Environmental Management Policies Research Articles

Spatial and temporal variability of water table dynamics in an afforested catchment of the Central Spanish Pyrenees

AbstractHuman‐induced afforestation has been one of the main policies for environmental management of farmland abandonment in Mediterranean areas. Over the last decades, several studies have reviewed the impact of afforestation activities on geomorphological and hydrological responses and soil properties, although few studies have evaluated the effects on water table dynamics. In parallel to human‐induced afforestation activities, natural revegetation occurred in abandoned fields and in fields where the intensity of human activity declined, driving the expansion of shrubs. This research addresses the spatial and temporal variability of water table dynamics in a small afforested sub‐catchment located in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Differences between afforestation (Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) and natural plant colonization (shrubs, mainly Genista scorpius, Buxus sempervirens, and Juniperus communis) and early abandoned meadows (G. scorpius), are analysed in terms of runoff generation and seasonal water table depth dynamics. Precipitation, runoff and water table datasets recorded for the 2014–2019 period are used. Results show a high temporal and spatial variability with large fluctuations in discharge and water table. Groundwater dynamics varied markedly over the year, identifying a wet and dry period with different responses suggesting different runoff generation processes (Hortonian flow during dry and wet periods, and saturation excess runoff during wet conditions). Furthermore, important differences are noted among the various land cover types: (i) in the natural revegetation area (shrubland and meadows) a marked seasonal cycle was observed with short saturation periods during winter and spring; and (ii) in the afforestation areas, the water table dynamics showed a seasonal cycle with a high variability, with fast responses and rapid oscillations. Likewise, the relationship between the depth of water table and hydrological variables was not straightforward, suggesting complex hydrological behaviour.

Arabidopsis root growth and development under metal exposure presented in an adverse outcome pathway framework

Due to human activities, soils become more and more polluted with metals, which imposes risks for human health and wildlife welfare. As most of the metals end up in the food chain through accumulation in plants, we need to establish science‐based environmental criteria and risk management policies. To meet these necessities, a thorough understanding is required of how these metals accumulate in and affect plants. Many studies have been conducted towards this aim, but strikingly, only a few entries can be found in ecotoxicological databases, especially on Arabidopsis thaliana, which serves as a model species for plant (cell) physiology and genetic studies. As experimental conditions seem to vary considerably throughout literature, extrapolation or comparison of data is rather difficult or should be approached with caution. Furthermore, metal‐polluted soils often contain more than one metal, yet limited studies investigated the impact of metal mixtures on plants. This review aims to compile all data concerning root system architecture under Cu, Cd and Zn stress, in single or multi‐metal exposure in A. thaliana, and link it to metal‐induced responses at different biological levels. Global incorporation into an adverse outcome pathway framework is presented.

Precision restoration: a necessary approach to foster forest recovery in the 21st century

Forest restoration is currently a primary objective in environmental management policies at a global scale, to the extent that impressive initiatives and commitments have been launched to plant billions of trees. However, resources are limited and the success of any restoration effort should be maximized. Thus, restoration programs should seek to guarantee that what is planted today will become an adult tree in the future, a simple fact that, however, usually receives little attention. Here, we advocate for the need to focus restoration efforts on an individual plant level to increase establishment success while reducing negative side effects by using an approach that we term “precision forest restoration” (PFR). The objective of PFR will be to ensure that planted seedlings or sowed seeds will become adult trees with the appropriate landscape configuration to create functional and self‐regulating forest ecosystems while reducing the negative impacts of traditional massive reforestation actions. PFR can take advantage of ecological knowledge together with technologies and methodologies from the landscape scale to the individual‐plant scale, and from the more traditional, low‐tech approaches to the latest high‐tech ones. PFR may be more expensive at the level of individual plants, but will be more cost‐effective in the long term if it allows for the creation of resilient forests able to provide multiple ecosystem services. PFR was not feasible a few years ago due to the high cost and low precision of the available technologies, but it is currently an alternative that might reformulate a wide spectrum of ecosystem restoration activities.

