Police Organizations Research Articles

Role of Women in Police Organization BY IJISRT

The place of women in police organizations has changed significantly throughout time, breaking down gender stereotypes and changing law enforcement procedures all around the world. Women in law enforcement have a critical role in improving accountability and reducing the number of incidents involving the excessive use of force or other misbehavior. Their varied experiences and viewpoints aid in the creation and execution of more thorough policies, guaranteeing more openness and moral standards. Women in law enforcement are creating good change and serving as an inspiration to the next generation of officers, redefining the landscape of police. This article discusses the many ways that women have impacted police organizations, emphasizing how vital they are to fostering diversity, improving relationships, and advancing organizational success. Also it talks about the contribution of women, challenges face by them in the organization.

Barriers and bridges: Exploring the introduction of meditation and mindfulness training into Canadian policing

Canadian police organizations are under significant pressure to enhance the health and wellness of their employees. Growing research suggests that training in meditation and mindfulness can contribute to the well-being of police personnel and may even be a catalyst for police reform. Limited research, however, has been conducted that seeks to understand how these practices should be introduced into Canadian police organizations. This article contributes to this understanding by sharing results from an exploratory study that asked 11 Commissioned Officers, who regularly practice meditation, to identify the key factors that should be considered when introducing mindfulness practice into their large Canadian police service. Using semi-structured interviews and focus groups, and guided by a reflexive thematic analysis approach, six themes were developed. These can be viewed as both barriers (invincibility and stigma; overworked and overstressed; and checkbox cynicism) and bridges (credible champions; the whole person perspective; and the philosophy of servant leadership) to the successful introduction of meditation and mindfulness practices into Canadian police organizations. This study advances the literature on introducing mindfulness to policing as it is one of the first to focus on the perceptions of mindfulness practicing Commissioned Police Officers. It also offers practical suggestions for police leaders, and leaders from other public safety professions, to consider when contemplating the introduction of these mental practices into their organizations.

스웨덴 경찰의 부패통제 시스템에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the feature and implication of the control system of sweden police. The characteristic of the Swedish police's corruption control system is the balance between internal and external control devices. To summarize, first, A committee-centered decision-making structure prevents centralization of authority. Second, the Special Investigation Department of the National Police Agency maintains its fairness by appointing the head of the Swedish Prime Minister, ensuring independence of work, and exercising special authority to investigate corruption in specific public officials, including police officials. Third, Separate Public Prosecution Office and the National Anti-Corruption Unit are placed directly under the Minister of Justice and have the authority to investigate and prosecute corruption cases of specific public officials, including police officials. In particular, Separate Public Prosecution Office independently exercises the authority to investigate the legitimacy of police use of weapons. Fourth, prevent corruption of public funds by reviewing in advance the appropriateness of police budget use. Fifth, all decision-making processes related to police work and the exercise of police power are disclosed to the public. Sixth. It has a recruitment structure that hires qualified people with the character and ethics of a police officer. In addition, efforts are made to exclude corruption cartels and a culture of silence in police organizations by providing strong identity protection for whistle blowers.

Discretionary policing: following religious beliefs or operational guidelines, decision-making, and citizen engagement

In an Australian context, there is little research which examines whether officers following a religion will place religious ideologies beyond professional guidelines and whether there are differences between religious and non-religious officers regarding decision-making and use of discretion. This raises questions about how religious and non-religious officers will engage with citizens whose identities may be similar to, or different from the responding officer, and, whether the citizen’s identity challenges an officer’s religious ideologies; thereby shaping police-citizen interaction. Whether religious or non-religious police officers are more likely to police equitably is an area of research that needs systematic enquiry; especially given that officers who are religious could apply discretional policing when adhering to religious beliefs or practices during decision-making, and, conversely, officers who are non-religious, could apply discretional adherence to organizational rules, regulations, and police training. As such, this preliminary, exploratory study sought to address this gap in knowledge. Analyzing data collected from a sample of officers (N = 1425) working in one Australian police organization, this study provides insight into how religious or non-religious beliefs shapes officers’ discretional decision-making, and citizen engagement.

