Effective Management Policies Research Articles

Quantitative assessment of the degree of harmony between humanity and nature for national parks in China: A case study of the Three-River-Source National Park

IntroductionNational parks, defined as the mainstay of the nature reserve system in China, pursue to achieve scientific protection and rational utilization of natural resources. However, eco-environmental and socioeconomic benefits are rarely considered together. Hereby, how to quantitatively express the relationship between humanity and nature in national parks needs further exploration. We selected the Three-River-Source National Park (TRSNP), China's largest national park by area and the world's highest altitude national park, as a representative case to construct an evaluation model for the degree of harmony between humanity and the nature of the national alpine ecological park.MethodsBased on the field survey data, the meteorological data, the remote sensing data, and the socioeconomic data, the study used the model inversion and the spatial analysis methods to quantitatively evaluate the degree of harmony consisting of 12 indexes from a fresh perspective of a combination of the ecological environment and social economy. Considering the TRSNP establishment in 2016 as the time node, we assessed and compared the degree of harmony between humanity and nature during the dynamic baseline period (2011–2015) and the evaluation period (2016–2020).ResultsThe results show that the degree of harmony between humanity and nature showed a gradual upward trend from the northwest to the southeast in the TRSNP. Compared with the dynamic baseline period, the eco-environmental and socioeconomic levels of the evaluation period were increased by 34.48 and 5.46%, respectively. Overall, the degree of harmony between humanity and nature visibly increased by 23.38%.DiscussionThis study has developed a novel comprehensive method for evaluating national parks at the regional scale for the win-win goal of both protection and development, and it provides a theoretical basis for effective planning and management policies for national parks.

Multi-user edge service orchestration based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

The fifth generation (5G) of mobile network offers a remarkable degree of flexibility to mobile operators, enabling them to provide users with effective and tailored network services. Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), and edge computing have given the operator the opportunity to easily bring computational capacity to the edge and to support latency-sensitive services. While 5G standards have defined the technological and architectural frameworks to orchestrate services, finding effective resources management and QoS optimization policies is still an open research issue.In this paper, we propose an online orchestration methodology for a multi-user edge service. The orchestrator goal is to simultaneously maximize the QoS, and minimize the amount of resources needed.We provide a mathematical formulation to compute an optimal offline policy and derive an online approach based on a model-free Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework. As a novel feature, the DRL agent action is modeled as a parametric combinatorial problem. A tailored multi-objective reward function leads the agent towards an effective choice of parameters for such a model. Our models are built, trained and fine-tuned by exploiting real data.Extensive simulations in diverse scenarios show that our DRL online approach produces solutions with small gaps to the optimal offline ones, enabling the operator to both save resources and grant the users an adequate QoS level.

Goal-Setting Appraisal and Employee Motivation of Education in Public sector Organization: A Literature Studies

Employee performance appraisal is an important process in organizational performance management, including in the public sector. Goal-setting appraisal is an increasingly popular performance appraisal method in the public sector. The purpose of this research is to describe the goal-setting appraisal strategy in increasing employee motivation in public sector organizations. This research was conducted through a literature study that collected and analyzed the results of previous research on the impact of goal-setting appraisal on employee motivation, the factors that influence it, along with strategies for determining goal-setting appraisal. The results of this study indicate that goal-setting appraisal has a positive and negative impact on employee motivation. Factors that influence goal-setting appraisals on work motivation include goal certainty, organizational commitment, social support, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction. In addition, there are several strategies that can be implemented by organizations in determining effective goal-setting appraisals. increasing employee motivation and organizational performance. This research can provide recommendations for practitioners and managers in the public sector to develop more effective performance management policies and practices.

