Policy-making Institutions Research Articles

Assessment of forest fragmentation and ecological dynamics in Western Himalayan Region over three decades (1990-2020).

A spatial assessment of temporal forest cover changes is essential for effective forest conservation and management practices. This study analyzes changes in forest cover and the evolution of forest spatial configuration using Landsat satellite imagery over the past three decades (1990-2020) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. To achieve the objectives, landscape metrics and forest fragmentation analyses were applied. Additionally, a pattern-based spatial analysis was conducted to examine forest cover changes in the study area. Overall, the forest cover change from 1990 to 2020 was 74 km2 (- 1.75%), with an average annual forest cover change rate of - 2.5 km2 (- 0.06%) for the entire study period. A gradual decline in forest cover was observed between 1990 and 2020, with the most significant decline of - 29.92 km2 from 2000 to 2010. The forest fragmentation analysis reveals that the core forest areas (> 500 acres) are increasingly being divided into smaller (< 250 acres) and medium-sized (250-500 acres) patches. Landscape metrics at the class level show that, with a few exceptions, the overall forests in AJK remain connected and aggregated. Based on forest cover and ecoregions in the region, the pattern-based spatial and dissimilarity analysis identifies forest hotspots (areas of gains or losses) and clusters. To conserve, restore, and monitor the forests in the study area, decision-making and policy-making institutions can establish conservation priorities. They can also implement a more robust incentive-based UN-REDD + mechanism. This would involve formulating management strategies aimed at curbing forest loss and reducing forest degradation.

How Authoritative Media and Personal Social Media Influence Policy Compliance Through Trust in Government and Risk Perception: Quantitative Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Previous studies on public compliance with policies during pandemics have primarily explained it from the perspectives of motivation theory, focusing on normative motivation (trust in policy-making institutions) and calculative motivation (fear of contracting the disease). However, the social amplification of a risk framework highlights that the media plays a key role in this process. This study aims to integrate the motivation theory of compliance behavior and the social amplification of risk framework to uncover the "black boxes" of the mechanisms by which normative motivation and calculative motivation influence public policy compliance behavior through the use of media. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a web-based survey of 2309 Chinese citizens from December 4, 2022, to March 21, 2023. We treated the public's policy compliance behavior during the pandemic as the dependent variable. Media use, specifically the use of authoritative media and "we-media," that is, personal social media accounts and media platforms operated by individuals, was set as the independent variable. Trust in government, representing normative motivation, and risk perception, representing calculative motivation, were included as mediating variables. A structural equation model was constructed and analyzed using Stata. First, the mediation effect of trust in government indicates that the use of authoritative media can enhance trust in government, which significantly increases individuals' policy compliance behavior (β coefficient=0.108, 95% CI 0.080-0.135; P<.001). Second, the mediation effect of risk perception shows that the use of we-media heightened individual risk perception, thereby significantly enhancing policy compliance behavior (β coefficient=0.012, 95% CI 0.002-0.021; P=.02). Third, the study revealed the "paradox of trust": the chain mediation effect in which authoritative media increased trust in government and reduced risk perception, ultimately decreasing policy compliance behavior (β coefficient=-0.005, 95% CI -0.009 to -0.001; P=.008). By combining the motivation theory of compliance behavior with the social amplification of risk framework in risk communication, we found that trust in government, as a normative motivation, operates through authoritative media, while risk perception, as a calculative motivation, promotes compliance behavior through we-media. In addition, in major crises, the public's use of authoritative media can lead to the paradox of trust: on the one hand, trust in the government increases policy compliance; on the other hand, this trust reduces risk perception, thereby decreasing compliance behavior. Authoritative institutions need to balance providing authoritative information with maintaining the public's risk perception.