Environmental Corruption Prevention Policies Through Independent Agencies

This article aims to explain the patterns of corruption in the environmental sector (environmental corruption) and the possibility for Independent agencies to address them. Also, to initiate a better policy and supervision against environmental corruption in Indonesia. The research was carried out based on the normative legal method (library research) towards secondary data using a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach. The results show that the main pattern of environmental corruption involves corrupt actors in bureaucratic institutions that cause weak environmental policies and supervision. The benefit of Independent Agencies with structural and personnel independence is expected to fill the gap in the old bureaucratic management and reduce corruption. The regulatory power of such agencies can also set more stringent environmental policy and supervision. Thus, there needs to be institutional reform in the environmental authorities for future policies by establishing an independent agency. The new agency must also have the power to formulate and enact policies in environmental management and give them authority to investigate and impose sanctions. We also recommend compiling a national strategic program in the form of work synergy between independent agencies in the environmental and anti-corruption sector.

Role of Government Policies in Environmental Management

Humans in meeting the needs of their lives need natural resources, in the form of land, water and air, and other natural resources that are included in renewable and non-renewable natural resources. However, it must be realized that the natural resources that humans need have limitations in many ways, namely limitations regarding their availability in quantity and quality. Certain natural resources also have limitations according to space and time. The government needs to take alternative steps to determine the potential and problems in the use of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to find out how the role of the government through its policies in managing the environment. This research uses the descriptive analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the creation of a fair and firm environmental law enforcement to manage natural resources and the environment in a sustainable manner with the support of quality human resources, the expansion of the application of environmental ethics, and socio-cultural assimilation are increasingly stable.

Development measures for slums of Dhaka city

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh is extremely populated, unhygienic and environmentally degraded city. The growing number of population and environmental degradation are due to natural disaster and economic depression. As a result, the rate of urban poor is and producing huge pressure on urban lands, housing and infrastructure. Due to limited resources these poor people encroached open spaces, wetlands, vacant plots or even footpath for shelter. They don’t have any access to proper job market, healthcare facilities, education and sanitation either. These constraints are mostly resulted from the failures of the government in initiation proper policies and measures. Past policies of slum clearance, modernist apartment projects, housing provision, self-help, sites and services, and in-situ upgrading have not been effective at solving the crisis. This is now prime time to established planning and environmental management policy and sustainable development of the city area. Urban land management, rehabilitation and socio-economic development of the slum dwellers are also very important issues. The key focus of this paper is to find out sustainable development process for urban slum dwellers and build sustainable living place for them which are free from eviction, criminals, rent seekers and other miscreants.

Relationship Between Environmental Management Policy and the Local Wisdom of Indigenous Peoples in the Handling of Covid-19 in Indonesia

The purpose of this article is to understand the concept of local wisdom from the perspective of local wisdom of Indonesian indigenous peoples in handling Covid-19 and environmental management and Indonesian environmental policy. In this article, we use normative legal research methods, literature research, and are supported by empirical data based on policy developments and information media in Indonesia. Data analysis uses qualitative links in developing policy reviews and literature. The findings of this study first, are the local wisdom of indigenous Indonesians in environmental management and handling of Covid-19 by using traditional rituals according to the teachings of their ancestors, second, building partnership relationships related to an environmental policy with indigenous peoples with divinity, humanity, and principles/values of unity. The research results of this paper will provide practical guidelines for the government to make regulations and policies related to environmental management and handling of Covid-19

The impact of government-enterprise collusion on environmental pollution in China

Pollution emissions in China are associated with the relationship between local governments and enterprises, especially in those cities with government-enterprise collusion (GEC). We evaluate the causal relationships between GEC and SO2 emissions at the enterprise level, by adopting the Propensity Score Matching–Difference in Difference method from a comprehensive environmental database. The empirical results show that, compared with those in the cities without collusion, SO2 emissions of enterprises in the colluded cities increase by 11.3% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.041–0.186). These GEC effects are more substantial in the cities whose regional officials work with longer terms, in the foreign-owned or small-scale enterprises, and the labour-intensive industries. The findings suggest the existing environment and personnel management policies in China should be adjusted for more sustainable development.

