean Market has not gone well because it has not fulfilled the evaluation measures, namely input, process, outputs, and outcomes. There needs to be improvements in the implementation of this policy so that obstacles can be overcome and this policy can run well in the future.

Pioneer advantage or late-mover advantage? An examination of the interplay between policy diffusion sequence and policy outcomes

In policy diffusion research, considerable focus has been placed on the mechanisms and motivations underlying diffusion, yet there is a notable dearth of analysis linking the diffusion process with policy outcomes. This prompts an important inquiry: Who fares better in terms of policy outcomes—the pioneer or the late mover? Our study investigates China’s River Chief System policy and classifies cities as either pioneers, followers, or laggards according to their position in the diffusion process. Our quantitative analysis of 142 cities indicates that pioneers achieve the most favorable policy outcomes, while laggards are associated with the least favorable results. Further examination of the political incentives driving pioneer advantage suggests that pioneers are driven by political aspirations, followers are driven by political signaling, and laggards are driven by political pressure. This research deepens understanding of policy diffusion by elucidating the interplay between diffusion sequence and policy outcomes, and offers significant insights for policymakers aiming to formulate effective diffusion strategies.

Taxing and trading for a greener future: The impacts of China's environmental and trade policies on environmental sustainability

This study delves into the dynamics of China's environmental and trade policies and their impact on environmental sustainability over the period spanning from 1998 to 2022. Employing the autoregressive distributed lag methodology for empirical analysis, our investigation reveals distinctive patterns in policy outcomes. First and foremost, our research illuminates the affirmative role of environmental policy in fostering environmental sustainability. The observed negative effect of environmental policy on carbon dioxide emissions underscores its efficacy in mitigating environmental degradation. In contrast, our findings bring to light the counteractive influence of trade policy on environmental sustainability. The positive effect of trade policy on carbon dioxide emissions signals potential challenges emanating from heightened trade openness concerning environmental preservation. Furthermore, our study elucidates the complex interplay involving information and communication technology, financial development, and fossil energy consumption and their implications for environmental sustainability. The discernible positive effects of these factors on carbon dioxide emissions underscore the need for policy alignment with environmental sustainability objectives. In sum, our research contributes to an enhanced comprehension of the intricate relationship between policy interventions, technological facets, and environmental outcomes within the context of China. These insights bear significance for policymakers and stakeholders striving to navigate the multifaceted landscape of economic growth and ecological preservation in China. Balancing these imperatives is central to achieving lasting environmental sustainability.

THE STANDARD INPATIENT CLASS (KRIS) POLICY IN HOSPITALS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DECLINE IN BED AVAILABILITY FOR BPJS

The Standard Inpatient Class (KRIS) policy introduced by BPJS Kesehatan aims to enhance equitable healthcare quality by standardizing hospital inpatient facilities in Indonesia. However, its implementation has raised concerns due to its significant impact on hospital bed availability, particularly in facilities with limited capacity, leading to challenges in service accessibility and quality. This study aims to examine the implications of the KRIS policy on bed capacity and healthcare service standards, as well as the obstacles faced by hospitals in maintaining service quality for BPJS participants. Employing a normative juridical method, the research systematically analyzes legal materials, including Presidential Regulation Number 59 of 2024, alongside relevant secondary literature. The findings reveal that the policy, while intended to improve service equity, has resulted in a notable decline in bed capacity, increased waiting times, and heightened workloads for medical personnel, particularly in resource-constrained hospitals. Hospitals in remote areas face additional challenges in meeting infrastructure requirements due to budget limitations. The study concludes that balancing the policy's quality standards with resource availability remains a critical issue, necessitating sustainable financial strategies, capacity-building programs, and innovative resource management solutions to ensure equitable healthcare access for all BPJS participants. Future research should focus on comparative assessments, patient satisfaction, and alternative strategies to optimize policy outcomes.

Collaborative dynamics and shared motivation: exploring tobacco control policy development in Zambia.

