Censorship Policy Research Articles

China’s Public Diplomacy Through the Utilization of Investment and Censorship in Hollywood (2012 – 2016)

The conduct of traditional public diplomacy was merely concerned on the engagement of state actors. Not to mention, diplomatic communication is only occurred between the government officials by intention to earned political changes in targeted countries. Recently, public diplomacy is mainly focused on the positive reputation building in the other country and is conducted through political and economic cooperation among two countries or more, by involving the non-state actors also. Starting from its economic reforms initiative, China is engaged in international trade and successfully became one of global economic powers. By its rapid raise, China is feared to be a national threat to other countries, be it politically, economically, or even for the national security. Even more, the Western media often portrays China’s image in a negative light. Hence, in improving its global image, China expands its global outreach by establishing cooperation with the United States film industry, Hollywood, that strengthen by the 2012’s Memorandum of Understanding upon film industry, also by implementing Chinese censorship policy, where negative portrayals of China is prohibited. The conduct of censorship itself would be supervised under state-ruled agency, the SAPPRFT, and is supported by the involvement of Chinese multinational companies investors. Through this research study, the effort of China’s public diplomacy on the utilization of Hollywood as the United States film industry would be proven through new public diplomacy theory. Further, the role of multinational corporations will be assessed due to its essential contribution in enhancing Chinese censorship in Hollywood films for its global release.

The Guilty Brelfie

Breastfeeding mothers and their babies are simultaneously in the public sphere and hidden from public view. Although social media has the potential to normalize attitudes toward breastfeeding by increasing visibility, Facebook and Instagram maintain an unpredictable censorship policy toward “brelfies”—female breast selfies—which has undermined progress. Combining Iris Marion Young’s “undecidability” of the breasted experience with Brett Lunceford’s rhetoric of nakedness, this article investigates what breastfeeding mothers communicate online via digital images when they expose their breasts. By deconstructing controversial case studies, this article concludes that brelfies have increased breastfeeding’s accessibility and acceptability in the material world.

The Origins and Formation of Library Censorship in Ukraine

The purpose of the work is to explore the history of the censorship establishment in the information library policy formation. Methodological basis of the investigation is a set of principles and scientific research methods developed by modern science. The principle of historicism is expressed in the account of all specific historical factors for determining the stages of formation of library censorship in Ukraine, the allocation of general and special in it. The method of objectivity was reflected in a weighted assessment and impartial analysis of the forms and directions of the embodiment of spiritual and secular censorship. Also, an analytical method was used to determine the principles of the centralized system of censorship bodies that regulated the activities of public libraries, in particular the creation of ministerial directories under which the cleaning of book funds took place. Scientific novelty is to reveal the influence of library censorship as a hindrance to the scientific and cultural development of society establishment of civil society democratic foundations. Conclusions. The origins of the establishment of library censorship in Ukraine are revealed. The main stages, forms and directions of the spiritual and secular censorship embodiment are investigated. The influence of the Russian Empire censorship on the formation of a public libraries network and the Ukrainian-language literature extraction from the funds of public libraries has been analyzed. The principles of the centralized system of censorship bodies that regulated the activities of public libraries were followed, in particular, attention was paid to the creation of ministerial directories under which the cleaning of book funds took place. The essence of the censorship policy of the Russian government that was aimed at the destruction of public libraries of Ukraine as important centers of Ukrainian spirituality was revealed. The principles of work of the Soviet censorship institutions that regulated the directions of work of Ukrainian libraries, transforming them into institutions of political science were clarified.

Cream Skimming and Information Design in Matching Markets

Short-lived buyers arrive to a platform over time and randomly match with sellers. The sellers stay at the platform and decide whether to accept incoming requests. The platform designs what buyer information the sellers observe before deciding to form a match. We show full information disclosure leads to a market failure because of excessive rejections by the sellers. If sellers are homogeneous, then coarse information policies are able to restore efficiency. If sellers are heterogeneous, then simple censorship policies are often constrained efficient as shown by a method of calculus of variations. (JEL C78, D82, D83)

KEBIJAKAN CENSORSHIP TIONGKOK TERHADAP PERUSAHAAN MULTINASIONAL DALAM BIDANG ICT (INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES) (STUDI KASUS GOOGLE INC.)