Implications of the breakdown in the indigenous knowledge system for rangeland management and policy: a case study from the Eastern Cape in South Africa

Communal rangelands in South Africa are generally perceived as overgrazed owing to complexities in their histories and collective utilisation which often leads to improper management. A suitable solution has not been found in land management policies because local people’s contexts and their indigenous knowledge are ignored. Hence, this paper is aimed at (i) assessing the role indigenous knowledge can play in communal rangeland management, (ii) exploring working solutions to incorporate indigenous knowledge into effective communal rangeland management and land use policies, (iii) assessing mechanisms for generational transfer of indigenous knowledge. Findings from the Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) and Focus Group Discussion, conducted with Cata and Guquka villages in the Eastern Cape province were synthesised. This revealed that communal farmers have in-depth knowledge of their communal land, past and present rangeland management strategies and changes in rangeland condition. However, there is breakdown in the indigenous knowledge system whereby this knowledge is not being transferred and translated into good rangeland management practice, owing to the ageing population of communal farmers, limited youth involvement in livestock farming and limited access to extension services. This suggests a need for new policy approaches that would include participation of local people in policy planning and development.

A South African institution perspective of a framework for enterprise resource planning systems

Background: Public sector organisations encounter many challenges because of their complex legislative requirements, social responsibilities and higher public expectations. In the early 1980s, governments worldwide started experimenting with improving functions and processes through enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Objective: This study investigated the feasibility of South African government institutions in adopting a guideline that will assist in implementing a sustainable ERP system to improve their information systems strategy. Method: This study followed the qualitative dominating mixed research methodology. A survey was distributed to 20 participants with closed-ended questions to collect quantitative data and open-ended questions to collect qualitative data. Results: Thirteen factors that allow ERP systems to be successfully implemented were identified. Some of the factors included effective change management policies, end-user specialised knowledge, organisation culture fit, top management support, ERP training before and post-implementation, visibility of activities throughout the workflow, and willingness to change. Sixteen issues that restrict ERP implementation were also identified. Some of the restricting factors include ERP system complexity, high levels of customisation, inadequate flexibility, budget, maintenance costs, lack of vendor support, implementation delays and cost overruns. The current state of ERP implementation in the investigated organisation is of acceptance with growth being achieved gradually and steadily. Conclusion: The proposed framework provides core competencies such as top management support, ERP training before and post-implementation, and effective change management policies among others, that can be used to establish corrective measures before and during the installation of ERP systems. Contribution: This study contributed to the body of knowledge by identifying the success and hindering factors of ERP system implementation. The proposed framework outlines guidelines for organisations to successfully adopt and implement ERP systems.

Background and baseline levels of PM2.5 and PM10 pollution in major cities of peninsular India

The pandemic-induced lockdown resulted in negligible anthropogenic emissions of particulate pollutants and provided an opportunity to estimate the baseline levels (to which people are chronically exposed) and the background levels (when internal emissions are negligible but external intrusions are ongoing). We report the baseline and background PM2.5 and PM10 levels in five major cities of peninsular India and compare them with the corresponding levels estimated for other parts of India. The baseline levels of PM2.5 and PM10 in these cities are estimated to be in the range of 5–15 μg/m3 and 15–43 μg/m3, respectively, whereas their background levels are 18–37 μg/m3 and 46–70 μg/m3, respectively. Although the ambient PM10 levels in Hyderabad and Vishakhapatnam are significantly lesser than in Delhi, the baseline levels in these cities are higher than in Delhi. In general, the baseline levels in Indian cities are higher than the WHO air quality guidelines. Human susceptibility to air pollution may vary based on age distribution, nutritional intake, access to health care, meteorological conditions, and any natural immunity. Therefore, this study will be useful to epidemiologists and policymakers to develop effective risk management policies and refine the national air quality standards.

Efikasno upravljanje lokalnim finansijama kao element unapređenja lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja

For normal functioning and development of local self-government, it is necessary to secure financial resources from various funding sources. The basic sources of financing for local self-government are local tax revenues. However, during a period of crisis, local governments cannot rely only on their revenues. To provide the most favourable source of financing, the local government has the task of establishing and implementing an effective debt management policy with the control of its indebtedness capacities. It is by determining this capacity, through various indicators of indebtedness, that it is possible to know what kind of financial health the local self-government has. The paper aims to show the degree of impact of the Pandemic crisis on the indebtedness of local self-governments in 2020. In addition, the paper presents key priority areas for financing local governments during the crisis period.