Digital Innovation and Revolution in Financial Sector: The Role of Financial Products on Sustainable Performance under the Lens of Resource Based View

The United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to encourage and grow formalization of micro, small and medium sized enterprises through access to financial services. In the financial sector, digital innovation has made tremendous contributions, and financial products are important in the desire to achieve long term success. In this research, where the Resource Based View (RBV) is considered, it examines robo-advisors (RA) and fintech adoption (FA) as independent variables affecting sustainable performance (SP) with green finance used as the mediating variable. The study uses stratified random sampling to collect data from 302 people working in different financial institutions. The proposed model was assessed using Smart PLS. Results reveal a strong positive relationship between SP, FA and RA, evidencing their meaningfulness as strategic tools to enhance sustainability results. Moreover, the mediating role of GF underlines the significant role played by GF as a medium for raising the coherence of fintech and robo advisors in sustainable performance. It also confirms findings of new studies which demonstrate how green finance can change corporate sustainability priorities. These results can help policy makers in financial institutions, legislators and other stakeholders in system development in institutions and encourage the theoretical basis of RBV in the financial sector.

Implementing OBE to Innovate Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education

This project focuses on translating Outcome-Based Education (OBE) policy into learning design, execution, and assessment of learning outcomes in higher education entrepreneurial courses. Case study-based qualitative research is used in this study. Data were collected via extensive interviews with lecturers, students, and institutional policymakers, observation of entrepreneurship course learning, and assessment of Semester Learning Plan (SSP) and learning outcomes evaluation materials. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis to find patterns and correlations. The research shows that lecturers understand OBE principles and practises well enough to create learning outcomes, use experiential learning methods like business simulations and collaborative projects, and create relevant evaluation tools. This understanding helps lecturers integrate the OBE policy into the curriculum, improving student creativity, inventiveness, and problem-solving. This technique was successful, but institutional backing remains an issue. Limitations include limited resources, a need for creative evaluation tools, and poor instructor-student communication about OBE-based learning objectives. Students believe OBE-based learning is relevant to professional life, although the intensive exercises require better time management. This study improves theoretical comprehension of OBE policies in practice-oriented courses like entrepreneurship. This research emphasizes the need for continued lecturer training, a more detailed policy implementation guide, and additional resources to improve learning. The paper recommends more research on OBE policy's long-term effects on graduate quality and labor market alignment.

Policy Implementation During The Covid-19 Pandemic: HIV/AIDS Prevention And Control In The Special Region Of Yogyakarta (DIY)

This study aims to describe how the policies in handling and preventing HIV/AIDS by the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Government during the Covid-19 Pandemic, which later during the Covid-19 pandemic established several policies aimed at reducing the chain of transmission of the Covid-19 Virus . This research is a descriptive qualitative research. This study used primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from interviews, then secondary data was obtained from DIY Health Office documentation, media and research journals which can be used as support in this study. The analysis technique in this study was triangulation which was carried out to check the validity of the data obtained from the results of interviews with informants and the results of interviews with informants. The technique of analyzing data is supported by the N-Vivo 12 Plus application. Policy implementation is seen based on Communication, Resources, Disposition, Bureaucratic Structure. factors influencing policy implementation during the Covid-19 Pandemic were Communication with a value of 15%, Human Resources during the Covid-19 Pandemic with a value of 23%, Disposition 36%, and Bureaucratic Structure with a value of 24%. The research results show that the implementation of policies in achieving policy goals or solving the HIV-AIDS problem during the pandemic has not been fully achieved. based on the characteristics of the problem is not precise. From the point of view of policy-making institutions, HIV and AIDS prevention policies have been made by institutions that are competent in their fields that are in accordance with the character of the policy

Asylum Seekers Integration and Policies in Istanbul from The Perspective of Legal Sociology

Türkiye, a major destination for global migration, particularly due to its proximity to conflict regions and the European Union, attracts a diverse range of migrants. Many asylum seekers, particularly in Istanbul, are not temporary, preferring the city for its job opportunities, social diversity, and relative safety. Migration to Istanbul comes from the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, creating cultural clashes, identity loss, and political tensions. This study explores how well migrants integrate into society and assesses policy responses in İstanbul. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 Syrians about their integration, alongside consultations with 5 policy-making institutions to understand their strategies. Results show that Syrians have not fully integrated, often aiming to move to Europe, struggling with language, limited education access, and maintaining isolated communities. This study contributes to the sociology of law by analyzing migration through both legal and sociological lenses.

