Policing Strategies Research Articles

Building Trust between Police and Community to Ensure Public Safety: The Case of Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia

The primary objective of this study is to identify the critical factors playing a significant role in the implementation of community policing, partnering the police and community to work together on the safety, peace, and security of the area. Six woredas located in the West Wollega Zone of Oromiya Regional State were selected after consulting the crime statistics and performance reports of community policing. Informants enrolled in interviews and filling out the questionnaires were selected purposely. Percentiles and thematic analysis were the procedures employed to give meaning to data generated in multiple ways. The findings show that community policing strategies are not helping the inhabitants to ensure peace and safety. It further indicated that a lack of trust between the police and the communities is one of the factors impeding the implementation. The community's conception of peace and leaving all the responsibilities of ensuring law, peace, and order to the police are part of the findings. On the one hand, the residential community views the police negatively and is unlikely to share the responsibilities for the area's safety and peace. It is thus keen to build trust between the police and the community to set up a partnership on solid ground to achieve the strategic emphasis of community policing. Key Terms: Crime Prevention, Community Policing, Community, Police, Peace, Security DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-22-03 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Social media use of the police in crisis situations: A mixed-method study on communication practices of the German police

Social media have become essential for crisis communication. While past research has focused on their role in corporate communication, studies largely ignored how public organizations use social media. Among these, the police are a particularly relevant case due to their responsibilities in society. Using a sequential mixed-methods design that combines qualitative interviews with an automated content analysis, this study analyzes how the German police use social media during community (e.g. mass shootings) and organizational-level crises (e.g. misdemeanors within the police). The results demonstrate that Twitter and Facebook are the primary platforms for crisis communication, with their unique affordances shaping the communicative styles of the police. We also find police communication strategies to differ between the two crisis types. During community-level crises, the main goal of the police is to provide information in a largely unidirectional manner, while communication during organizational-level crises is more dialogue-oriented to prevent reputational damage.

A meta-analysis of the impact of community policing on crime reduction

Over the last few decades, many studies have been conducted to understand whether community policing (CP) has an impact on reducing crime rates. Yet there is still substantial controversy surrounding the question of the impact of CP on crime rates. Despite the broad understanding of CP, various types of measurement of crime statistics have led research- ers to conduct meta-analyses of the phenomenon. This study combines two previous meta-analyses of CP and Turkish and English online searches. We used the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA 3.0) statistical program to calculate the effect sizes of previous studies. We employed odds ratio (OR) as the effect size, since it is one of the most appropriate methods for proportions. We found no evidence suggesting that CP has an impact on reducing disorders, drug sales, or property crime, but it does have an impact on reducing crimes such as burglary, gun use, drug use, Part I crimes, and robbery, as well as fear of crime. Depending on crime type, CP can be a promising policing strategy to reduce crimes. und a statistically significant, positive impact of CP, despite the limitations of including only Turkish- and English-language studies.

Need to go further: using INLA to discover limits and chances of burglaries’ spatiotemporal prediction in heterogeneous environments

Near-repeat victimization patterns have made predictive models for burglaries possible. While the models have been implemented in different countries, the results obtained have not always been in line with initial expectations; to the point where their real effectiveness has been called into question. The ability to predict crime to improve preventive policing strategies is still under study. This study aims to discover the limitations to and the success of the models that attempt to predict burglaries based on spatiotemporal patterns of the risk of break-ins spreading in geographic proximity to the initial break-ins. A spatiotemporal log-Gaussian Cox process is contemplated to model the generic near-repeat victimization scenario and adjusted using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) methodology. This approach is highly suitable for studying and describing the near-repeat phenomenon. However, predictions obtained with INLA are quite monotonous, of low variability and do not reproduce well the local and short-term dynamics of burglaries for predictive purposes. The conclusion is that predictive models cannot be restricted exclusively to distance decay risk, but they must be designed to detect other types of spatiotemporal patterns which, among other possibilities, open up the possibility of correlating distant events and clusters. Although other studies have already highlighted this problem, the proposal here is to go one step further and clearly extend the near-repeat spatial patterns to achieve better prediction results.

COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING AND PREVENTION OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES IN RWANDA: A CASE OF RUBAVU DISTRICT

The research project was conducted in Rubavu District under the topic of assessment of community oriented policing and homeland security in Rwanda, case study of Rubavu District. The general objectives the contribution of community oriented policing strategies on home Land security in Rubavu District. Specifically, the researcher assessed the to establish the contribution of community partnership on home land security in Rubavu District, to assess the contribution of training on home land security in Rubavu District and to find out the relationship between Decentralize decision making and home land security in Rubavu District. The research project employed a descriptive research design with a mixed approach including qualitative and quantitative with respondents of 100 participants. The analysis was done with IBM SPSS version 21.0. The questionnaire was the primary method of data collection. The results were presented in Tables. The findings demonstrated that males dominated the socio-demographic of respondents from Rubavu District; about age, the majority was in the range of adult’s persons between 36-65 years dominated the age, the majority of respondents was married. About education level of respondents, the majority of respondent has finished secondary school (A2) and. regarding the occupation, the majority is public servants. Regarding community partnership on homeland security in Rubavu District, the findings shown that there is effective collaboration with community night patrol to fight crimes (41%). The communities work with community security committee for problem solving (45%). The citizens of Rubavu District provide willingly, timely information to community security (39%). Furthermore, the population of Rubavu District willingly contributes to ensure homeland safety services in partnership with the private security companies (47%). Regarding community training on home land security in Rubavu, the findings indicated that community security committee willingly contributes to solve problem of security due to the training given (43%) to contribute on homeland security in Rubavu district. Particular training on community policing contribute to prevention of crimes and problem solving (41%), The officers willingly provide the training on engagement of community problem solving (49%) that training contribute to homeland security in Rubavu District and Private security companies contribute in the training of communities on measures of crimes prevention (32%) that training contribute to homeland security in Rubavu District. Regarding relationship between decentralize decision making and home land security in Rubavu District, the findings indicated that District security committee willingly be flexible to make decision when community-policing committee decided (45%). The local community Security Council willingly made decision about community security and approved (37%). Furthermore, the local communities decision about crimes and miss behavior is approved by district security council (36%) and the local community security committee and private security companies reporting suspicious behaviour to district security council(37%). The model summary results indicated that the independent variables explained 85.2 percent of the variation in community oriented policing strategies on home Land security in Rubavu District, as measured by an adjusted R2 of 85.2 percent, while other variables outside the model and the error term explained 4.8 percent. The correlation results indicated that there is high significant correlation between community partnership and community training with Pearson correlation equal to 0.265±0.001. The same way there is a correlation between community partnership and decentralization (decentralize decision-making) (0.513±0.000). There is a positive correlation between community training and decentralize decision-making (0.431±0.000). The researcher found that there was the contribution of community oriented policing strategies on home Land security in Rubavu District. In additional, a research recommended to mobilize more the youth to be involved in Security Council committee. For more enhancing to the Vigilantes to be given basic training on conduct of their operations and information management. Moreover, the local authorities should do the needful and sensitize the people on the need for homeland security if they are to participate in it fully.

Artificial intelligence – Based video traffic policing for next generation networks

The constant increase in users’ bandwidth needs, through a large variety of multimedia applications, creates the need for highly effective network traffic control. This need is imperative in wireless networks, where the available bandwidth is limited, but is very important for wired networks as well. In this work we focus on the problem of policing video traffic from sources encoded with H.264 and H.265, given that these are the major state-of-the-art standards currently in the market. Building on work that has shown that classic traffic policing schemes can lead to unnecessarily strict policing for conforming video sources, we propose the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) – based traffic policing schemes for video traffic. We conduct a performance evaluation of several AI – based schemes with the classic token bucket and we show that our proposed Frame Size Predictor and Policer scheme improve the performance of the classic token bucket by around 90% for conforming users, while providing only slightly worse policing results for non-conforming users.

