Policing Philosophy Research Articles

Hisbah as a Model of Community Policing in Nigeria

As a religious police, there is an ongoing debate on whether <i>Hisbah </i>can aligned itself to the philosophy of community policing that stressed the need for the uniformed officers to engage local citizens in law enforcement activities, which shall be accomplished through flexible hierarchies and protocols, with a view to address the root causes of neighborhood crimes and disorder. In view of the above, this paper examined the nature of <i>Hisbah </i>police work in the Moslem dominated northern Nigeria where it was established with a view to understand how the elements common to all community policing approaches are observed. It was established that community policing attributes including partnership, organizational transformation and problem solving are not only found in <i>Hisbah </i>policing, but also a prerequisite without which no <i>Hisbah </i>policing can take place. In fact, the study has established that <i>Hisbah </i>policing is another model of community policing, which was ignored by the academia and criminal justice commentators. The paper posited that in the <i>Hisbah </i>community policing model, there is always a constructive engagement of the citizens in the police enterprise, especially in addressing moral decadence which often give birth to crime and disorder in the community. Finally, the study has established that community policing has been recognized by and practiced in Islamic <i>sharia states</i>, which prompted the debate on whether the philosophy of community policing was copied from the <i>Hisbah </i>policing model, being the oldest (more than 1000 years old), or it was just a mere coincidence. The debate is opened for researchers to explore.

INTEGRATED PUBLIC SAFETY SERVICE CENTERS IN MATO GROSSO DO SUL: A SERVITIZATION PROPOSAL

This paper aims to analyze the concept of servitization and its application in the public sector, specifically in the area of ​​public safety. The objective is to demonstrate the potential benefits of implementing Integrated Public Safety Service Centers in Mato Grosso do Sul, applying the concept of servitization and the philosophy of Community Policing. The research uses a qualitative approach and describes the attributions of public safety agencies in the State, presents theoretical foundations on Community Policing and servitization, and presents examples of integrated public safety service in other states of Brazil and in Mato Grosso do Sul itself. The expected result is the proposal to implement a new model of public safety service provision in the State.

Community policing during the pandemic

ABSTRACT Community-oriented policing (COP) is a policing philosophy that focuses on the co-production of public safety by police officers and the community members they serve. This paper utilized the extreme context presented by the COVID−19 pandemic to test the theoretical assumptions on which COP is based. The data presented in this paper were collected from 32 community police officers (CPOs) from a Canadian police service who attended six focus group sessions during the fourth wave of the pandemic (July to November 2021). We summarize key findings and insights from these focus groups and provide insights relating to the underlying mechanisms essential to the delivery of effective COP programs. Future studies should continue to examine COP in diverse contexts to understand its benefits and challenges more fully.

Организационно-педагогические условия формирования нравственных ценностей у курсантов вузов МВД Республики Казахстан для профилактики коррупционного поведения

In the era of law enforcement reform, it is very important to pay close attention to the quality and content of the personal structures of graduates of departmental educational institutions. The basis of the philosophy of policing in Kazakhstan today is the idea of a helpful police officer who fully meets the needs of society and the requirements of the state. One of the main requirements for police in modern Kazakhstan is resistance to corruption. The author’s idea is that the formation of moral values in cadets during their training in a departmental university can become a qualitative basis for the prevention of corruption offences of police officers in the future. The author considers some shortcomings of departmental education that hinder the process of developing moral values, and describes the conditions under which this process can take place more effectively. In addition, the author describes a model for the formation of moral values in cadets, which can be used in the educational process of the university. In describing the model the author lists criteria and indicators that will help to assess the degree of formation of moral values in cadets and conduct qualitative monitoring of the results of the work on their formation.