Assessing City Greenness using Tree Canopy Cover: The Case of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The study aims to measure the greenness of an Indonesia city using tree canopy cover data. Rapid physical development brings impacts to the loss of urban trees, which leads to the increase of flooding risk, local temperature and pollution level. To address the issues, a baseline assessment of urban tree canopy existence is necessary as inputs for effective urban environmental management policies. The methods used in this research include 1) remote sensing and spatial analysis, and 2) simple quantitative analysis. Furthermore, three indicators are used in assessing the greenness, including 1) size of the canopy, 2) canopy cover percentage, and 3) canopy per capita. The results found that the city of Yogyakarta has a low level of greenness based on the canopy size in which covers only 467.37 ha or 14.38% of the total area. The second finding is Yogyakarta has an unequal distribution of canopy cover percentage in each district (kecamatan). The third finding is Yogyakarta City has a canopy per capita rate of 10.93 sq m/person. This number is below the UN recommendation of 15sq m / person. It indicates that residents have poor access to urban greenery. Additionally, the article discusses that the three indicators used have strength and weakness in measuring the level of greenness. Therefore, the assessment objectives must be taken into account. We recommend the use of each indicator as follows: 1) the canopy size is used as an initial inventory of the existence and distribution of the canopy, 2) the canopy cover percentage canopy percentage for measuring and comparing the level of greenness spatially and visually between areas, 3) the canopy per capita is used to measure the possibility of access and interaction of residents with the presence of a tree canopy. Cities’ authority can use the information to measure the achievement of SDGs number 11, 13, or 15.

Assessing City Greenness using Tree Canopy Cover: The Case of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The study aims to measure the greenness of an Indonesia city using tree canopy cover data. Rapid physical development brings impacts to the loss of urban trees, which leads to the increase of flooding risk, local temperature and pollution level. To address the issues, a baseline assessment of urban tree canopy existence is necessary as inputs for effective urban environmental management policies. The methods used in this research include 1) remote sensing and spatial analysis, and 2) simple quantitative analysis. Furthermore, three indicators are used in assessing the greenness, including 1) size of the canopy, 2) canopy cover percentage, and 3) canopy per capita. The results found that the city of Yogyakarta has a low level of greenness based on the canopy size in which covers only 467.37 ha or 14.38% of the total area. The second finding is Yogyakarta has an unequal distribution of canopy cover percentage in each district (kecamatan). The third finding is Yogyakarta City has a canopy per capita rate of 10.93 sq m/person. This number is below the UN recommendation of 15sq m / person. It indicates that residents have poor access to urban greenery. Additionally, the article discusses that the three indicators used have strength and weakness in measuring the level of greenness. Therefore, the assessment objectives must be taken into account. We recommend the use of each indicator as follows: 1) the canopy size is used as an initial inventory of the existence and distribution of the canopy, 2) the canopy cover percentage canopy percentage for measuring and comparing the level of greenness spatially and visually between areas, 3) the canopy per capita is used to measure the possibility of access and interaction of residents with the presence of a tree canopy. Cities’ authority can use the information to measure the achievement of SDGs number 11, 13, or 15.

Assessing City Greenness using Tree Canopy Cover: The Case of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The study aims to measure the greenness of an Indonesia city using tree canopy cover data. Rapid physical development brings impacts to the loss of urban trees, which leads to the increase of flooding risk, local temperature and pollution level. To address the issues, a baseline assessment of urban tree canopy existence is necessary as inputs for effective urban environmental management policies. The methods used in this research include 1) remote sensing and spatial analysis, and 2) simple quantitative analysis. Furthermore, three indicators are used in assessing the greenness, including 1) size of the canopy, 2) canopy cover percentage, and 3) canopy per capita. The results found that the city of Yogyakarta has a low level of greenness based on the canopy size in which covers only 467.37 ha or 14.38% of the total area. The second finding is Yogyakarta has an unequal distribution of canopy cover percentage in each district (kecamatan). The third finding is Yogyakarta City has a canopy per capita rate of 10.93 sq m/person. This number is below the UN recommendation of 15sq m / person. It indicates that residents have poor access to urban greenery. Additionally, the article discusses that the three indicators used have strength and weakness in measuring the level of greenness. Therefore, the assessment objectives must be taken into account. We recommend the use of each indicator as follows: 1) the canopy size is used as an initial inventory of the existence and distribution of the canopy, 2) the canopy cover percentage canopy percentage for measuring and comparing the level of greenness spatially and visually between areas, 3) the canopy per capita is used to measure the possibility of access and interaction of residents with the presence of a tree canopy. Cities’ authority can use the information to measure the achievement of SDGs number 11, 13, or 15.