The challenges of community policing in maintaining community security: the case of Harar City, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The adoption of community policing was expected to bring a paradigm shift in preventing crime and disorder. However, regardless of the practice of community policing as a strategy to maintain public security, the programme faces several challenges that hinder its proper implementation. The purpose of this article is to examine the challenges of community policing implementation in Harar City, Ethiopia. This article employed a qualitative research approach with a grounded theory design. The article used both primary and secondary data sources and the study participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using key informant interviewees, focus group discussions, non-participant observation, and document analysis. The thematic analysis method was applied during the data analysis process. The study revealed that conceptual and practical, institutional, infrastructural challenges and political constraints derived from the community, the police organisation, and the government agencies limit the successful practices of community policing for maintaining public security in the study area. It is, therefore, recommended that the community, police organisation, government agencies, and other stakeholders have to coordinate and collaborate to alleviate or at least minimise the challenges of community-based policing in Harar City.

Psychosocial risks and their consequences on health and job satisfaction among Spanish police officers.

Police officers are exposed to risk and violence, which makes their work highly stressful. According to the Job Demand-Resource model, the working conditions of police officers may affect their health and job satisfaction. The aims of this research were to evaluate the psychosocial factors at work in a sample of municipal police officers from the Valencian Community (Spain) to identify the prevalence of psychosocial risks and their consequences and analyse the influence of psychosocial factors (resource and demands) at work on job satisfaction and health. The Unidad de Investigación Psicosocial de la Conducta Organizacional (UNIPSICO) battery was used to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of different levels of risk and their consequences in police officers (n=103). The influence of psychosocial factors (resource and demands) at work on psychosomatic disorders and job satisfaction was examined using stepwise regression analysis. All considered variables showed moderate levels of psychosocial risk for the whole sample. As for the consequences of psychosocial risks, moderate levels of psychosomatic disorders and job satisfaction were also observed. Perceived stress levels and organizational stressors have a negative effect on health and job satisfaction. To create positive conditions for the health and well-being of police officers, real commitment is required when evaluating psychosocial risks in local police organizations and the establishment of prevention and intervention measures where psychosocial risk factors are detected.

Implementasi Metode Simple Additive Weighting pada Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penilaian Kinerja Pegawai di Puslitbang Polri

The National Police Research and Development Center (Puslitbang Polri) is a police institution that operates in the field of research, especially those related to the performance of police and community organizations. Supporting elements in the fields of research, study, implementation and development at the National Police Headquarters level which is under the National Police Chief. In the development process, competent and always motivated Human Resources (HR) are needed, one solution is to create a computerized system to increase employee motivation, namely the best employee assessment decision support system. The process of evaluating the best employees at the National Police Research and Development Center is still carried out conventionally so it is less objective and effective. To overcome this problem, a good system is needed. The aim of this research is to make an assessment of the best employees at the National Police Research and Development Center, because there is no system that can help the Head of the National Police Research and Development Center and the Head of the Human Resources Subdivision to determine the best employee assessment. This research aims to find out the best employees using data from 8 employees at the National Police Research and Development Center. The method used is Simple Addtive Weighting (SAW) with 4 attributes. The results of the research were that 1 was selected as the best employee and received a salary bonus.

Whistleblowing Decisions by Police Officers

Police organizations are moral battlefields. Blowing the whistle on misconduct is one domain of moral contestation. Yet whistleblowing by police officers is important to ensure accountability, prevent threats to the rule of law, and avoid police capture by organized crime. In this study, we draw on a survey of 975 police officers in Himachal Pradesh, India, to investigate whistleblowing decisions and to account for these decisions. We found that officers imagined themselves blowing the whistle on the planting of evidence on criminal suspects but less so when colleagues used violence against suspects. Perceptions of organizational justice, the strength of bonds between officers, perceived audience legitimacy, and police effectiveness influenced the whistleblowing decisions of the officers.

Police Organisational Behaviour and the Trend of Criminal Activities in Rivers State Nigeria