Community Policing as a Philosophy: The Case of Pol-Der (Polis Derneği, Police Association) in Turkey

Abstract The police are different from the military and other security institutions as they hold stronger ties with society. This relationship has kept its significance throughout the history of police all around the world. Particularly starting with the 1970s, a new philosophy of policing termed ‘community policing’ or ‘community-oriented policing’ was born in consolidated Western democracies. Since the 1990s, this model has become a central model for police transformation, predominantly in developing countries. Later, this philosophy was imported to unconsolidated democracies of the Third World. This paper contends that Turkey is a compelling case for police studies as, a Turkish police association called Pol-Der was established in the 1970s and the members of Pol-Der, by declaring their ambition to become community’s police, brought forward the idea of community policing in a relatively early period of time. Despite the fact that previous research on Pol-Der discussed the political–ideological character of the organization, Pol-Der’s emphasis on community policing as a philosophy demonstrated an ambitious—but a failed—initiative to create a paradigmatic shift for policing models in Turkey.

Community policing as a partnership between the police and the community: a european experience

The article analyzes the concepts, philosophy, principles and basic forms of Community Policing as a model of interaction between the National Police of Ukraine and the population. A historical digression of the formation of the Community Policing strategy was made and it was proved that it was based on the implementation of the basic principles of modern police of Robert Peel, modified and tested in the law enforcement agencies of democracies. It is proposed to define Community Policing in the sense of a community-based approach to policing, which recognizes that effective policing depends on community assistance and support and is based on innovative collaboration between the police and the community to jointly identify and solve problems. facing the community. It has been proved that Community Policing, as a model of interaction between the police and the population, has its own philosophy and certain organizational principles. The purpose of realization of the Community Policing model is substantiated and defined and the expected results of its introduction in Ukraine are formulated. The most promising forms of interaction between the police and the population within the model are analyzed. Community Policing operating in Ukraine. The experience of European countries on the implementation of Community Policing and the possibility of its implementation in Ukraine is studied, the main legal acts regulating the functioning of the Community Policing model in Ukraine are analyzed.

Proactive Alliance: Combining policing and counselling psychology

The philosophy of community-oriented policing (COP) has been widely adopted by police departments around the world and has important benefits, such as improving community members’ satisfaction with police and their perceptions of police legitimacy. However, implementing COP is challenging. Police departments report difficulties obtaining the support of officers on the ground and knowing how best to engage communities—which often contain multiple, overlapping, and sometimes competing groups within the same geographic area—in effective problem-solving and crime prevention.
 This article describes Proactive Alliance, an innovative training program that draws from criminological theory andevidence-based principles in counselling psychology to teach police officers specific, immediately applicable techniques to establish rapport and long-term working relationships with community stakeholders. The training addresses two key challenges of COP: building meaningful collaboration across diverse communities and empowering frontline officers to become change agents in pursuit of the “co-production” of public safety. It builds on the original theory of broken windows policing, which emphasized the importance of harnessing police officers’ personalities to facilitate successful community engagement and crime prevention, and provides practical tools based on those used by mental health professionals to enable officers to engage in active listening, to connect, and to problem-solve with the community while protecting their own well-being. We conclude by describing the potential of Proactive Alliance to strengthen COP and evidence-based policing more broadly.

A Bird’s-Eye View from the Field—How a Police Experts Network Can Be an Important Link in Facilitating Sustainable Community-Oriented Policing in Post-Conflict Contexts

Police reform in post-conflict societies is increasingly important in international peace support operations. Post-conflict situations are complex, and addressing security and insecurity issues is therefore challenging. Evaluations, field reports and research have frequently highlighted challenges related to how assistance is provided in connection with police reform. A common finding in these evaluations is that police reform programmes without local ownership and community involvement and support have little chance of succeeding. Community-oriented policing (COP) has therefore become an important policing philosophy and strategy in this context. This paper addresses issues related to the challenges in implementation of police reform by exploring the perennial question of how police assistance can be better utilised in a sustainable manner in post-conflict contexts. The paper is divided in two sections. In the first, we identify some key challenges facing international police assistance. Here we discuss six main challenges grounded in secondary literature comprising academic research and police mission reports. In the next section using the example of a broadly based police experts network (PEN) established in connection with the EU-funded research project ‘Community-Based Policing and Post-Conflict Police Reform’, the paper discusses how such a network can play an important role in contributing to policy formation, education and training programme development for use in police reform projects. The creation of the e-handbook and e-learning shows the potential for such a network to work and contribute in a cross-disciplinary manner. Furthermore, we identify four key ways in which this type of network can contribute to improved international police assistance. The work is exploratory and contributes to understanding of the complexities of police assistance in post-conflict contexts.