This study focuses on the impact of censorship policy implementation with Tiongkoknese government activities against Google Inc. in Tiongkok. The Tiongkoknese government has enforced strict censorship of google which is a multinational corporation with its main product of web-based search engine that provides information and news in general and is freely accessible to Internet users, but the information must be done first through a screening process conducted by the Tiongkoknese government, if the keyword in the input in the search engine service contains a negative view of the government, then the information will be in search is blocked by the Tiongkoknese government and disappear from google search.

Bad News Turned Good: Reversal under Censorship

Sellers often have the power to censor the reviews of their products. We explore the effect of these censorship policies in markets where some consumers are unaware of possible censorship. We find that if the share of such “naive” consumers is not too large, then rational consumers treat any bad review that is revealed in equilibrium as good news about product quality. This makes bad reviews worth revealing and allows the high-type seller to use them as a costly signal of his product’s quality to rational consumers.

THE GENESIS OF LIBRARY CENSORSHIP IN THE THIRTIES OF THE XX CENTURY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE FORMATION

The purpose of the article is to study the main methods of introducing Soviet-era censorship policy in the libraries of Ukraine in the 1930s, to review the specifics and procedures of control by the state authorities over library collections. Methodology of the research is based on the use of scientific methods, first of all, analysis, synthesis, statistical, as well as special historical approaches, in particular: problem-chronological, historical-comparative and historical-genetic, which made it possible to explore the totalitarian regime`s methods of controlling of dissenting view through the implementation of total censorship, mechanisms of the public`s mind manipulation and a new Soviet mindset formation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis based on the recent evidence of the implementation methods of putting censorship into librarianship by the Soviet authorities. Conclusions. The work principles of the Soviet censorship institutions, which limited the libraries` activity focus, turning them into institutions of political propaganda, were clarified. Library censorship is shown as a social phenomenon; its importance is analyzed for access limitation to information and the printer`s ink. It has been proved that the mass “purging” of library collections, the creation of slush funds and restricted-access collections have brought the destruction to a large number of books and the general cultural stagnation. The formation of an information vacuum through providing users with ideologically oriented publications testified to mental violence, deformation of the public`s mind and blocked the development of both national and world culture.

КОММЕРЧЕСКИЕ СУДЫ В РОССИИ ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XIX - НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА: ОБЩИЕ ПОДХОДЫ И ЧАСТНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ

Commercial courts formation mechanisms preserved after the judicial reform of 1864 are investigated. We analyze the influence of judicial reform of 1864 on commercial legal proceedings. The main provisions of the discussion on the need for the functioning of commercial courts are given. We also substantiate the conclusion about the commercial legal proceedings system creation, primarily for the resolution of disputes from international merchant shipping. The separation of trade jurisdiction process was planned earlier, at the beginning of the 19th century, the trade process began to stand out from the general civil process. By the decree of the Emperor on March 10, 1808 in Odessa was established the first commercial court and approved its Charter, which laid the foundations of the trade process. Innovations in the process of recruitment for the justice system after the reform of 1864 are considered. The provisions of judicial statutes and other normative acts regulating the formation of the staff of post-reform judicial institutions are analyzed. The study considers in detail the state's censorship policy in the field of justice: moral, age, educational, property qualification, experience qualification. Along the same lines we consider the principles of recruitment of judges in each of them. Taking into account the particular features, we expose the commercial courts general system formation. The requirements to the candidates for the members of the courts, as well as the positions of pre-revolutionary and modern scientists in relation to the effectiveness of the current design are analyzed.

Bad News Turned Good: Reversal Under Censorship

Sellers often have the power to censor the reviews of their products. We explore the effect of these censorship policies in markets where some consumers are unaware of possible censorship. We find that if the share of such “naive” consumers is not too large, then rational consumers treat any bad review that is revealed in equilibrium as good news about product quality. This makes bad reviews worth revealing and allows the high-type seller to use them as a costly signal of his product’s quality to rational consumers.

Cream Skimming and Information Design in Matching Markets

Short-lived buyers arrive to a platform over time and randomly match with sellers. The sellers stay at the platform and sequentially decide whether to accept incoming requests. The platform designs what buyer information the sellers observe before deciding to form a match. We show full information disclosure leads to a market failure because of excessive rejections by the sellers. If sellers are homogeneous, then coarse information policies are able to restore efficiency. If sellers are heterogeneous, then simple censorship policies are often constrained efficient as shown by a novel method of calculus of variations.