This study was carried out to investigate the extent to which the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) organizational behavior has reduced the trend of criminal activities in Rivers State. A descriptive survey research method of correlational research design was employed in this study to provide detailed investigation of the procedure used to establish the relationship between the Nigeria police force organizational behavior and the trend of criminal activities in Rivers State. The population of the study was 193,392,500 persons consisting of residents drawn from the cities and rural communities in Rivers State. A sample size of 400 respondents was determined, using Taro Yamene’s sample size techniques at 0.5 percent level of significance. A purposive sampling technique was adopted using a considerable percentage representation approach to ensure effective selection of the representative sample elements of the population from respondents who have adequate knowledge of the study under investigation. A structured instrument for data collection containing twenty (20) item questions was used for the study. The face and content validation of the instrument was obtained through the judgment of experts. A test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument and a reliability index of .83 was obtained. The data collected were analyzed using the descriptive statistics involving the mean score test and the percentage test method to answer the research questions, while the Z-score test of the inferential statistics method was used to test the hypothesized variables at .05 level of significance. The results obtained revealed that “Nigeria Police Force organizational behavior does not significantly reduce the trend of criminal activities in Rivers State.” The implication of the finding is that the discovered weakness of the Nigeria police force organizational behavior is that it lacks the needed proactive ethical improvement value to carry out its responsible assignments as an organization. Consequently, increasing the level of police compromise with many related criminal activities is considered mephitic enough to uplift or expand the trend of criminal activities in the state if more punitive measures are not employed by the government. It was therefore advisable that the federal government should employ legal assessor that will be used to form “Police Behavioral Monitoring Task Force (PBMT)” in every local government areas to oversee or monitor unethical and irresponsible behaviors of the Nigeria police officers in each state to curtail or curb police dysfunctional involvement in criminal related practices.

JOINT INTEROPERABILITY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC COORDINATION GROUPS

On November 14, 2023, Director General Liam Price, International Special Services, International Policing, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), presented Joint Interoperability and the Importance of Strategic Coordination Groups for this year’s West Coast Security Conference. The key points discussed were that the nature of criminality is evolving to increasingly encompass cross-border, technologically adept, and highly adaptable strategies, and policing organizations must advance and expand their tactics and training to create effective solutions. This involves creating common legal frameworks, emphasizing shared policing values and enhancing information sharing capabilities.
 
 Received: 12-18-2023
 Revised: 01-26-2024

Stop, in the Name of Law!: The Restructuring of Police Force in the Early Republican Turkey

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyse the strategic decisions made by the foundational cadre during the establishment of homeland security in the early years of the Turkish Republic and their consequential impact on the institutional capacities of the state’s coercive apparatus. To achieve this objective, this article primarily focuses on the evolutionary trajectory of homeland security institutions during the final stages of the Ottoman Empire and the founding period of the Turkish Republic. A central thesis posited herein contends that political considerations were the driving force behind the establishment of police organizations and the subsequent professionalization of policing, particularly since the 1930s. This study also elucidates the political directives issued to the police organization by the government, the successive phases of police training, and the legal framework governing the restructuring of the police institution.

Nails as optimal source of DNA for molecular identification of 5 decomposed bodies recovered from seawater: from Y-ancestry to personal identification.

Molecular identification of extremely compromised human remains in forensic field is usually performed from DNA typing of bones, which are a difficult sample to work with. Moreover, autosomal STR profiles do not always result in the identification of the donor due to lack of comparisons or non-hit throughout database searching. An attempt to overcome these issues is represented by fingernails as an alternative DNA source and Y-STRs typing to infer both geographical and familial ancestry of the unknown donor. In this study, we analyzed both 24 autosomal and 27 Y-chromosome STRs from unidentified human remains (UHRs) of five males recovered from the water near the southwestern coast of Sardinia by the Italian Harbor Master's Office. Nail clippings provided an optimal source of autologous DNA for molecular identification in a very short time, producing complete autosomal and Y-STR profiles even under conditions of high body degradation. Unfortunately, no match neither compatibility occurred using autosomal STRs (aSTRs), initially. Upon analyzing the Y-haplotypes, we found out they had already been observed in northern Africa, providing us important investigative leads. This prompted the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) to provide us with references of alleged relatives that were then confirmed to be related. The use of fingernails represents an excellent DNA source especially for genetic identification of decomposed bodies recovered in seawater environment. Notably, DNA extracted from nails gave high-quality Y-STR haplotypes by which predicting paternal ancestry of the unidentified donors may result fundamental in the forensic investigative context.