Development measures for slums of Dhaka city : Case study area Korail slum

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh is extremely populated, unhygienic and environmentally degraded city. The growing number of population and environmental degradation are due to natural disaster and economic depression. As a result, the rate of urban poor is and producing huge pressure on urban lands, housing and infrastructure. Due to limited resources these poor people encroached open spaces, wetlands, vacant plots or even footpath for shelter. They don’t have any access to proper job market, healthcare facilities, education and sanitation either. These constraints are mostly resulted from the failures of the government in initiation proper policies and measures. Past policies of slum clearance, modernist apartment projects, housing provision, self-help, sites and services, and in-situ upgrading have not been effective at solving the crisis. This is now prime time to established planning and environmental management policy and sustainable development of the city area. Urban land management, rehabilitation and socio-economic development of the slum dwellers are also very important issues. The key focus of this paper is to find out sustainable development process for urban slum dwellers and build sustainable living place for them which are free from eviction, criminals, rent seekers and other miscreants.

Combining Hydrologic Simulations and Stream‐network Models to Reveal Flow‐ecology Relationships in a Large Alpine Catchment

AbstractFlow regimes profoundly influence river organisms and ecosystem functions, but regulatory approaches often lack the scientific basis to support sustainable water allocation. In part, this reflects the challenge of understanding the ecological effects of flow variability over different temporal and spatial domains. Here, we use a process‐based distributed hydrological model to simulate 23 years of natural flow regime in 100 bioassessment sites across the Adige River network (NE Italy), and to identify typical nivo‐glacial, nivo‐pluvial, and pluvial reaches. We then applied spatial stream‐network models (SSN) to investigate the relationships between hydrologic and macroinvertebrate metrics while accounting for network spatial autocorrelation and local habitat conditions. Macroinvertebrate metrics correlated most strongly with summer, winter, and temporal variation in streamflow, but effects varied across flow regime types. For example (i) taxon richness appeared limited by high summer flows and high winter flows in nivo‐glacial and pluvial streams, respectively; (ii) invertebrate grazers increased proportionally with the annual coefficient of flow variation in nivo‐glacial streams but tended to decline with flow variation in pluvial streams. Although local land‐use and water quality also affected benthic communities, most variation in macroinvertebrate metrics was associated with spatial autocorrelation. These findings highlight the importance of developing environmental flow management policies in ways that reflect specific hydro‐ecological and land use contexts. Our analyses also illustrate the importance of spatially‐explicit approaches that account for auto‐correlation when quantifying flow‐ecology relationships.

Emission inventory point source visualization on Google Earth and integrated with HYSPLIT model

Emissions inventories are fundamental tools in the management and research of air pollution, climate change, and other relevant areas of knowledge. This work shows how the Mexico national emissions inventory for criteria pollutants was transferred from an Excel file to a structured and standardized one based on Extensible Markup Language (XML), following the Keyhole Markup Language (KML) standard and the United States Environmental Protection Agency consolidated emissions reporting schema using a Python script (provided as supplementary material). We also show how once in the KML format, the results are compatible with Google Earth and any Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms. The KML format may also allow emissions inventory models to interoperate with Chemical Transport Models (CTM) that would be able to read/write XML files for research and public environmental management policy. As an example, we used Google Earth to engage the point source data and the dispersion of a hypothetical release for that point source modeled using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (HYSPLIT-NOAA), whose outputs also can be displayed on Google Earth. Finally, the KML files outputs from the inventory and HYSPLIT-NOAA model can be visualized on any computer platform and mobile applications that incorporate Google Earth.