In Zambia, efforts to produce a tobacco control policy have stalled for over a decade, and the country is not yet close to developing one. Limited studies have explored the dynamics in this policy process and how they affect the attainment of policy goals and outcomes. This study explored how collaborative dynamics within tobacco control policy development shaped shared motivation among stakeholders in Zambia. The study used a qualitative case study design that adopted a collaborative governance lens, comprising an in-depth exploration of the tobacco control policy working group meetings and their internal collaborative dynamics. The integrative framework for collaborative governance, which identifies mutual trust, mutual understanding, internal legitimacy and shared commitment as key elements of shared motivation, was adapted for this study. Data were collected from 27 key informants and analysed using thematic analysis. Several collaborative dynamics thwarted mutual trust among tobacco control stakeholders, including concerns about associated loyalties, fear of a ban on tobacco production, silo-mentality and lack of comprehensive dialogue. All stakeholders agreed that the limited sharing of information on tobacco control and the lack of reliable local evidence on the tobacco burden hindered mutual understanding. Diverse factors hampered internal legitimacy, including sector representatives' lack of authority and the perceived lack of contextualization of the proposed policy content. Acknowledgement of the need for multisectoral action, lack of political will from other sectors and limited local allocation of funds to the process were some of the factors that shaped shared commitment. To accelerate the development of tobacco control policies in Zambia and elsewhere, policymakers must adopt strategies founded on shared motivation that deliberately create opportunities for open discourse and respectful interactions, promote a cultural shift towards collaborative information sharing and address unequal power relations to enable shaping of appropriate tobacco control actions in respective sectors.

Integrating market penetration and cost technologies (IMPACT): Procurement incentives on fuel cell electric truck adoption in California

In the United States, both federal and local governments have instituted various financial incentives to promote the adoption of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) within their transportation sectors. However, it remains unclear whether these procurement incentives can effectively stimulate the adoption of ZEVs to achieve the expected targets, especially given the wide range of financial and non-financial factors anticipated in the coming decades. To investigate the energy, economic, and environmental aspects of the transition toward ZEVs, we developed the Integrating Market Penetration and Cost Technologies (IMPACT) model. In this study, it was tailored as a detailed analytical and quantification tool for investigating financial incentives for medium- and heavy-duty fuel cell electric trucks (FCETs). The IMPACT model comprises three interconnected sub-models: a vehicle cost model, a vehicle choice model, and an infrastructure model, each specifically tailored for the California market from 2024 to 2040. We designed three different incentive plans based on current policies: the IRS Clean Vehicle Tax Credits (CVTC) and the California Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project (HVIP). The proposed hierarchical method facilitates a robust analysis of these incentives in relation to FCET sales and market shares, providing a quantitative basis to gauge the fiscal impact and effectiveness of these incentives over time. Our findings indicate that while financial incentives are crucial for enhancing FCET adoption, their design and implementation must be meticulously planned. Careful balancing of factors such as vehicle cost, infrastructure availability, and long-term sustainability is essential to optimize policy outcomes. This study underscores the complexity of incentive strategies and offers critical insights for policymakers aiming to expedite the deployment of FCETs and supporting hydrogen infrastructure in California and beyond.

중국과 한국 사교육 정책의 특징 비교 연구: 중국의 ‘쌍감(双减)’정책을 중심으로

Objectives The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of the ‘Double Reduction’ policy, a private education ban implemented in China in 2021, with the private education ban implemented in South Korea in 1980, in order to explore implications for China's private education policy. Methods Data on China's ‘Double Reduction’ policy were collected from the Ministry of Education of the People' Republic of China, ZHI WANG, WANFANG DATA. Data on South Korea's private education ban were primarily obtained form official documents from the National Security Emergency Committee, RISS, and KCI. Using the international comparative research method, the study compares the background, implementation process, and outcomes of the private education ban policies in both countries. Results First, while both two countries share the common goal of normalizing public education through the implementation of private education bans, South Korea focused on reducing competition in university entrance exams and ensuring fairness to address the issue of excessive tutoring, whereas China not only aimed to reduce academic burdens and private education costs but also addressed low birth rates and the educational gap between urban and rural areas. Second, although both countries initially saw temporary effects through strong regulations during the early stages of the policy, South Korea faced the issue of a resurgence of private education, while China saw the emergence of unemployment among private education institution employees following the shutdown of private education institutions due to the ‘Double Reduction’ policy. Third, both countries experienced social issues such as ’high-cost private tutoring’ and ’underground learning’ after the implementation of the private education ban. In particular, in South Korea, the demand for prestigious university admissions led to the problem of illegal private tutoring, and China, concerns over declining academic achievement arose as students' workloads were reduced. Conclusions The study suggests the China needs to introduce various after-school programs tailored to student's needs and reform the university entrance examination system. Additionally, there is a need to expand the time frame to assess the long-term effects of private education ban policies in both China and South Korea.