Censorship in Translation: The Dynamics of Non-, Partial and Full Translations in the Chinese Context

This research focuses upon how the translation of certain types of literature in China evolved historically: from ‘non-translations’ (i.e., ‘translations’ unmade as well as made and yet strictly forbidden under given censorship conditions) to ‘partial’ or ‘full/near-full’ translations set against the backdrop of changing practices required by the country’s censorship policies. My analysis begins with an overview of the multi-faceted interface between censorship and translation, followed by the conceptualization of a typology of translations under censorship. This initial discussion, in turn, allows me to resituate specific translations, including the once absented translations of earlier times (i.e., prior to the 1949 Revolution or prior to the Cultural Revolution), which were initially taken at face value as ‘non-translations’ and yet which, later on, became ‘partial’ or ‘full/near-full’ translations under the country’s subsequently more relaxed censorial operations. I attempt to illustrate such shifts by means of in-depth discussion of the dynamic nature of translational commitment in connection with the change-resistant properties and evolving priorities of censorship. In illustrating my arguments, I will draw specific examples from case studies of three well-known censorship-affected translations – i.e., On China (Kissinger 2011), Lolita (Nabokov 1991) and The Good Earth (Buck 1960), which, I argue, epitomise the shifting degrees of translational commitment (‘non-,’ ‘partial’ and ‘full/near-full’) as they occurred in the Chinese context.

Remy, Johannes Brothers or Enemies: The Ukrainian National Movement and Russia from the 1840s to the 1870s (review)

SEER, 95, 3, JULY 2017 568 communities in Russia — the Uniates strike me as especially promising — would have offered more opportunities to interpret the story in compelling ways. And whereas the book is explicitly about state policies and practices, the Old Believers themselves remain a bit too spectral in this account. Even so, scholars of religion and especially dissent in Russia, as well as those focusing on governance and state ideology, will benefit handsomely from reading this well-researched book. Department of History Paul W. Werth University of Nevada, Las Vegas Remy, Johannes. Brothers or Enemies: The Ukrainian National Movement and Russia from the 1840s to the 1870s. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON, Buffalo, NY and London, 2016. x + 329 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $65.00. The book under review is the result of extended work in the Academy of Finland, at the University of Helsinki and then at different universities in Canada where the author moved in 2009. Covering the period from the 1840s to the 1870s, when mutual antagonism emerged between the Ukrainian national movement and Russian imperial government, the book examines Ukrainian national activism, its relation to Russia and Russian and the imperial policies on the Ukrainian question. Apart from archival materials located in Russia and Ukraine, the study is based on extensive published and existing research literature. Consequently, the author offers a systematic analysis of Ukrainian national activists’ perception of Russia and Great Russians and brings to light archival materials unused by Remy’s predecessors (Alexei Miller, Serhiy Bilenky, Faith Hillis and others) (p. 10). The book has eight chapters, organized chronologically,andissuppliedwitharichbibliography,includingrarearchival and published sources some of which are hard to find, for instance, seven titles prepared in Ukrainian by father Vasyl Hrechulevych (Vasilii Grechulevich) during the years 1849–59 (pp. 298–99). Chapter one provides background material on the emergence of the Ukrainian national movement before the 1840s and outlines the terminological and conceptual framework, including the terms ‘Little Russia’, ‘Little Russian’, ‘Ukraine’, ‘South Rus’’ and ‘South Russian’ (pp. 19–20). The author bases his research on the assumption that the idea of independence did not enter Ukrainian national discourse at the end of the nineteenth century, but in the late 1850s, as discussed in detail in chapter five (pp. 113–56). A special emphasis is placed on the state and status of Ukrainian-language publications, beginning with Ivan Kotliarevsky’s burlesque poem, Eneїda (1798), and works written REVIEWS 569 ‘in a more serious tone’ by Mykhailo Maksymovych, Osyp Bodiansky and especially Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko and Taras Shevchenko, whose first collection of poems published in 1840 was considered the highest achievement of Ukrainian literature of its time (pp. 15–18). As the author rightly states, despite the importance of historical mythology for the Ukrainian nationbuilding project, language is the litmus test that defines the limits of the prospective nation (p. 15). In the next chapter, Remy argues that the preexisting building blocks of nationhood — history, folk culture, language and religious confession — were first creatively employed by the members of the Slavic Society of St Cyril and St Methodius (Mykola Kostomarov, Mykola Hulak, Vasyl Bilozersky, Taras ShevchenkoandPanteleimonKulish).AstheSociety’sstatutestipulated,Russia was to be one of the constituent republics of the Slav federation, placed on an equal footing alongside the others, while Kyiv was to become the capital of all the Slavs (pp. 22–23). According to Remy, what is significant about this period is the fact that after the Society’s disclosure, the tsarist authorities became alert to the danger of Ukrainian nationalism which impacted a number of subsequent decisions related to censorship (p. 59). Remy defines the years 1855–59 as ‘a period of liberalization’ (p. 61), during which, for example, the Cyrillo-Methodians, who were still serving their sentences, were finally pardoned. Compared to its output during 1846–54, Ukrainian publishing increased sevenfold; Vasyl Hrechulevych published several collections of sermons in Little Russian, and Panteleimon Kulish produced most of his important non-fiction works in Ukrainian with the help of his new Little Russian orthography (p. 66). Aseparatechapter,dealingwiththestereotypingofRussiansintheUkrainian journal Osnova, provides the first systematic study of censorship policies relating to Ukrainian publications (pp. 81–112). As the author...