Diversity-responsive teacher educators in Flanders

ABSTRACT Higher education-based teacher educators are a unique group of practitioners: not only what they teach, but also how they teach is of instructional significance to students who want to become teachers themselves. Nonetheless, they are often overlooked in the research on inclusion, equity and social justice in education. This explorative study expands the knowledge base on teacher educators’ contribution to education that genuinely serves all students, here referred to as diversity-responsive education. Specifically, semi-structured interviews (n = 14) were conducted to pursue three objectives: (1) understanding perceptions of the concepts of diversity and approaching diversity; (2) mapping individual teacher educators’ practices to approach diversity; and (3) uncovering personal and contextual determinants for the implementation of diversity-responsive practices by teacher educators. Alongside its theoretical contribution, this study offers practical inspiration for practitioners, and both national and institutional policymakers operating in different regional contexts, guiding context-tailored professional development initiatives.

9.L. Round table: “What” and “How” for building competencies for effective policy making in and for public health

Abstract Policymakers operating within the field of public health must regularly draw on their skills or competencies to facilitate engagement in and between policy sectors and with the public, to navigate the larger landscape of public health institutions and governance levels across the policy cycle, to generate, understand, and apply evidence for decision making, as well as to negotiate the demands of diverse stakeholders. What exactly are the competencies needed and how can they be cultivated to enhance the collective capacity of policymaking institutions? The increasing strain placed on public health systems worldwide, owing specially to challenges in population ageing, the burden of non-communicable diseases, and the exigencies introduced by pandemics, environmental disasters, and geo-political instabilities push us to expand the scope of public health. A look to the policy environs and outcomes seen within and across countries demonstrates that the quality of policy is both highly variable and exceedingly subject to the quality of public health leadership itself. These developments shed light on the need for greater investment in the development of competencies needed by policymakers to engage in effective decision making on key issues impacting population health and the resilience of public health systems. This includes efforts to strengthen the abilities of policymakers to identify problems, recognize opportunities, and put forth solutions in line with robust data and evidence, principles of public health ethics, gaps and priorities in public health needs, and in accordance with financial and political realities. The proposed roundtable will examine the state-of-the-art on policymaking competencies in public health, and how to build them by examining the barriers and opportunities. The panel will convene leading experts in the field of public health research and practice to explore: 1) the conceptual definition of competencies for policymaking at different levels of governance and across the policy cycle; 2) the strengths and limits of competency frameworks and their utility in guiding assessment and training tools, as well as policy practice; 3) the challenges associated with developing, maintaining and transferring competencies in fast-changing, multi-level policy making environments; 4) the challenges for public health experts and institutions to be trusted advisors both by policy makers and other stakeholders and the population; and 5) the opportunities to harness the unexploited power of professional networks in some countries of Europe. Key messages • An enhanced research agenda and investment are needed for the development of competencies - individual and collective - for effective public health policy-making and stronger governance. • Innovative approaches to policy-making are needed, and this requires building competencies, including leadership, for addressing the complex nature of public health.

Unveiling the Layers of Faculty Burnout in Canadian Private Universities during the post-COVID Pandemic Period

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered the employment landscape, including educational institutions, creating long-term effects for college and university employees. One of the major implications of the pandemic is the systemic transformations in employment and organisational dynamics, that resulted in effects on working conditions and workplace responsibilities. Emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion accompanying these changes have heightened the risk of faculty burnout. This qualitative research, reports on the multifaceted phenomenon of faculty burnout within Canadian private universities amidst the post pandemic. A phenomenological approach was used to conduct indepth interviews with participants, resulting in narrative responses regarding experiential aspects of participants&amp;rsquo; workplaces, daily routines, social interactions, and perceptions of organisational support. Notable findings included burnout in eleven distinct categories: technology and tools, career development, intrinsic motivation, psychological factors, social worth, unmet individual expectations, mental and physical health, time constraints, task management, workload, and&amp;nbsp;professional role. The findings were categorized into three overall themes, including organisational factors, individual factors, and work-specific factors. A comprehensive conceptual model was developed to provide a snapshot of the value alignment of these factors to the overall concept of faculty burnout. The results highlight the significance of the intricate interplay of various elements contributing to burnout and offer significant insights into the lived experiences of faculty members within the context of burnout among Canadian private universities during and after the pandemic. The study informs academic researchers and institutional policymakers of the need for adaptable and responsive interventions to support the faculty, especially in the post-Covid context.