The Effectiveness of Indonesian National Police Strategy in Cybercrime Eradication through ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC)

Cybercrime has increased along with digital growth in Indonesia in the last decade. There has been a heightened urgency among Indonesian government agencies to eradicate cybercrime. These efforts include a national cybersecurity strategy and taking part in regional cooperation, such as AMMTC. This paper examines the effectiveness of the Indonesian National Police (INP)’s strategy in AMMTC to combat the nation’s cybercrime. By looking at the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), this article elaborates on whether the INP’s approach effectively counters cybercrime in Indonesia. This study utilizes transnational crime, cybercrime, cooperative security, and regional organization concepts. It conducts a qualitative research method with a case study approach as a derivative and an analysis descriptive research type. With primary data in the form of interviews with two sources and secondary data that took various related sources, the research conducts triangulation of data. This study shows that although Indonesia was slower in handling cybercrime cases, the effectiveness of INP’s approach on a national and regional scale is starting to look up

The Effectiveness of Indonesian National Police Strategy in Cybercrime Eradication through ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC)

The Effectiveness of Indonesian National Police Strategy in Cybercrime Eradication through ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC)

An Improved Transition Probability Matrix for Crime Distribution Prediction.

The occurrence of crime has always been the main problem affecting urban public security and social security environment. Therefore, the prevention and control of crime is the focus of public security work. The traditional police strategy has poor timeliness and cannot respond and adjust in real time with the occurrence of criminal activities, and its deterrence and control of criminal activities are limited. To address the problem of low accuracy of existing crime distribution prediction models, an improved transition probability matrix for crime distribution prediction is proposed in this paper. Based on a large number of trajectory data of criminals, this paper quantitatively describes the temporal and spatial characteristics of crowd movement in different areas of the city by using the temporal and spatial transfer probability. Then, combining Markov chain and Bayes' theorem, the probability model of spatio-temporal transfer of criminal groups in regions is constructed. Finally, the model predicts the number of crimes in urban grid areas.

Police Activities and Community Views of Police in Crime Hot Spots

Evidence on how hot spot policing affects community members’ views of police is very limited and inconclusive. Scholars have thus called for further study of community attitudes in hot spots to guide police in the formulation of hot spot strategies—an issue that is especially salient given recent public controversy surrounding policing, particularly in the United States. Using survey responses collected in 2018 from more than 1,000 community members living or working in more than 100 hot spots across 2 mid-sized cities in the United States, this study examines how community members’ perceptions of police activities in hot spots relate to their wider attitudes about police. Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicate that community members in hot spots in both cities exhibit more positive attitudes towards police along several dimensions (e.g., trust and confidence in police, views of police legitimacy, and perceptions of police responsiveness and procedural justice) when they see more frequent patrol and when they see positive police-community interactions. They have more negative views of police when they witness higher levels of investigative and enforcement activity. The findings support hot spot policing strategies that emphasize regular, systematic patrol in hot spots, complemented by positive community engagement efforts and problem-solving work. In contrast, they imply that enhanced enforcement activity in hot spots should be used judiciously.

Exploring the Bedouin Syndrome in the Football Fan Culture: Addressing the Hooliganism Phenomena through Networks of Violent Behavior

The Bedouin syndrome represents social interactions based on four premises: a friend of my friend is my friend, a friend of my enemy is my enemy, an enemy of my friend is my enemy, and an enemy of my enemy is my friend. These extensive associations exist in many social and economic relationships, such as market competition, neighborhood relations, political behavior, student gangs, organized crime, and the violent behavior of sports spectators (hooliganism) worldwide. This work tests the Bedouin syndrome hypothesis considering the violent behavior in the football fan culture. We construct relational networks of social affinities to represent the social interactions of organized fan bases (Torcidas organizadas) involved in hooligan violence in Pernambuco, Brazil. Contrary to prior expectations, the results evidence no statistical support for the Bedouin syndrome in 13 of the 15 analyzed clubs. There is weak statistical support in two interactions and strong statistical support in one interaction to state that a friend of my enemy is my friend (instead of an enemy). The only support for the Bedouin syndrome is circumstantial based on a prior assumption of an alliance. We propose a network development that can be more suitable to represent football fans’ violent behavior. The results contribute to understanding the hooliganism social phenomenon in football-rooted cultures and their impact on public health, identifying potential determinants for organized violence by young spectators’ and supporting police strategies by defining relevance scores for the most potential clashes and coalitions of gangs.