The cost of humour: Political satire on social media and censorship in China

On the basis of interviews with several of the most well-known political satirists in China and content analysis of a corpus of satirical texts, this study demonstrates how censorship has been strengthened since the creation of the State Internet Information Office in 2011. It also examines censorship’s different forms and its impact on individuals. The Chinese government imposes mainstream censorship policies on social media, and it is impossible for political satirists to avoid the ‘red line’ to lower political risk. The threat of censorship causes political satirists to self-censor, abandon their creations and reduce their output. The influence of those who continue to work is diminished because the government controls all Chinese social media platforms. However, political satire still has strong vitality thanks to collective action, such as the anonymous production, distribution and sharing of work on Chinese social media. The future of political satire on social media depends on whether the race between netizens and censors continues.

『별건곤』의 순수 ‘소설’과 ‘취미독물’의 상관성 연구

This article analyzes the correlation between the fictional works and micellaneous readings for pleasure published in a literary magazine of Pyŏlgŏngon. It also aims to examine the expressions of the identity in the popular magazine. Although the magazine was inclined toward the ideas based on socialism, it did publish several works of pure novel from the first volume to the seventh volume. But this tendency was changed when the major articles began to deal with various readings related to leisure and everyday life to meet the new demand of the public reader. On the other hand, pure novels were no longer found since the eighth volume. As for this reason of disappearance of pure novels, the Japanese censorship policy played an important role, but it does not fully explain what caused to change the taste of the public reader.BR Japanese publication law was changed after 1930. As it was only allowed to publish the pure literature, and the Pyŏlgŏngon has to turn the attention to the events of the day not closely related to politics. The strategy taken by the magazine was not compatible with the public readers who did not welcome the changed policy and pure literature. In conclusion, the pure novels published in Pyŏlgŏngon reveal the fact that the magazine’s contribution to giving birth to another literary magazine of Haesung that treats the new current affairs. The intermediate function of the pure novels in Pyŏlgŏngon therefore serves as a site that reveals the negotiations between the popular magazine with the culture policy.

Ukrainian theater censorship in the Russian empire (the late 19th c.)

The article touches upon the specific features of the Russian imperial government censorship policy towards the Ukrainian theater. It characterizes main censorship institutions and regulatory acts, which concerned the theater. The author states that the theatre life in the Russian empire was subjected to numerous regulations and limitations. Some of them, including the acts of 1876, 1881 and 1883, concerned exclusively the dramas and stage performances in Ukrainian language. Their general aim was to narrow the usage of the Ukrainian language in cultural life. The local authorities could provide their own restrictions as well. The Ukrainian play-writers and entrepreneurs were obliged to get special permission on every stage performance in Ukrainian. Additionally, both theatrical productions and concerts of songs in Ukrainian had to be accompanied by the ones in Russian. According to the regulations, the stories of the Ukrainian dramas should not touch upon vexed social and national questions. At the same time, translations of the dramas into Ukrainian used to be restricted by the censorship. Despite the severe restrictions constituted by the central government, the Ukrainian theater censorship largely depended on the local censors, who were able to either ban or permit certain dramas and stage performances. To get the necessary permissions play-writers, actors and entrepreneurs either used their personal charisma to influence the Russian civil servants or simply relied on corruption, which was highly widespread. In conclusion, the author states that the censorship affected negatively the creative work of the Ukrainian dramatists who were forced to re-write their stories to make them acceptable for censorship. Thus, in general, the government censorship policy was unable to suppress the development of the Ukrainian theater in the late 19 th c. Key words: censorship, restrictions, Ukrainian theatre, dramaturgy, Russian empire, corruption, Directorate General of Press.