US Higher Education's Civic Responsibility to Educate for Informal Political Representation

AbstractIn this paper, Caitlin Murphy Brust and Hannah Widmaier begin with the assumption that highly selective institutions of higher education in the United States have a duty to promote civic equality. They employ Wendy Salkin's theory of informal political representation to examine how highly selective institutions should go about promoting civic equality. According to Salkin's theory, someone serves as an informal political representative (IPR) when they speak or act on behalf of others, without having been selected to do so via a systematized selection procedure. Brust and Widmaier argue that as part of their civic educational missions, highly selective institutions should educate their students for informal political representation, and this includes equipping students to (1) serve as effective IPRs, (2) be responsible audience members to others' informal political representation, and (3) deliberate carefully and with open‐mindedness about when they should or should not take on the role of IPR. Brust and Widmaier examine two types of injustice that students from marginalized communities face at highly selective institutions, and they explore how education for informal political representation might ameliorate those injustices. The authors conclude by offering some practical suggestions to institutional policymakers and educators.

The impact on organizational innovation and university performance: The mediating role on employee performance of private universities in Mogadishu

Scholarly research shows that in traditional business settings, organizational innovation and employee performance greatly improve the performance of universities. Globalization has caused major changes in the environment, creating many challenges that require new organizational approaches. The researchers wanted to explore whether this effect could also be found in the academic sector. Therefore, the main goal of this article was to conduct an empirical study to examine this issue. The study used a quantitative method, collecting data through an electronic structured questionnaire. A random sample of 120 academic staff from private universities in Mogadishu, Somalia, was selected for the survey. The data was analyzed using SPSS v23 software and SmartPLS 4. The results show a strong positive relationship between product innovation and both employee and university performance. Process innovation had a significant impact on university performance but negatively affected employee performance. Overall, the study found that employee performance negatively affected the relationship between organizational innovation and university performance. Despite its limitations, this study provides valuable insights for scholars, researchers, and policymakers in academic institutions.

Harnessing science and technology policy to drive innovation in India: A conversation with Dr. Parvinder Maini

MIT Science Policy Review spoke with Dr. Parvinder Maini about the role of science and technology (S&amp;T) policies in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in India. Dr. Maini is the Scientific Secretary at the Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor (PSA) to the Government of India. In her current role, Dr. Maini is responsible for enlarging the R&amp;D ecosystem in the country, formulating policies, and forging three-way industry-academia-government collaborations. A scientist-turned-policymaker, Dr. Maini has been instrumental in the launch of several critical national programs including the National Research Foundation and the National Deep Tech Policy among many others. An expert in meteorology and oceanography, Dr. Maini spent 20 years in the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) where she was instrumental in the development and implementation of statistical dynamical models for providing location-specific forecasts. She also spearheaded the Atmospheric Science and International Cooperation programs at MoES Headquarters. We spoke with Dr. Maini about how the Office of the PSA synergistically works with other governmental policymaking institutions to achieve India’s S&amp;T goals.

Can legislative majorities shape budgets? A comparative analysis of presidential systems in Latin America

AbstractIn separation of powers systems, in theory, legislative and executive branches must concur for policies to be enacted. However, empirical research, especially on Latin American cases, suggests that rather than reaching a compromise, it is common for the executive to make unilateral decisions, leaving the legislature marginalized in the policymaking process. Contrary to this trend, I argue that understanding important policy choices, including the national budget, requires considering the formal powers assigned to the president and the assembly, in interaction with their ideological divergence. Examining 12 presidential democracies for the past 20 years, I investigate the legislative majority's success in determining government expenditures under various policymaking institutions. I identify a number of institutional scenarios where legislative majorities are highly likely to succeed, while in other configurations, their success depends on their ideological divergence from the president.

The Role of State and National Institutional Evaluations in Fostering Collective Accountability Across the U.S. States

Theories of collective accountability in American elections center on the ability, and willingness, of voters to hold legislators accountable for the job performance of the president and his party in Congress. While this work finds that legislators pay an electoral penalty for low institutional approval ratings under their party’s control, little is known whether this form of collective accountability translates to the state legislative context. We argue that collective accountability in state legislative elections follows a two-tiered approach, with state legislators being held accountable for national and state policymaking institutions. Using new state-level measures of institutional approval for national and state institutions, along with voter-level data from the 2007–2020 Cooperative Election Study, we find that presidential approval is the principal growing motivator of state legislative partisan choice with other policymaking institutions playing a minimal role, at best. These findings suggest that the electoral fortune of state legislative candidates, and state parties, are largely and increasingly determined by national forces outside of the purview of state-level policymaking institutions.