Reducing agency and social costs by keeping kids in school and out of the justice system: A cost–benefit analysis of the Philadelphia Police School Diversion Program

Abstract Growing recognition of the school-to-prison pipeline and its associated detrimental effects has spurred efforts aimed at reducing the rate of school-based arrests across the United States. One such initiative, the Philadelphia Police School Diversion Program, has demonstrated promising findings related to reduced numbers of school-based arrests and improved school outcomes among youth. However, without information about the financial costs and benefits associated with program operation, stakeholders may be hesitant to implement similar programming in other localities. Therefore, we conducted a cost–benefit analysis of the Philadelphia Police School Diversion Program. Results indicated that this diversion program produced approximately $1.6 million in inflation-adjusted net benefit in its first year of operation and approximately $1.9 million in inflation-adjusted net benefit in its fifth year of operation. Findings may inform decisions about program replication in other jurisdictions where stakeholders seek alternative school policing strategies.

“The Right Kind of Crazy”: How Patrol Officers Police the Boundaries of Mental Illness through Hybridized Strategies

How to better police mental illness is an evergreen component of criminal justice reform agendas. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) has, like many departments, adopted specialized strategies designed to improve these encounters by tasking officers with both care and control responsibilities. These hybridized policing strategies are illustrative of a larger trend of managing social marginality through institutions that increasingly destabilize the penal/welfare state binary. This article draws from fieldwork with the LAPD to analyze how patrol officers construct the category of “mental illness” and deploy hybridized strategies. The analysis focuses on the inflection points that shape how a subject is categorized and the call’s disposal to understand how policing from the “murky middle” of state governance unfolds on the ground. Findings show how officers strategically invoke the pressure of time and the power of place to construct this category and deploy specialized resources when resolving trouble case, or “5149 and a half,” calls. Here, hybridized strategies function to manage social marginality through a governance of problem solving that appears uninterested in doing either care or control. The article concludes by reflecting on the project of hybridizing care and control to police mental illness specifically and social marginality more broadly.

Exploring police culture and reform strategies post charing cross: Insights from the literature

This paper examines cop culture and potential strategies for reform, following the publication of the Hotton Report at Charing Cross Police Station. This paper critically examines previous academic literature, to contribute to a highly topical matter. It also identifies strategies which have the potential to weaken an established and negative police culture, currently operating within the Metropolitan Police. Research findings within this paper, identify how cop culture remains a powerful mechanism within policing, acting as a barrier to reform. However, the findings also uncover that change is possible, through implementation of avenues involving education, increased diversity and transformational leadership.

Bayesian Geographic Profiling: A Fundamental Limitation

Geographic profiling is a criminal investigative technique that analyzes the locations of a crime series to determine the most probable area of offender residence. Police agencies employ the methodology for suspect prioritization and information management purposes in serial crime cases. Geoprofiles are probability maps generated by an algorithm that integrates distance decay functions originating from the point pattern of the connected crime sites. A more recent approach, known as empirical Bayes journey-to-crime estimation (or Bayesian geographic profiling), seeks to supplement these models with area-based historical offender and crime data. Spatial information from previous crime trips is used to calibrate analyses following the assumption that the unknown offender likely resides in the same neighborhood as past criminals who offended in the location of the new crime series. Inferring individual suspect rankings from historical area rankings, however, creates an ecological fallacy, and the greater the congruence between past offenders and future suspects, the more tautological the analysis. Although Bayesian models cannot be used to inform suspect prioritization—the main function of geographic profiling—the approach could have applicability for police strategies based on area prioritization. Surprisingly, this major limitation of the Bayes approach to geoprofiling has been ignored in the literature.

Policing gun crimes: A comprehensive review of strategies and effectiveness

This paper provides a comprehensive review of various studies of police initiatives and practices in dealing with gun crimes. It is aimed at developing a detailed as well as general understanding of different police strategies and their effectiveness in reducing gun crime. The results include two classifications, one on research designs and the other on various police strategies and their effectiveness. They suggest an expanded categorization of police strategies for addressing gun crimes from uniformed targeted patrols and focused deterrence to situational/routine activities and tech-driven law enforcement. Related issues and concerns including methodological flaws were also discussed.