Developments in cannabis enforcement practices and patterns associated with non-medical cannabis legalization policies: a basic literature/data review

ABSTRACT Non-medical cannabis control has recently shifted to legalization policies in multiple jurisdictions, including North America. In addition to improved public health and safety, legalization aims to advance other, including ‘social justice’ outcomes, e.g. as related to cannabis law enforcement. We identified and examined (10) available studies from North American jurisdictions specifically assessing developments or changes in cannabis-related enforcement practices and patterns from pre- to post-legalization contexts. While source data-related study approaches and policy settings are heterogeneous, essential results suggest that legalization policy implementation has been associated with mostly 1) substantive reductions in enforced cannabis (e.g. possession/use) offenses involving legal-age adults; 2) mixed – ranging from decreases to increases – developments regarding enforcement targeting (under-age) youth; 3) decreases in total but persistence of relative race-related enforcement disparities involving both adult and youth populations. These data imply at least partial legalization-related successes toward improved related ‘social justice’ aims in these respects, while key questions remain, specifically concerning systemic enforcement biases involving racial minorities and the criminalization of underage youth as vulnerable groups. These enforcement-related outcomes of cannabis legalization policies warrant continued monitoring and in-depth policy-analytical examination, while jurisdictions newly implementing legalization should pay particular attention to ‘social justice’ objectives.

It ain't easy: using normatively motivated news diversification to facilitate policy support, tolerance, and political participation

ABSTRACT Proponents of ‘democratic news recommender design’ argue that algorithmic news diversification may facilitate democratic participation. However, while various news diversification metrics have been proposed in recent years, few of them have been put to the test with real users. To assess the promises and pitfalls of algorithmic news diversification, we conduct a 2 (low vs. high levels of activating language) by 3 (low vs medium vs high levels of alternative voices) between subjects experiment with N = 715 respondents to test how normatively driven news diversification affects readers' (a) policy support, (b) outcome tolerance, (c) outgroup tolerance, and (d) political participation. Results show that in a one-off experiment, exposure diversity has at best very small effects on the dependent variables when demographic and attitudinal characteristics are controlled for. We also find that extreme forms of news diversification may impede user satisfaction.

Governance Frameworks for Renewable Energy Development: Energy Transition and Public Governance

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate governance frameworks for renewable energy development, with the aim of understanding how effective governance can facilitate the energy transition and contribute to sustainable development. Theoretical Framework: This research draws on key theories in public governance and energy transition, focusing on regulatory mechanisms, stakeholder engagement, and the integration of renewable energy policies. Concepts from energy security and sustainable development underpin the analysis. Method: A comprehensive literature review and case study analysis were conducted. The study design includes an examination of regulatory and policy mechanisms, stakeholder involvement, and institutional structures across various regions. Data collection was based on case studies from different countries, analyzing the challenges and successes in renewable energy governance. Results and Discussion: The results revealed the critical role of policy coherence, long-term stability, and stakeholder engagement in the successful implementation of governance frameworks. Key challenges such as regulatory uncertainty, grid integration, and public acceptance were identified. The discussion contextualizes these findings within the theoretical framework, offering insights into the relationships between governance and energy policy outcomes. Research Implications: The study provides practical and theoretical implications for policymakers and energy practitioners. It underscores the need for coherent, stable, and inclusive governance frameworks that can address barriers and promote the integration of renewable energy into national energy systems. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by offering an in-depth analysis of governance frameworks and their role in the renewable energy transition. It highlights best practices and offers valuable lessons for stakeholders engaged in energy governance.

Knowledge co‐production praxis in sustainability science: Insights from three contexts

AbstractKnowledge co‐production is needed as never before to support social change in the face of climate, water, biodiversity, and other sustainability crises. Co‐production brings together diverse groups and their ways of knowing to generate new knowledges and practices that reconfigure or generate transformative social changes and that invite reflexivity. Within sustainability sciences, tensions exist between descriptive, analytical framings of co‐production used to interrogate knowledge‐power relations and instrumental or normative framings used to build such relations. The former has been criticised for being overly descriptive and difficult to translate into policy outcomes and the latter for failing to sufficiently interrogate power dynamics and for perpetuating existing inequities. As researchers, how are we to navigate this tension? Co‐production praxis involves reconfiguring knowledge‐power relations for just and transformative social changes. I suggest what is needed is a critical lens on those relations to underpin and guide feasible and action‐oriented processes and outcomes for such changes. In three ways, I present and reflect on co‐production contexts with different temporal, spatial and epistemological characteristics. These contexts are analysing historical co‐production of knowledge of coastal freshwater floodplain Country of the Northern Territory, facilitating the Kunwinjku Seasons calendar and enabling reflexive co‐production praxis with sustainability science researchers at a national science institution. I demonstrate the need within each context to weave analytical, practical, and reflexive work to reconfigure fairer societal outcomes and to pay greater attention to socio‐institutional changes arising from our engaged work.