A Bird’s-Eye View from the Field—How a Police Experts Network Can Be an Important Link in Facilitating Sustainable Community-Oriented Policing in Post-Conflict Contexts

Police reform in post-conflict societies is increasingly important in international peace support operations. Post-conflict situations are complex, and addressing security and insecurity issues is therefore challenging. Evaluations, field reports and research have frequently highlighted challenges related to how assistance is provided in connection with police reform. A common finding in these evaluations is that police reform programmes without local ownership and community involvement and support have little chance of succeeding. Community-oriented policing (COP) has therefore become an important policing philosophy and strategy in this context. This paper addresses issues related to the challenges in implementation of police reform by exploring the perennial question of how police assistance can be better utilised in a sustainable manner in post-conflict contexts. The paper is divided in two sections. In the first, we identify some key challenges facing international police assistance. Here we discuss six main challenges grounded in secondary literature comprising academic research and police mission reports. In the next section using the example of a broadly based police experts network (PEN) established in connection with the EU-funded research project ‘Community-Based Policing and Post-Conflict Police Reform’, the paper discusses how such a network can play an important role in contributing to policy formation, education and training programme development for use in police reform projects. The creation of the e-handbook and e-learning shows the potential for such a network to work and contribute in a cross-disciplinary manner. Furthermore, we identify four key ways in which this type of network can contribute to improved international police assistance. The work is exploratory and contributes to understanding of the complexities of police assistance in post-conflict contexts.

A Convention Out of the Blue: Implementing Community Policing over the Long Term

Community policing became popular in Canada in the 1990s. This longitudinal case study explores its implementation in a Quebec police force. It sheds light on challenges involved in implementing and sustaining reforms in public organizations. Looked at through the lens of convention theory, implementation is seen to produce a community policing convention which paradoxically contributes to its marginalization, and to ambiguity around the community policing philosophy and practices. This led to persistent misunderstanding of the model and mixed interest among police officers. These findings are relevant to public organization managers in multiple sectors interested in implementing reforms.

Emergent Dimensions of Community-Oriented Policing

Community-oriented policing (COP) is arguably the most popular and most misunderstood policing philosophy. Definitional ambiguity contributes to this problem, hampering theoretical development, creative new strategies of implementation, and evidence-based policy. DiMaggio and Powell’s seminal piece on institutional isomorphism provides a framework for understanding the organizational vagueness of COP, including the processes of homogenization of priorities and structures across police organizations. We propose several new dimensions of COP, developed using police mission statements from a nationally representative sample of law enforcement agencies ( N = 2,826). These emergent dimensions (Shallow Community-Oriented Policing, Responsivity, Legitimacy, Constitutionality, and Inclusivity) provide new avenues of theoretical consideration of the COP construct. Exploring these novel elements may strengthen existing community-oriented strategies and encourage creative policy suggestions.

정책사상의 이론적 기초로서 인간의 이해

정책(학)의 본질에 관한 철학적 사고를 정책이론으로 체계화하는 정책사상에서 인간의 이해는 아직까지 초보적인 수준이다. 따라서 비교적 짧은 정책학의 학문적 역사뿐만 아니라 행태과학 중심의 정책학이 발전되면서 정책사상과 그의 기초이론인 인간의 이해 등이 소홀히 취급된 것은 사실이다. 그러나 21세기에 오면서 정책사상에서 인간을 설명하는 연구들이 진행되기 시작했다. 이와 같은 하나의 연구로서 본 논문은 정책사상에서 인간을 정책인으로 이해하기 위해서 우선적으로 인간을 개념적으로 정의한 것부터 검토해 보았다. 그리고 인간을 이해하는 대표적인 인류학적 인간학에서 인간을 생물학적 인간과 철학적 인간으로 구분해서 설명하는 것을 비판적 입장에서 정리하였다. 마지막으로 인간과 비인간과의 상호관계에서 설명하는 인간의 이해의 논쟁도 찾아보았다. 이에 따라서 정책사상에서 정책인의 존재는 정책세계에서 중심자의 역할을 하면서 정책의 세계를 독점적으로 지배하고 운영하는 인간이지만, 만물의 영장으로서 사물을 착취하거나 지배하는 인간이 아니라 정책의 주재자로서 독점적으로 정책을 결정하고 실천하는 인간이라고 가정해 보았다. 동시에 독점적으로 정책을 지배하고 관리할 수 있는 수월적 정책능력을 소유하면서 정책대상자나 사물의 존재의 가치를 높이기 위해서 그들의 결정과 판단에 개입하고 간섭하는 정책인으로 그의 존재를 이해해 보았다.