Directions for optimizing the company's solvency level

Introduction. The current state of development of the economy of Ukraine requires business entities to search for more effective methods of managing their own activities, to constantly improve the existing management systems of production factors. Today, it is necessary to be able to effectively manage risks, ensuring the stability of functioning, an acceptable level of profitability. At the same time, it is important to maintain financial stability, a sufficient level of asset liquidity and solvency. Being in uncertain conditions, trying to normalize business processes, business entities use the entire spectrum of opportunities, trying to optimize existing and find new mechanisms for asset management, directing efforts to stabilize their own profitability. Goal. The purpose of the study is to find ways to optimize the processes of managing solvency and liquidity, financial activities of economic entities to ensure sustainable development. Methodology. In the process of work methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison, scientific abstraction were used. The results. The article evaluates the effectiveness of asset management systems, describes the main methods of normalizing their liquidity, directions for optimizing the level of solvency of enterprises. The structure of factors that affect the efficiency of capital management, its structure, forms of turnover are outlined, the influence of the economic environment on the cost of resources, qualitative signs of economic relations of business entities are analyzed. The areas of optimization the financial activity of enterprises, the ways of increasing the level of liquidity of assets are identified. Factors which capable of ensuring the sustainable development are highlighted. Attention is paid to the problems of financial and information support of production activities, the need to form modern information management systems with the aim of optimizing economic processes. The main forms of realization the financial potential, the directions of formation of an effective resource management policy, the ways of forming their sufficient number and increasing the efficiency of their use due to the selection of effective methods used to normalize their structure are described. The main effects of achieving the optimal level of liquidity of assets and solvency, forms of optimization of turnover and renewal of current assets, ways of increasing the efficiency of activities due to the introduction of modern forms of planning and forecasting are highlighted.

The Assemblage of Carnivore Fish Composition (Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae, Haemulidae and Serranidae) of a Thousand Islands, Jakarta, Indonesia

The pivotal contribution of the Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae, and Serranidae families to coral reef ecosystems, coupled with their significance as targets for fishing activities, underscores the importance of understanding their presence and population dynamics in formulating effective coastal management policies. Employing the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method, we conducted a carnivorous fish study at 14 station locations in the Thousand Islands. This group exhibited a diverse array of 17 species distributed across four families (Haemulidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, and Serranidae). Notably, Cephalopolis micropion emerged as the predominant carnivorous species, constituting 48.35% of the relative frequency. Site location KSBC.14 (Pari Island) displayed the highest diversity and abundance of carnivorous fish species, with 11 species and 1457 individuals per hectare (Ind./ha). KSBC.12 (Pramuka Island) also have highest abundance and additionally recorded the highest carnivorous fish biomass at 188.43 kg/ha. These findings provide valuable insights into the ecological dynamics of carnivorous fish populations, informing conservation and management strategies in coral reef ecosystems.

Waste Footprint And Accounting Methods

A comprehensive accounting of waste generation is the basis for the development of an effective waste management policy and makes it possible to identify the sources of waste generation. Identifying the major waste-producing sectors allows the waste policy to be targeted and measures to be taken with high efficiency. The aim of this study is to expand the environmental footprint of waste under an interdisciplinary perspective and propose a methodological approach to account for waste production pathways. The study used an interdisciplinary approach based on the integration of different methods for estimating waste accumulation and its qualitative characteristics using bibliometrics and different databases. Waste production can be viewed from the perspectives of both producers and consumers (perspectives based on production and consumption). Differences in the interpretation of the term "waste footprint" on the principles of circular economy were identified. At the same time, it is close to the water footprint principles, where the amount of fresh water used is included in the water footprint indicator, but only the amount that is consumed and cannot be reused. Similarly, the principle can be established that the waste footprint indicator should include only the amount of waste that is released into the environment and is no longer used as input in another production chain. Thus, the total waste production in a country is not in itself a valid measure of the burden on the environment. A formalization of the waste footprint approach is proposed, taking into account the possibility of waste recycling, using food waste as an example.