GOVERNMENT’S FEAR OF NEWSPAPERS IN RUSSIA AND FRANCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

The article is devoted to one of the measures of administrative influence on the publishers of periodicals in the form of a ban on the retail sale of newspapers and magazines in the imperial Russia and France. The author argues that this policy was introduced in Russia due to adoption of foreign experience of direct and indirect censorship, especially the French experience. So, the article seeks to access the difference between the original approach of the French empire and the Russian version of the policy. Also the article bridges the gap between the current Russian historiography and the existing archive materials with help of discourse analysis and comparative method. First, the author reviews the literature on Russian and French censorship in the second half of XIX century. This allows us to describe the original policy motives of leadership in France in area of media coverage and censorship. Second, the author presents some comparative parallels in the particular area of study of censorship and its institutional basis. Using official documents, data on discussions of the alleged measures and the reasons for their introduction, author shows features of approaches of the Russian Ministry of internal Affairs and a member of his censorship Departmen t to highligh t the key issues of social development, to enhance the effectiveness of state censorship policy. The article gives the significant boost towards new approaches in research of indirect censorship in Russia and France as well as the role models for such a policy. Also the article allows us to reconsider the diffusionist paradigm with regard to state's policy experience circulation between European empires and their reaction to the emergence of modern media.

Police Department and Press Censorship in the First Pahlavi Era

<p>The press as the most important mass media and as a tool for directing public opinion in the First Pahlavi Era faced many ups and downs. Alteration in the political system, the tendency toward dictatorship government and the implementation of pseudo-modernist programs affect the existence of press. In this period, the press had to write in congruence and in sync with the government programs, otherwise they were no longer survival. The synchronization of press with the government programs and the censorship of public opinion, against the government were entrusted to the Police Department. The press censorship, contrary to common view, was not done in a systematic and specified framework and structure and, depending on the King’s view, the civilian statesmen, staffs and police chiefs were different. The present article tries to analyze the way of implementation of censorship policy and the extent of penetration and interference of police department in this case through using descriptive and analytical method.</p>

Film Censorship Policy During Park Chung Hee’s Military Regime (1960–1979) and Hostess Films

Film Censorship Policy During Park Chung Hee’s Military Regime (1960–1979) and Hostess Films

Censorship Policy of the Colorado Department of Corrections: A Case Study of Policy Implementation in a Gender Resistive Corrections Culture

ABSTRACTThis case study research examined the censorship policy in the Colorado Department of Corrections. This examination included a review of current and past policies, interviews with current and former employees, interviews with subject matter experts regarding this policy, and an analysis of the organization’s culture in which this policy process occurred. This policy change process was hampered by many barriers related to the workplace culture that was very resistive to adaptations for female employees. This case study proposes a theory of gender resistance in a corrections culture as a way to explain this policy change process.

The Value of Intellectual Freedom in Twenty-First-Century China: Changes, Challenges, and Progress

The American Library Association’s (ALA) “Core Values of Librarianship” (2004) serves as an important vehicle in introducing and creating cross-cultural dialogues on values such as intellectual freedom with countries where there are starkly different political views and cultural ideas. This paper positions the Core Value of Intellectual Freedom within the historical context of China. How has the ALA fostered a culture of intellectual freedom in this country? Since the advent of the Cultural Revolution in China during the 1960s, censorship has been severely imposed on all levels of society. Libraries were burned, shut down, or forced to adapt to changes in beliefs and policies that promoted the ideas and values of Chairman Mao Zedong, the leader of the Revolution. In contrast, decades after recovering from the Revolution in the twenty-first century, libraries in China are flourishing, with rich print and digital collections and special services in the face of varying degrees of governmental censorship. Using memoirs, travel papers, and essays written about China’s libraries, the paper traces and analyzes the historical development of China’s censorship policies in relation to Intellectual Freedom, and emphasizes how this Core Value still plays a vital role in the country today through international library cooperation and Sino-American partnership universities.