Trust Through Intelligence?

It would be understandable to view community policing and counter-terrorism policing as two distinct concepts which are intrinsically situated at opposites poles in the world of policing. While one invokes cultures such as transparency, public engagement and visibility, the other is traditionally considered as a series of clandestine operations more akin to the intelligence-led policing model. This paper will argue that the two policing strategies are in fact compatible. With a shift in the nature of terrorism itself apparent, the contemporary lone wolf attacker is not only a deadly threat, but one which is incredibly difficult to detect using methods such as background checks and covert investigation. This is due to a lack of communication and/or physical ties between attackers, a high level of isolation stemming from affinity to extremist ideologies, combined with self-struggle and anger. In order to combat prospective attacks, effective preventative measures must be implemented in both geographical and social spaces. Such measures warrant the implementation of community policing philosophies which can help establish trust and promote co-operation, leading to accurate, reliable community intelligence, as well as reassurance and security for the members of the community itself.

Community Policing: An approach for Countering Youth Radicalization in Eastleigh Area of Nairobi County

Community policing approaches have been used successfully to prevent crime, reduce the fear of crime, and improve public safety. A raging debate, however, is emerging as to whether this approach can be used with equal effectiveness in the prevention of terrorism. Over the last sixteen years, Kenya has tried several approaches to “the war against terrorism.” However, none of the approaches has succeeded in stamping out terrorism. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to find out ways in which the philosophy of community policing could be modelled to fit a citizen based-counter terrorism strategy. The study established that community policing principles can be used to create sustainable partnerships between law enforcement agencies and residents, thus facilitating the identification of root causes of youth radicalization. Training of police officers on community policing principles and trends in youth radicalization was strongly recommended. Further, police officers should invest more in trust-building initiatives in establishing a joint early warning system with the local communities they serve. The study further recommends an intensive public awareness campaign on the nature, indicators, and symptoms of youth radicalization within Eastleigh and the country at large.

Exploring the Duration of Police–Citizen Encounters

Abstract Modern policing policy and practices emphasize the philosophy of community-oriented policing and the principles of procedural justice to improve police–community relations. Using this theoretical framework, this study examines the duration of police–citizen encounters involving domestic and non-domestic conflicts. A sample of 262 encounters from the systematic social observations in Cincinnati was analysed. The multivariate models show that officers spent less time interacting with the citizens in the lower social class and spent more time on the encounters involving assaults. Community policing specialists spent more time interacting with citizens. Considering citizens’ voice is also associated with longer duration. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Small Police Agency Use of Social Media: Positive and Negative Outcomes Noted in a Case Study

AbstractMany studies on police use of social media focus on large police agencies. The current case study investigates how a rather small police agency has attracted broad attention on ‘Facebook’. By selecting a relatively small police agency that received a great many Facebook ‘likes’, the study investigates two social media-centered questions: (1) What are this police agency’s strategies of engaging so many citizens on Facebook? and (2) what are potential risks related to these strategies? Findings suggest that two major strategies were used to achieve such uncommon ‘subscriber success’ on Facebook: (1) maintaining the department’s Facebook page as a personal account page directed towards a Chief’s or Sheriff’s own philosophy of policing and (2) writing Facebook posts in a folksy vernacular featuring slang terms and relating humorous (often suspect deprecating) stories using such language. The current study proposes that law enforcement agencies may use informal communication to engage citizens, but they also need a formal team to give consistency and avoid dependency on a single person regarding managing their Facebook accounts. Burgoon’s (1978) expectancy violations theory is used to help explain both the positive and negative outcomes noted in the current study. The principal public policy implications regarding social media use by police agencies are discussed, along with implications for further research.