Coping Strategies and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Study of Spouses of Men with Heavy Drinking in India

Background. Despite the high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in India (33%), there are persistently low rates of disclosure and help-seeking amongst survivors. The aim of this study was to explore both coping strategies employed by survivors and the perceived barriers and facilitators to seeking support from informal and formal resource networks. Methods. We conducted semistructured, in-depth qualitative interviews with thirty-five women survivors of IPV in Goa, India, in secure, private locations, utilizing flipcharts and vignettes to elicit deeper insights into efficacies of support resources. The data were transcribed, translated, and analyzed utilizing qualitative content analysis. Results. The most common coping mechanisms cited by survivors involved passive resistance, such as self-distraction, keeping quiet during violent outbursts, and leaving the home temporarily. Generally, survivors sought support from informal support networks (the natal family, in-laws, neighbors/community members, and close friends) before approaching formal support structures (medical/legal professionals, professors, police, and nongovernment organizations). In fact, informal structures were often facilitators of formal help-seeking. Survivors sought help at various stages of their marital relationship. Primary deterrents to help-seeking included the normalization of IPV by survivors and providers alike, resulting in the stigmatization of disclosing experiences of IPV and ostracism of survivors and close relatives; another barrier was a general lack of awareness of existing support resources. Conclusion. Our findings reveal that there are numerous barriers to help-seeking and shortcomings of support resources. Survivors’ evaluations of support resources reveal that robust, community-level, and meso-level structural changes are required to promote help-seeking behaviors, including the destigmatization of IPV amongst providers and broader society and raising awareness of available support resources.

Investigating methods of sharing data between police, health, education, and social services: Semi-structured interviews with police service areas in Wales

The Crime and Disorder Act (1998) requires the police, local authorities, NHS, and other organisations to share intelligence and collectively work to reduce violent crime. This paper aimed to explore opinions on linking police data with other agency data. Interviews were undertaken with individuals from police forces in Wales, UK. Barriers to sharing data with other organisations involve differences in the systems used to store police data and uncertainties around what is allowed to be shared. Overcoming barriers would allow data linkage across organisations leading to deeper insights into the causes of violence, and therefore intelligence that supports crime prevention. Background The Crime and Disorder Act of 1998 requires the police, local authorities, the NHS, and other organisations to work together on collective approaches to reduce crime and to analyse shared data to inform resource allocation decisions. Data sharing has been conducted on a per-project basis, but it is rare for whole population data to be linked across organisations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of linking national data from the police with national data from other agencies including health data from General Practitioners, hospitals, and Emergency Departments (EDs). In addition, this study explored the views and opinions from police service areas in Wales on using a single software system to cover all police service areas for public protection purposes and to facilitate sharing data with other agencies. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 individuals from the 4 police services in Wales along with representatives from the Violence Prevention Unit (VPU) and the Police Liaison Unit (PLU). The interviews were analysed using codebook thematic analysis to generate key themes from qualitative responses. Results Two key themes and seven sub-themes were developed from the qualitative data. The key themes include the following: (1) Opinions on the systems used in the police for public protection including thoughts on the current system and moving to using one system. (2) Opinions on data sharing including what data should be shared, benefits of data sharing, barriers to data sharing (within the police and across organisations), and overcoming barriers to data sharing. Interviewees identified that a proprietary relational database, Niche, was the most used system for public protection, was highly regarded, and individuals felt that if all forces moved to the same system this would be a positive development. However, work needs to be undertaken to ensure there is a minimum dataset entered in each area as there is high variability in data quality. Barriers included not knowing what was possible to share and fear of sharing. An unambiguous framework endorsed at a high level of what data should and shouldn’t be shared was recommended to overcome this. Conclusions The main barriers to shared police data included a lack of clarity around data governance and what is appropriate to share. It was felt that sharing should be the default position and with support these barriers could be removed. Data sharing between agencies would require high-level support and unambiguous guidelines as to what data can be shared, with whom, and in what format.

Bureaucratizing the Clan: Impact of Technology Affordances on Control

ABSTRACT We examine how technology affordances impact clan control mechanisms in organizations. Using an interpretive multisite case study of the use of body-worn cameras in police organizations and technology affordance theory, we identify five technology affordances (Practice Visualization, Behavior Sanitization, Panoptic Supervision, Multiplex Evaluation, and Evidence Persistence). Actualization of these affordances constitutes affordance-based control, which reconfigures clan control mechanisms and extends the scope and intensity of bureaucratic control in our case sites, thereby bureaucratizing the clan. Our study makes significant contributions to affordances, organizational control, and technology-mediated control theory and practice. First, we develop a process model of affordance-based control, demonstrating technology’s role in constraining and enabling employees and supervisors to enact clan and bureaucratic control, respectively. Second, we show how affordance-based control extends the control relationship from traditional dyadic supervisor-employee control to triadic supervisor-technology-employee control. Finally, our study shows how affordance-based control facilitates the co-creation of control mechanisms by actualizing employee and supervisor affordances individually and jointly. Thus, affordance-based control can afford participatory supervision, empowering employees to have an input in control mechanisms that were historically imposed on them.