Decentralisation and Quality of Fiscal Management: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

Effective use of public resources is crucial for developing countries facing persistent deficits. Fiscal decentralisation is believed to enhance government efficiency over resource use. Therefore, the paper intends to examine the association between Pakistan’s Fiscal Decentralisation (FD) and Fiscal Management from 1988 to 2020. The authors develop a Composite Decentralisation Index (CDI) that captures the effect of both Expenditure Decentralisation (ED) and Revenue Decentralisation (RD) processes. After confirmation of stationarity through augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philip-Peran (PP) unit roots tests, the study employs the Johansen cointegration method to draw longrun estimates. The study’s findings reveal that composite decentralisation reduces public deficit significantly - lower corruption, weaker underground economy, and smaller government size help reduce the fiscal deficit. The Error Correction Term (ECM) is also negative and significant at 1%, which confirms the speed of convergence towards longrun equilibrium in case of any shock or dis equilibrium in the short run. These study findings may help policymakers and legislatures draft effective long-term fiscal management policies.

A behavioral economic assessment of the role of stakeholder preferences in managing an infectious wildlife disease

AbstractChronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervid populations poses substantial economic costs, and its management is resource intensive. Control of CWD is often subject to stakeholder‐dependent strategies that require active support and participation. The development of effective CWD management strategies and policies hinges on understanding stakeholder preferences, values and decision‐making behavior. Here we provide a basis for understanding the economic impacts of CWD, which are key to developing effective management strategies. We analyze stakeholder incentives from an economic perspective and discuss the effectiveness of prior management and eradication strategies. Our analysis discusses the integration of behavioral economics into evaluations of stakeholder preferences and its effect on decision‐making to produce optimal policy and management outcomes.

Designing effective waste management practices in developing economies: The case of Suriname

Local authorities are responsible for the exponential increase of waste, estimated to be about 9 billion tonnes annually. However, developing economies face enormous waste management challenges compared to developed economies, suggesting the lack of effective waste management approaches in most developing economies, including the small island developing states (SIDS). This study explores waste management practices and behavior in Suriname in support of the government's ongoing efforts in developing a framework to integrate sustainable development goals into its national policies and strategies. The current research adopts a two-stage data collection method involving observation and semi-structured interviews. 15 key informants were purposively recruited and interviewed using the semi-structured interview method to understand the current perceptions and behavior towards waste production and management in Suriname. The results show that Suriname lacks a structured and formal waste management system like many other developing countries. Open dumping and uncontrolled incineration are the dominant waste treatment methods in the country. The semi-structured interviews show that many factors, such as the lack of government commitment, ineffective policies and regulations, lack of investment and infrastructure, and citizens' social-economic status, contribute to Suriname's current unsustainable waste management practices. Although the country faces many challenges, people, especially in villages, have positive attitudes towards the environment, enhancing their engagement in managing waste if the right schemes and facilities are installed. The study argued that the government should improve their participation and commitment to waste management, especially through installing, implementing and enforcing effective waste management policies and strategies. The study further demonstrates the need for collaborations between the government and other institutions, especially NGOs and private firms, to improve waste management investment and efforts. Using the ontology perspective, key findings are synthesized to highlight the practical and theoretical implications of the study. Limitations and future research are discussed. • Developing economies face increasing challenges in managing waste production. • The lack of an effective policy and system is a major waste management issue. • Sustainable waste management practices require commitment from the Government. • Designing and installing appropriate systems would address waste problems. • Waste management in Suriname requires Collaboration between all institutions.

Understanding EU Fisheries Management Dynamics by Engaging Stakeholders through Online Group Model-Building

The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) has a challenging mandate to find the right policy mix to simultaneously achieve all three aspects of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental. But development and implementation of an effective and sustainable fisheries management policy has been a challenge all over the world. The evidence of this failure is found in the continuous decline in fish stocks. Faced with the difficulty in fulfilling this mandate, the European Commission has increasingly been embracing fisheries stakeholders’ involvement. Stakeholder involvement in policy development and implementation is important because it tries to bring the relevant interested parties together, understanding and paying attention to what is important to each and every stakeholder, identifying the individual and common issues. This process in turn can foster connections, trust, confidence, and buy-in, and commitment for the implementation of the policy. This research describes a group model-building (GMB) approach using system dynamic methodology as a participatory model building tool, enabling stakeholders to become deeply involved in the identification and modelling of the complex issues faced by the EU fisheries. Given the geographical diversity of the stakeholders, GMB was applied online, both synchronously and asynchronously, providing participants time to carefully reflect on key variables, their relationships, and the behaviour of the overall system. The study demonstrated the need and relevance of an adequate engagement of the stakeholders, with online stakeholder consultation proving an effective method of engagement. Hence, the study is very relevant for both scientists and managers. The GMB process meant the final model evolved significantly from the initial one offered, which pointed to active involvement in and progressive learning from the modelling process itself, as the methodology argues. Two quantitative stock-flow models using actual numbers were built not only to aid the GMB process but to depict how all three aspects of sustainability could actually be met with the right set of policies that consider feedback loops and inherent trade-offs.