Daily Prison Fiqh: A Practical Solution of Islamic Law to The Problems of Prisoners in Tembilahan, Riau

The article aimed to answer the daily fiqh problems of prisoners in Correctional Institutions (Lapas) class II Tembilahan. The fiqh problems related to Islamic law relating to individuals, relationships with God and prison society. The structured interviews with prisoners and the study of relevant documents were used to answer the research questions. This research uses a qualitative approach and literature by referring to classical and contemporary fiqh books. This research resulted in the findings of the formulation of daily fiqh of prisoners in Class II Tembilahan Correctional Institution, namely: First, related to fiqh laws that concern individual issues such as masturbation, tattoos, vital organs installed with roles to becoming prayer leader (imam), paying debts from drug money, anxious between farting or not at the time of bowing or prostration, the law of not providing maintenance for the wife for a long time, and apologizing to parents who have died. Secondly, there is the issue of fiqh rulings between the servant and Allah. In this case, one issue is the law of the zuhur prayer being performed before the Friday prayer. Third, issues related to relationships with society. In this case, there is one issue, namely maintaining tolerance for non-Muslims in prison. This research contributes to providing Islamic legal solutions to the daily problems of Muslim prisoners to continue to carry out religious obligations in correctional institutions and as a reference for policymakers in correctional institutions to continue to present legal benefits for Muslim prisoners.

Creating a bridge between ESG and firm's financial performance in Asian emerging markets: catalytic role of managerial ability and institutional quality

PurposeThe study is aimed at examining the impact of ESG on the financial performance (FP) of firms and determining the difference between the impact of ESG on market-oriented financial performance measure (Tobin’s Q) and internal productivity-based financial measure (ROA). The study has also explored the influence of managerial ability and institutional quality as moderating variables on the relation between ESG and the financial performance of firms (both measures of FP: Tobin’s Q and ROA).Design/methodology/approachThe study is quantitative exploratory and uses panel data of 687 publicly listed companies from the year 2013–2023. Data has been acquired from the reputed data providers and OLS regression has been used for panel data analysis with fixed effects.FindingsThe study reaffirms the positive impact of ESG on the financial performance of firms. Each pillar of ESG (environmental, social, and governance) has been found positively related to both measures of financial performance (Tobin’s Q and ROA). The study reveals that managerial ability and institutional quality, acting as supplementary variables, moderate the relationship between ESG and financial performance of firms.Research limitations/implicationsA limited sample comprising data from only 687 firms was used for the analysis. The latest data was not available, therefore, data from 2013 to 2023 was used in the study.Practical implicationsThis study indicates that ESG practices, which are mostly discretionary in Emerging Economies, can be induced through institutional pressures and ensuring higher quality managers. Policymakers in government institutions have to determine the inefficiencies, corrupt practices, and inconsistencies in policies that lower the effectiveness of institutions making them business-unfriendly. At the organizational level, policymakers need to ensure that responsible positions in the organization are held by managers with higher managerial ability. It is also to be ensured by shareholders that managers do not over-invest in ESG-related projects, particularly in organizations with weaker financial status. For managers, it is important to understand the positive benefits associated with ESG, even though they are in the long term.Social implicationsIn Emerging Economies, the official monitoring and regulatory mechanisms are weak, and lack a supportive attitude toward ESG initiatives. Voluntary and proactive firm-level environmental and social initiatives need to be encouraged and rewarded by institutions with public acknowledgment. ESG should be given priority by organizations for improving the quality of services and better social impact of businesses on society.Originality/valueMost of the past research explored the impact of ESG on financial performance in advanced countries or in emerging markets in a single/limited number of countries or industries. Also, past studies investigated the impact of institutional quality and managerial ability on ESG/financial performance in separate models. Conversely, this study has used a multi-country and multi-industry sample for more generalizable findings. Against the backdrop of the institutional environment of Emerging Economies, the study extends Institutional Theory and Upper Echelon Theory to include the role of managerial ability and institutional quality in the relationship between ESG and firms’ financial performance.