Analyzing Police Communication Strategies for Preventing Teenage Drug Abuse in Simpang Kanan Subdistrict, Rokan Hilir Regency

This research delves into the efficacy of police communication strategies in combating drug abuse among teenagers in Simpang Kanan Subdistrict, situated within the Rokan Hilir Regency of Indonesia. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study navigates the intricate interplay of cultural dynamics, community engagement, and the effectiveness of varied communication channels employed by law enforcement agencies. Quantitative analysis unveils statistical trends in drug abuse prevalence among teenagers, shedding light on the impact of specific communication strategies. Concurrently, qualitative exploration delves into perceptions, experiences, and stakeholder feedback, offering depth to the understanding of the multifaceted issue. Findings underscore the strengths of community engagement initiatives and diverse communication channels, showcasing heightened awareness and positive behavioral shifts among teenagers. Yet, limitations such as data constraints, sampling intricacies, and resource limitations temper the comprehensiveness of the analysis. The implications drawn from this research advocate for tailored, culturally sensitive approaches, community-driven interventions, and continuous evaluation mechanisms in future policy changes. These insights transcend regional boundaries, offering a framework adaptable to analogous contexts worldwide. This research serves as a beacon, illuminating pathways toward combating teenage drug abuse.

Police Strategy In Establishing Anti-Corruption Attitudes In Communities In The Legal Territory Of The East Java Regional Police

Polri's strategy in shaping anti-corruption behavior in the community in the jurisdiction of the East Java Police: establishment of the Saber Extortion Task Force, synergizing 3 pillars, conducting anti-corruption character education in the school environment. Barriers to the National Police in shaping anti-corruption behavior in the community in the jurisdiction of the East Java Regional Police include: First, the absence of SOPs in the OTT activities of the Saber Pungli Task Force. Second, the lack of bhabinkamtibmas personnel. Third, the occurrence of the corona virus pandemic so that all face-to-face activities including seminars were also cancelled.

고령화사회의 농촌지역 범죄예방전략

Huh Koungmi(Keimyung University) The purpose of this study was to examine the crime prevention strategies developed and implemented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the United States in line with the aging and depopulation of rural areas, and to find ways to supplement and apply them to rural areas in Korea. As a crime prevention strategy in rural areas, the UN Secretariat for Drug Crimes presented local-based crime prevention strategies, life development crime prevention strategies, situational crime prevention strategies, and reintegration strategies as action strategies. In the case of the United States, the federal government, each state government, criminal justice agencies, including local police departments, and regional researchers developed various rural crime prevention strategies together, complementing each other and disseminating it. Representative rural crime prevention strategies include hotspot policing strategy, problemoriented policing, ACTION, Police-Mental Health Provider Co-Responder Model, outreach using social media, and support for criminal recovery through Offender Review Board. This study can be used as a security policy to promote the safety of rural residents, and is expected to trigger follow-up research in related fields.

Assembling Community Policing: Peacekeeping and the Ghana Police Service’s Transformation Agenda

This article shows how peacekeeping experiences manifest in the Ghana Police Service’s (GPS) community policing strategies and practices in often inconspicuous and individualized ways. Peacekeeping constitutes an important element of what the article refers to as the community policing assemblage. However, the article emphasises that the shape of the community policing assemblage is conditioned by a wide range of discourses and practices beyond peacekeeping. Global and national policies and strategies relating to policing, including the GPS’s own transformation agenda, local and individual interpretations and translations of peacekeeping experiences and what community policing means, all play into how the assemblage is formed. Thus, the article disentangles the effects of peacekeeping and puts it in the context of broader policing in Ghana, based on in-depth interviews and observations with police officers, mainly from the GPS’s community policing headquarters in Tesano, Accra. It concludes that while several studies have shown how peacekeeping has shaped Ghana’s security institutions and sense of role in the world, it has not been able to chip away at or counteract the deep and deepening control that security institutions in the country are subjected to by politicians. Arguing that the peacekeeping experience may have a profound transformative effect on individual police officers, yet little if any impact in terms of depoliticising the GPS and policing more broadly, is a less sweeping conclusion. However, suggesting that the effects of peacekeeping often are local and individualized, at times deeply embodied experiences, is also a more accurate conclusion empirically.