A South African institution perspective of a framework for enterprise resource planning systems

Background: Public sector organisations encounter many challenges because of their complex legislative requirements, social responsibilities and higher public expectations. In the early 1980s, governments worldwide started experimenting with improving functions and processes through enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Objective: This study investigated the feasibility of South African government institutions in adopting a guideline that will assist in implementing a sustainable ERP system to improve their information systems strategy. Method: This study followed the qualitative dominating mixed research methodology. A survey was distributed to 20 participants with closed-ended questions to collect quantitative data and open-ended questions to collect qualitative data. Results: Thirteen factors that allow ERP systems to be successfully implemented were identified. Some of the factors included effective change management policies, end-user specialised knowledge, organisation culture fit, top management support, ERP training before and post-implementation, visibility of activities throughout the workflow, and willingness to change. Sixteen issues that restrict ERP implementation were also identified. Some of the restricting factors include ERP system complexity, high levels of customisation, inadequate flexibility, budget, maintenance costs, lack of vendor support, implementation delays and cost overruns. The current state of ERP implementation in the investigated organisation is of acceptance with growth being achieved gradually and steadily. Conclusion: The proposed framework provides core competencies such as top management support, ERP training before and post-implementation, and effective change management policies among others, that can be used to establish corrective measures before and during the installation of ERP systems. Contribution: This study contributed to the body of knowledge by identifying the success and hindering factors of ERP system implementation. The proposed framework outlines guidelines for organisations to successfully adopt and implement ERP systems.

Inverted Algorithm of Groundwater Storage Anomalies by Combining the GNSS, GRACE/GRACE-FO, and GLDAS: A Case Study in the North China Plain

As the largest groundwater drainage region in China, the per capita water resources in the North China Plain (NCP) account for only one-seventh of the country’s available water resources. Currently, the NCP is experiencing a serious water shortage due to the overexploitation of groundwater resources and a subsequent series of natural disasters. Thus, accurate regional assessments and effective water resource management policies are of critical importance. To accomplish this phenomenon, the daily terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) over the NCP is calculated from the combination of the GNSS vertical deformation sequences (seasonal items) and GRACE (trend items). The groundwater storage anomaly (GWSA) in the NCP is obtained by subtracting the canopy water, soil water, and snow water equivalent components from the TWSA. The inversion results of this study are verified by comparisons with the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data products. The elevated annual amplitude areas are located in Beijing and Tianjin, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), root mean square error (RMSE), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) between the two GWSA results are 0.67, 4.01 cm, and 0.61, respectively. This indicates that the methods proposed in this study are reliable. Finally, the groundwater drought index was calculated for the period from 2011 to 2021, and the results showed that 2019 was the driest year, with a drought severity index value of −0.12, indicative of slightly moderate drought conditions. By calculating and analyzing the annual GWSA, this work shows that the South–North Water Transfer Project does provide some regional drought mitigation.

Emerging public health challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi: A review.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has posed new and has aggravated already existing public health challenges in Malawi and worldwide. Having a better understanding of these challenges can help facilitate the identification of solutions and designing further public health interventions and policies for effective management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article presents an overview of the situation of COVID-19 in Malawi and identifies emerging public health challenges that the country is facing amidst this pandemic. It is based on a review of relevant key policy documents, reports, and publications. Some of the key emerging challenges identified in Malawi are worsening population health and socio-economic status; health system challenges like inadequate financing and human resources, disruption of essential health services; a rise in mental health conditions and suicide rates; teenage pregnancies and early marriages; and changes in some health policies. The findings point to the need to invest more in strategies for health promotion, health system strengthening and avoidingdisruptions and recovery of services. These should include COVID-19 vaccination promotion campaigns, improvement of the public health surveillance system, strengthening the health workforce, implementation of health financing strategies, procurement of adequate essential medicines and supplies, and strengthening of youth-friendly reproductive health services, community health services and community engagement. These will ensure that the health system in Malawi is well-equipped to deliver resilient, sustainable and quality health services amidst and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic thereby promoting progress toward the achievement of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Malawi.