Good governance pengelolaan sampah: komitmen negara terhadap lingkungan hidup

Indonesia already has rules that govern this, and the implementation of environmental management policies in accordance with the principles of good governance. Policies will not be effective when policymakers make mistakes in formulating problems. Therefore, it is necessary to study the problem of waste and how the implementation of the principles of good governance in creating disposable waste and plastic management policies. Through a juridical-normative approach this research will describe and analyze the problem in accordance with the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations. Besides that, it is added with legal materials such as literature study from literature books, papers, articles, journals, research results and other scientific works related to this research. The problem map is the category of rubbish that is difficult to manage, one of which is plastic waste where the form of plastic waste is in the form of packaging, then disposable items, microbeads, straws, ear cleaning, plastic bags, polystyrene and flexible plastic. The importance of community participation in waste management in the scope of central and regional governments, as well as the community also has the right to make suggestions and provide advice related to waste problems. The form of efforts to ensure the security of everyone and society and to advance economic, social and other fields in accordance with the will of the people is the concept of good governance. How to cite item: Mumpuni, N. W. R., Kusumawati, M. P. (2021). Good governance pengelolaan sampah: komitmen negara terhadap lingkungan hidup. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum , 12(1),79-89. doi:10.26905/idjch.v12i1.5725.

Mapping and assessing ecosystems and their services: a comparative approach to ecosystem service supply in Suriname and French Guiana

ABSTRACT Current environmental resource management policies acknowledge the need to manage and conserve biodiversity. Sustaining good ecosystem conditions and ecosystem services (ES) is imperative at and across multiple spatial scales. The ES concept is a valuable tool to communicate the benefits that nature provides to people. In the Guiana Shield, neighbouring countries share landscapes and ecosystems, and therefore also the services they supply. This study presents the first spatial ES assessments at territorial level for Suriname and French Guiana. Expert-based ES supply matrices were used and analysed in combination with Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) data to compile ES capacity maps for the two territories. In comparison, both ES supply matrices showed a high degree of similarity – forest ecosystems scored the highest ES capacities, followed by aquatic and marine ecosystems. Agricultural and urban land cover showed weak to moderate capacities for ES supply. A statistical analysis revealed a 30% difference of the two matrix assessments. Expert scores given for ES in Suriname exceeded those in French Guiana, especially for urban LULC and planted forests. Sociodemographic factors such as age, gender and institutional environment were analysed to explain this difference. The diverging scores can also be attributed to the distribution and the degree of similarity of the different LULC types and, hence, ES capacities and different governance and institutional contexts of the assessments. Comparative evaluations are essential to understand the differences in perception of ES supply capacities and to underpin future knowledge-based bilateral conservation policies and funding decisions by governments and managers.

Quantifying the dynamics of sub-daily to seasonal hydrological interactions of Ganges river with groundwater in a densely populated city: Implications to vulnerability of drinking water sources

Groundwater resources in South Asian cities are facing immense stress due to over-extraction leading to environmental, social and economic instabilities. The perennial mega rivers of Himalayas form the lifeline for South Asia, underpinning food and water security for a large population both directly and indirectly through exchange with groundwater systems. The present study delineates the spatio-temporal variation in patterns and processes of sub-hourly to annual-scale hydrological exchanges between the Ganges and its adjoining highly exploited aquifer in a urban-peri urban reach. Multivariate statistical analyses established river water-groundwater interaction in this region with ~40% loading of first principal component, i.e river water during monsoon on the shallow aquifer. The part of the aquifer detached from the main confined aquifer show an influence of precipitation (the second principal component) with loading of ~90%. Again the part of the aquifer suffering infiltration of local surface water bodies show effect of precipitation with a second principal loading of ~80%. Fourier transformation is used in the hydrograph to remove influence of heavy urbanization on the hydrographs. This study proves that the phenomenon of infiltrating river water during monsoon plays a primary role in controlling aquifer storage although contaminating the aquifer simultaneously. However, during pre and post-monsoon the flow path reversal helps in maintaining river baseflow. Cross-correlation between the river and piezometric series show increased delay of pressure head propagation of the infiltrating river waterfront, with increasing distance. These observations are also substantiated by stable isotope signatures. The present study provides an understanding of potential groundwater vulnerability resulting from waste water and irrigational contamination through river water intrusion which would eventually lead the government to implement proper water and environmental management policies towards availability of long-term sustainable water resources for the residents.