Uvođenje kamera za uniformu u policijski rad - stvarna potreba ili iznuđeno rešenje

In the last ten years, police organizations in the USA and Europe have started to implement body worn cameras. The main purpose and goal of the implementation of these cameras is aimed at preventing unlawful and unprofessional actions and behavior of police officers and socially undesirable behavior of citizens. Miniature cameras on the body of police officers should deter police officers and citizens from committing illegal and socially unacceptable actions and procedures towards each other. Police organizations try to use body worn cameras to achieve the abovementioned goals as a substitute for other means of correcting unwanted behaviors, primarily training and education of police officers. This paper analyzes the reasons for the implementation of body worn cameras in the police organizations across the USA and in some European countries in order to reach a conclusion about the justification and the possibility to achieve complex and responsible goals only with the help of cameras.

To train or educate? or train and educate?: The Australian police recruit training versus tertiary education dilemma

Abstract Police organizations across the globe are challenged by how best to prepare recruits for careers in policing. In Australia, police organizations differ on whether to focus on officer preparedness in relation to occupational training or tertiary level police education. While the recruit training versus tertiary education dilemma is not a new debate regarding recruit preparation, this problem is heightened by the police staffing crisis, declining recruit applications, increasing officer retention, building a police force that is responsible, accountable, and respectful of the rights and dignity of every individual, and the need for officers to be digitally literate and to use technologies, so that the police organization can provide a better service to the community. As such, many Australian police organizations are struggling to recruit and retain officers and are considering whether mandated training or tertiary level education programs may dissuade or prevent applicants from a career in policing. This raises questions about the importance or lack of importance that Australian police organizations place on recruit education; firstly, as an entry requirement to a career in policing, and secondly, whether education should be partnered with occupational training. Whether recruits need to be educated to specific levels to effectively conduct police work and engage with citizens, or if police academy training (occupational training) without tertiary level police education is sufficient is discussed.

Partnership between the Swedish police and civil society organizations. Encouraging and hindering factors for a successful collaboration

Abstract The notion that the police need to work in interorganizational partnerships has been well-established for decades, although the task has proved difficult. Based on interviews with representatives from strategically selected CSOs, this study examines encouraging and hindering factors for collaboration with the police. It also shows that the statements of the three CSOs echo previous research where the police is involved. The study concludes that firstly, the police must recognize the CSOs as trustworthy and consider their activities to be of police interest. Secondly, the CSOs must manage to penetrate the police organization’s physical and cultural boundaries in order to offer their services. Thirdly, a division of labour must be established where the benefits of collaboration are evident for both parties. Fourthly, collaboration must be organizationally institutionalized. It is worth noting that not all CSOs strive for closer collaboration; some prefer to keep a distance.

Embedded social workers within police organizations: Comparing domestic violence interventions in France and Finland

Embedded social workers within police organizations: Comparing domestic violence interventions in France and Finland

Masculinity contest cultures and organizational outcomes in police organizations

Abstract As a male-dominated occupation that has historically valued strength, risk-taking, and control, policing may be particularly susceptible to masculinity contest cultures (MCC), characterized by social norms that valorize physical ability, avoid weakness, prioritize work, and promote dominance. Through surveys of patrol officers from five Canadian police agencies (n = 238), this study explored the existence of MCCs and their relationship with organizational outcomes. The study suggested that an officer’s perception of their work within an MCC can predict job engagement (b = −0.48, P < .001), work meaning (b = −0.35, P < .001), self-reported performance (b = −0.07, P < .001), and turnover intention (b = 0.07, P < .001) when controlling for gender, supervisory status, years of police service, and university education. Additionally, university degrees were a significant positive predictor of MCC scores (b = 2.40, P < .01), indicating that university-educated police officers perceive their workplace cultures as more masculine. As the first study that related MCCs to university education, job engagement, and work meaning in policing, it advances our understanding and provides insights into how these cultures relate to organizational outcomes. The results also have implications for policy and police administration.