Using the planning system to promote a healthier food environment: review of planning policies and appeal decisions in England for hot food takeaways

Local authorities are using their planning powers to manage hot food takeaways. The use of these powers is mediated by the Planning Inspectorate. A case-study approach was adopted to understand outcomes of takeaways policy and decision after the statutory policy examination and appeal stages. Eight case studies in England were selected and a documentary analysis was undertaken to determine how public health issues were considered by inspectors. The analysis identified challenges and strengths in inspectors’ approach and decisions. Understanding these factors can help the public health system navigate engagement with inspectors and secure successful outcomes when managing takeaways.

Can Autocracy Handle Climate Change?

ABSTRACT Existing literature on climate politics predominantly concentrates on democracies. However, there is a pressing need to examine how authoritarian regimes respond to climate change, given their growing impact on global carbon emissions and their populations’ acute climate vulnerability. Extant research often assumes that authoritarian regimes have inherent advantages in addressing climate change, leading to overly optimistic perspectives on their capabilities. This study highlights the necessity of qualifying those assumptions and evaluates the comparative advantages and disadvantages of autocracies relative to democracies throughout the policy process: policy formulation (or outputs), implementation, and outcomes. I argue that whereas climate-conscious autocracies may efficiently produce policy outputs based on scientific evidence, they often face more challenges related to information about local enforcement during implementation. This may result in greater hurdles than democracies, even with adequate state capacity and monitoring infrastructure. Furthermore, this analysis contends that a country’s developmental stage, rather than its regime type, is related more directly to the effectiveness of translating implementation efforts into tangible policy outcomes. Therefore, this article posits that the political science discourse, which often juxtaposes democracies with autocracies, should expand its scope to better understand how a country’s developmental level influences the success of its climate strategies.

The Role of the North-China Herald in the Anti-Tax Activities of British Businessmen in Shanghai, 1850-1854

Leveraging historical records from the North-China Herald alongside British Parliamentary archives and correspondence from key stakeholders, this article delves into the publication’s influence during the period of the “Shanghai Insurgents (1853-1855, i.e., from Qing Heen-Fung 3rd to 5th year).” Specifically, it investigates the North-China Herald’s involvement in the advocacy efforts of British merchants in Shanghai against taxation policies amid the backdrop of the conflict. Analysis reveals a notable shift: preceding the “Shanghai Insurgents,” British merchants voiced dissent against Qing government tax policies through the North-China Herald; post-war, the newspaper actively championed the grievances of British traders in Shanghai, amplifying their concerns through extensive coverage and commentary. Ultimately, the establishment of the “Office of Inspector of Chinese Customs” marked a significant triumph for the anti-tax activities led by British businessmen in Shanghai, with the North-China Herald in shaping public opinion and influencing policy outcomes.

OUTCOME MEASURES FOR CERVICOGENIC DIZZINESS: A META ANALYSIS.

Background: Cervicogenic dizziness (CGD) is a complex condition characterized by dizziness arising from cervical spine disorders. It affects approximately 40% of patients with chronic neck pain and can significantly impact daily activities, quality of life, and mental health. The involvement of cervical structure in vestibular function highlights the need for effective assessment tools. Outcome measures play a crucial role in diagnosing CGD, evaluating treatment effectiveness, and improving patient outcomes. This evolved, focusing on both subjective and objective assessments, including symptom questionnaires, functional scales, and vestibular function tests. Standardized outcome measures are essential for clinical making and guideline development. Objective: The objective of the study is to systematically evaluate and compare the reliability, validity and sensitivity data of various outcome measures of cervicogenic dizziness. Method: The systemic data were searched using PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, Science direct, PEDro, Cochrane library to identify studies published from the year 2001 up to 2023. Study selection is reported according to PRISMA guidelines. A total of 50 review articles were collected on outcome measures for Cervicogenic Dizziness (CGD). Data extraction included Research, Evidence based study, Literature, Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis articles. Result: This meta-analysis states that outcomes measures for Cervicogenic Dizziness (CGD) show a highly significant difference. Conclusion: After analysis of various articles, it was concluded that diagnosing patients with outcome measures for Cervicogenic Dizziness shows highly significant and improving health care efficiency. This study identified reliable and valid outcome measures for assessing Cervicogenic Dizziness (CGD). Implication: This study findings have significant implication for clinical practice, research, and policy, enhancing diagnosis, treatment and patient outcomes, standardized use of validated outcome measures will inform evidence – based guidelines for Cervicogenic Dizziness.