Evaluating Natural Ecological Land Change in Function-Oriented Planning Regions Using the National Land Use Survey Data from 2009 to 2018 in China

The natural ecological lands, such as forest land, grassland, wetland, etc., constitute the most important factor for maintaining and preserving the earth’s ecosystem, which must be well concerned in the regional function-oriented planning for the sustainability of human economic development. We analyzed and evaluated the change of natural ecological land in the function-oriented planning regions where we applied the major function-oriented zones introduced as a new concept in China. Using the land-use data from 2009 to 2018 that were produced by the National Land Use Survey, we re-classified natural ecological land types into the forest, grassland, wetland, and bare land, and then addressed the changes of natural ecological land types from 2009 to 2018 in the major function-oriented zones. As a result, the area of natural ecological lands generally tended to decrease from 2009 to 2018, while the decreasing trend of natural ecological land areas was controlled after 2015 with the implementation of governmental policies for environment protection and eco-logical projects. Especially, the decrease of forest land area significantly tended to be zero in 2018 in optimal development zones. The decreased areas of natural ecological lands were mostly converted from artificial land from 2008 to 2019. On the other side, the forest lands mostly changed from cropland and grassland in key development zones, agricultural production zones, and key ecological function zones, due to the fact that grassland conversed in afforestation during this period. The evaluation of natural ecological land changes, which could be implemented by using the annual updates of national land-use data in China, is significant to support the government’s spatial regulation design, to reshape the planned regions, and make policies for environmental restoration and protection management.

Gap analysis of environmental licensing on oil palm plantations in eastern part of South Sumatra Province

The purpose of this study is to examine the gap analysis of environmental licensing both environmental permits, business licenses, and certification of oil palm plantations and their implementation in the field. This research is conducted in the eastern part of South Sumatra Province, focusing on six private companies in the field of oil palm plantations. Although the area has environmental management policies and regulations, many environmental problems still occur. This is indicated because there is a gap between the development of environmental policies related to licensing and their implementation in the field. The study is carried out using gap analysis method which is a common and simple technique in the evaluation of public policies. The results showed a gap value of less than 0.5 which indicates that the companies have implemented and complied in conducting business activities that refer to applicable environmental policies with the fulfilment of location permits and business licenses. It also signified that all companies have fulfilled the environmental permit component properly. However, there is a gap in terms of ownership of environmental certification. While almost all companies have already acquired ISPO (Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil) certification, the government needs to provide assistance to companies to increase the company’s readiness to complete certification.

Mapping and assessment of landscape aesthetic quality in Lithuania

Mapping and assessing landscape aesthetic quality (LAQ) at the national level can provide valuable insights to scientists and policymakers about the general condition of targeted cultural ecosystem service (CES). A generalised view based on unified methodological standards allows comparing LAQ between countries, thus facilitating international environmental management policies. LAQ can be assessed by combining subjective and objective metrics. This approach makes it challenging to map and assess the LAQ at national scale since it requires consensus-based methodologies to be reliably applicable in a broader geographic region. The national-scale studies related to LAQ are not common since they require high computational resources and differ in data accessibility. However, it is crucial to conduct broader LAQ studies to reveal the more general picture of LAQ condition and support (adjust) policy implementation at the national scale. More studies are needed to assess LAQ at the national level. This study aims to map and assess LAQ in Lithuania on the national scale. To achieve this aim, we adapted a LAQ mapping and assessment approach previously applied in Germany at the national scale. Based on previous work, we tested the methodology's transferability by applying it in a different geographical region by using local datasets. In this study, we partially modified sub-indicators calculation methods and performed an additional in-depth analysis to gather more information on LAQ accessibility and condition in Lithuania. Geographic Information Systems modeling and spatial statistics analysis allowed for achieving this aim. The results revealed that agricultural and urban areas had the lowest landscape diversity, naturalness, uniqueness, and LAQ in general, while areas with high ruggedness, forests, protected areas, natural monuments, and heritage sites had the highest LAQ scores. Viewshed analysis showed that a significant part of Lithuanian territory with the highest LAQ values have limited visibility due to terrain energy and undulation. Curonian spit and Nemunas riverbanks are few of high LAQ areas with high visual accessibility potential. The patches with high LAQ were clustered in protected areas, while the lowest LAQ values were observed in agricultural lands and urbanised areas. LAQ CES assessment is critical for higher quality environmental management regulation practices. High LAQ areas may need a better protection and provide wellbeing for the population, while low LAQ areas may require additional restoration effort. It also provides a better understanding of the LAQ condition and contributes to achieve national, European, and global goals related to landscape planning, management, and sustainable development.