An activity theory inquiry into emotional vulnerability and professional identity construction of language teacher educators

ABSTRACT Despite the growth of research on language teachers’ emotion and professional identity in the past decades, little is known about the emotional life of language teacher educators (LTEs), much less about their emotional vulnerability. Accordingly, the present study drew on activity theory and explored 14 Iranian LTEs’ emotional vulnerability and professional identity construction. Drawing on data from narrative frames and semi-structured interviews, our study demonstrated how context created tensions that profoundly shaped the LTEs’ emotional vulnerability and identification processes. Specifically, we found that LTEs’ emotional vulnerability results from others’ malpractice and/or their own lack of autonomy, leading to further identity investment. Although they faced a myriad of challenges serving as sources of emotional and professional identity tensions, the LTEs adhered to ethics in maintaining their identity standards to positively contribute to teachers’ professional growth. We provide implications for institutional policymakers to better acknowledge the professional status of LTEs so that they become less emotionally vulnerable.

College Student Sex Work: A Qualitative Content Analysis of U.S. Higher Education Sex Work Policies

ABSTRACT Using content analysis methodology, we explore sex work policies at 255 U.S. colleges and universities as articulated in codes of student conduct to understand the potential impact of those policies on college student sex workers. The findings indicate U.S. colleges and universities largely do not articulate clear policies for students involved in sex work. However, many policies include language and framing that potentially governs some sex work. These articulations often rely on flattening differences in sex work, trafficking, and carceral logics, which result in misalignment between research, rhetoric, and policy at some institutions. Such ambiguities in institutional policy may result from the conflation of sex work with sex trafficking at the federal or state policy level. In addition to the marginalization imparted to student sex workers, unjustified exposure to stigma and shame on their respective college campuses negatively impacts students’ well-being. We recommend the current laissez-faire approach by institutional policymakers be replaced with a more intentional approach whereby the well-being of all students is maintained at its core and unclear policy language clarified.

Between Accountability and Reconciliation: The Making of “the Victim-Centered Approach” at the International Criminal Court

Abstract The International Criminal Court is the first international court to have incorporated the newly recognized right of victims to redress. However, there remains considerable skepticism about how the ICC and, more broadly, international criminal justice serve the purposes of victim redress. This article examines the development of the ICC’s reparations policy from the standpoint of how constitutive rules of international criminal justice have been changed. It illustrates how conflicting views regarding victim reparations have formed different preferences within the institution, even among the judiciary. Unlike existing studies that tend to regard the ICC as a monolithic law enforcement institution, this article demonstrates that the victim-centered approach to reparations at the ICC is a compromise between two models: an accountability model that tries to confine the scope of reparations within the clearly defined liability of the convicted person; and a reconciliation model that aims at reaching a large number of victims to facilitate the rehabilitation of the community. The finding has two implications. First, although the study reveals severe tensions between individual accountability and social reconciliation, the tensions can be reconciled through creative judgments. Second, related to the first implication, the ICC is not just a law enforcement institution, but also a policymaking institution, which has considerable leeway in designing reparations policy.

The role of human resources management in the development of total quality management in the public and private sectors in Jordan

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of human resources management (HRM) in the development of total quality management (TQM) in Jordan's public and private sectors. This study used a quantitative research technique to assess the study sample's characteristics and investigate the link between HRM practices and TQM in Jordan's public and private sectors. There were 235 Jordanians in the research sample who were used by the public and private sectors in the HRM department. . A simple random sampling method was applied to ensure that every participant had a similar chance of being included in the research. A questionnaire with elements relating to HRM practices and total quality management was used to collect data. The results indicate that human resources planning, training, and performance evaluation play significant roles in the development of TQM in both the public and private sectors in Jordan. However, organizational bonuses demonstrate a weak relationship with TQM. As a result, institutional policymakers may greatly benefit from HRM and TQM by achieving strategic objectives and enhancing overall performance. This entails creating standards for quality, identifying risks, streamlining processes and guaranteeing customer satisfaction. The study recommendations can be made based on the mutual relationship between HRM and TQM to improve integration and make the most of this relationship such as by developing integrated training programs and integrating individual goals with quality goals.