Institutional Incentives and Community Policing

What institutional features encourage community policing? Many police departments across the US have attempted to implement a community-oriented policing philosophy. The stated goals are to build greater trust between the police and the community, maintain order and quality of life, and solve problems that contribute to crime and fear of crime. However, researchers have noted how most, if not all, departments attempting to implement community-oriented policing have fallen short in successfully adopting the recommended reforms. This paper argues that the institutional setting in which public policing operates leads to this result. By contrast, the institutional features of private policing make its operation more conducive to achieving the goals of community-oriented policing. These institutional differences include whether economic calculation is possible, the domain that is policed, and the authority upon which rules are enforced.

EVALUATION OF THE PROCESS OF DECENTRALIZATION OF THE WORK ORGANIZATION OF THE POLICE IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHY COMMUNITY POLICING

The author attempts to evaluate the process of decentralization of Police work against the background of the Community Policing philosophy. The essence of this philosophy was presented and then the processes of liquidation and reactivation of Police stations in Poland were characterized. The basic thing is to point out the premises that indicate the legitimacy of establishing police stations and their further functioning.

Community policing and intelligence-led policing

PurposeDespite increased scholarly inquiry regarding intelligence-led policing (ILP) and popularity among law enforcement agencies around the globe, ambiguity remains regarding the conceptual foundation and appropriate measurement of ILP. Although most scholars agree that ILP is indeed a unique policing philosophy, there is less consensus regarding the relationship between ILP and the ever-present model of community-oriented policing (COP). Consequently, there is a clear need to study the empirical distinctions and overlaps in these policing philosophies as implemented by US law enforcement agencies. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachData were gleaned from the 2007 LEMAS and 2009 NIJ Intelligence surveys. A total of 227 unique police agencies in the USA are included. A series of bivariate, exploratory factor analyses and structural models are used to determine discriminatory or convergent validity across COP and ILP constructs.FindingsThe goal was to answer the question: are these two policing philosophies are being implemented as separate and distinct strategies? Results of our exploratory and structural models indicate that COP and ILP loaded on unique latent constructs. This affirms the results of the bivariate correlations, and indicates that COP and ILP have discriminant measurement validity. In other words, COP and ILP are conceptually distinct, even when implemented in police departments across the USA. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.Originality/valueThis is the first study to empirically test the discriminant or convergent validity of COP and ILP.

The State of Public Security in the Reorganised Communes of the Province of Masovia After the Restoration of Police Stations

In the article one can find an analysis of the state of security in respect of the reorganised communes of the Province of Masovia province after the restoration of the police stations. The restoration of police stations is a switch towards a creative model of Policing bringing it closer to the problems of society. It is the model of functioning of the Police based on the philosophy of community policing. Therefore, the article is also an attempt to address the question as to whether the solutions applied have proved to be effective. During the period 2010–2013 in the area of the Masovian garrison 70 police stations were decommissioned in 70 communes. As a consequence of extensive public consultations and as a result of an analysis of recommendations reported concerning reconstruction of Police structures in communes, it was decided to create 9 police stations in the years 2016–2017. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the police stations created, the data analysed referred to the number of investigated crimes, the crime detection rate, the number of police officers in the patrol service and a response time in the supervised area. The statistical data dating from 2013–2016, so from the time when in the area of aforementioned communes police stations did not exist and from the first half-year of 2017 when police stations were functioning again, have been correlated and analysed. The analyses revealed that the state of security has improved. It has been demonstrated that the structural changes implemented in the functioning of Police are very effective in the communes researched. The improvement in the statistical data is not the only positive result of the changes. The most significant improvement is the increased sense of security among the local residents who have an easier access to Police.