Organizational Justice and Teachers’ Turnover Intention in Primary and Secondary Schools: The Importance of Sustainable Salary Management

Primary and middle school teachers are a critical part of China’s foundational education; teacher turnover heavily affects the stable development of foundational education. Aiming at the phenomenon of teacher turnover intention in primary and secondary schools, interviews and questionnaires were used to explore the relationship between teachers’ organizational justice, salary satisfaction, and turnover intention in the management of primary and secondary schools. The research subjects were more than 500 primary and secondary school teachers from Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces. The data analysis results show that the sense of interactive fairness is the highest, followed by procedural fairness and the lowest sense of distributional fairness, with a certain sense of unfairness among the three dimensions of organizational fairness among primary and secondary school teachers. The average salary satisfaction score is 2.64, which is lower than the midpoint of 3, and there is a certain degree of dissatisfaction. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the pairwise correlations between the variables reached a very significant level. The results of regression analysis showed that organizational justice had the greatest impact on turnover intention, accounting for 20% of the variance. Salary satisfaction plays a partial mediating role between various dimensions of organizational justice and turnover intention, indicating that procedural fairness, interaction fairness, and distributional justice not only have a direct impact on turnover intention, but also indirectly affect turnover intention by affecting salary satisfaction. The results of this study can provide empirical data support for educational administrative departments and school managers in economically developed regions to improve their compensation management level and implement effective and sustainable compensation management policies and programs, as well as provide first-hand information for cross-country comparative studies of teacher compensation management in the field of education administration.

Improving performance management in local government: Lessons from South Korea

IMPACT The authors compared performance management in different local governments in South Korea looking for the best systems. Two separate, consecutive processes (adoption and implementation) were examined. This article will help policy-makers and managers develop efficient and effective performance management policies, not only in local government but also in central government. This study was conducted with all basic local governments in South Korea, making the results highly reliable.

Role of income and government responsiveness in reducing the death toll from floods in Indian states

Floods are the most commonly occurring natural disasters in India due to India’s unique geographical location and socioeconomic conditions. Frequent flooding causes enormous loss of human lives and damage crops and public utilities. Furthermore, floods adversely affect economic development and increase the government's financial burden by increasing spending on various disaster mitigation measures. Recent empirical literature based on cross-national comparisons shows that disaster fatalities and damages are monotonically decreasing in per capita income. We challenge this view on the monotonic negative relationship between income and flood damages. We examine the non-monotonic (inverted U-shaped) relationship between per capita income and flood impact in terms of deaths, people affected, and damages due to floods in 19 major Indian states from 1980 to 2011, using Poisson and Tobit estimation methods. In particular, deaths and the population affected by floods increase with a turning point of income up to 882 US$ and 578 US$, respectively, and diminishes thereafter. Our results confirm an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and fatalities and the population affected by floods. In addition to income, we argue that government responsiveness plays an essential role in mitigating the risk of floods. We employ the fixed-effect Poisson estimation method to examine the government's role in protecting people against disaster risk, focusing on regional differences in India. Deaths from floods remain non-linear and follow the inverted U-pattern with respect to government responsiveness. However, the effect of government responsiveness on flood fatalities and flood damages is statistically insignificant. Our results further suggest that high-income states experience a lower death toll from floods. The high-income (rich) states are capable of incurring a higher threshold level of income and higher natural calamity expenditure to reduce flood fatalities and protect the population affected by floods than the low-income (poor) states. The poor states have minimal resources and face severe financial constraints to reduce the death toll from floods. From the perspective of public policy, the poor states, in particular, require an increase in income, better governance, and effective disaster management policies to mitigate flood impact.