Police Station Research Articles

Unraveling the Complexities: Factors Influencing Conviction Rates in Violence against Women (VAW) Cases in Northern Bangladesh

This study aims to examine the complex dynamics involved in adjudicating violence against women (VAW) cases within urban settings in Bangladesh, with a focus on the determinants that affect conviction outcomes. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, this inquiry gathers insights from in-depth interviews with 17 key stakeholders, including judges, lawyers, and police officials, within the metropolitan areas of northern Bangladesh. This primary data is further enriched by field observations (court, police station, medical college, and victim support center). The investigation reveals significant procedural deficiencies and systemic challenges encountered during the pre-trial stages of violence against women (VAW) litigation. These include delays in filing complaints, inaccuracies in First Information Reports (FIRs), lapses in evidence preservation, lack of witness cooperation, and discrepancies in medical documentation. The study identifies overarching issues such as inadequate training for investigative officers, substandard evidence collection practices, and the scarcity of forensic expertise as pivotal factors that negatively influence conviction rates. Furthermore, it emphasizes the crucial yet strained role of public prosecutors, who grapple with excessive caseloads, insufficient resources, and a lack of specialized support. This research contributes novel insights into the complexities of prosecuting violence against women (VAW) cases in Bangladesh’s urban centers, highlighting critical inefficiencies within its criminal justice system.

Reformulation of Regulations Regarding Restorative Justice in Cases of Criminal Acts of Bullying Against Children at Investigation Level

Children as the most vulnerable and weak social creatures are often placed in the weakest position, do not have the right to speak, and often experience violations of their rights. One of them is the limitation of diversion obligations for law enforcers which is only limited to criminal acts with a threat of under 7 (seven) years, which is contrary to the intention of the legislators in providing age limits for children and is contrary to the psychological nature of children. If investigators have applied diversion consistently in cases where only children who are bullied are under 7 (seven) years of age, it is not certain that the investigator's objectivity according to law is directly proportional to the objectivity according to community justice. This research is aimed at finding out the regulations related to restorative justice in cases of criminal acts of bullying against children at the investigation level as well as formulating a reformulation of regulations related to restorative justice in cases of criminal acts of bullying against children at the investigation level in the future. The type of research in this research is normative juridical. This research aims to understand and interpret legal norms and analyze their consequences or implications. It is still found that there is still a lot of restorative justice that is not applied to children who are bullied at the investigation stage, so that children have to face the next stage of justice, even up to the trial stage. Concrete steps are needed by Indonesian National Police investigators to ensure that restorative justice is applied consistently at the investigation stage of criminal acts of child bullying. The government together with the Police of the Republic of Indonesia through the legislative body should reformulate regulations related to restorative justice in cases of criminal acts of bullying against children at the investigation level in the future which can be carried out through reformulation regarding material requirements as intended in Article 5 of the Republic of Indonesia State Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021 concerning the Handling of Criminal Offenses Based on Restorative Justice, namely points a and f as well as the rules regarding the requirements for implementing Diversion in Article 7 of Law (UU) Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System by taking into account the main interests of the child.

Triad of violence: evolution and dynamics of conflict, terrorism, banditry and armed groups in northwest Nigeria

ABSTRACT This study is hinged on the theoretical framework of co-existence, convergence, cooperation and competition. It discusses the nature of interaction among armed groups, and their violent activities in northwest Nigeria. The determinants of the connections include geography, recruitment strategy, opportunities for mutual exchange of logistics and co-creation of violence. Bandits are outbidding ethno-religious militias, Ansaru, ISWAP, Boko Haram and herdsmen, and have committed 84% of recorded violence in the region from 2010 to 2022. This study highlights the implications of increasing footprints of armed groups and provides the imperatives for state response to protracted violence in northwest Nigeria. It concludes that the socio-economic problems that allow proliferation of armed groups and violent activities to fester must be addressed by the state. Even if ramped-up security responses turn northwest Nigeria into a police state, violence will continue until poverty, social inequality, injustice and gross failure of governance are tackled.

Risk and Protective Factors for Injury in Adult Front- and Rear-Seated Motor Vehicle Occupants in New York State.

Although seatbelt use is known to reduce motor vehicle occupant crash injury and death, rear-seated adult occupants are less likely to use restraints. This study examines risk and protective factors associated with injury severity in front- and rear-seated adults involved in a motor vehicle crash in New York State. The Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) (2016-2017) was used to examine injury severity in front- and rear-seated occupants aged 18 years or older (N = 958,704) involved in a motor vehicle crash. CODES uses probabilistic linkage of New York State hospitalization, emergency department, and police and motorist crash reports. Multivariable logistic regression models with MI analyze employed SAS 9.4. Odds ratios are reported as OR with 95% CI. The mortality rate was approximately 1.5 times higher for rear-seated than front-seated occupants (136.60 vs. 92.45 per 100,000), with rear-seated occupants more frequently unrestrained than front-seated occupants (15.28% vs. 1.70%, p < 0.0001). In adjusted analyses that did not include restraint status, serious injury/death was higher in rear-seated compared to front-seated occupants (OR:1.272, 1.146-1.412), but lower once restraint use was added (OR: 0.851, 0.771-0.939). Unrestrained rear-seated occupants exhibited higher serious injury/death than restrained front-seated occupants. Unrestrained teens aged 18-19 years old exhibit mortality per 100,000 occupants that is more similar to that of the oldest two age groups than to other young and middle-aged adults. Speeding, a drinking driver, and older vehicles were among the independent predictors of serious injury/death. Unrestrained rear-seated adult occupants exhibit higher severe injury/death than restrained front-seated occupants. When restrained, rear-seated occupants are less likely to be seriously injured than restrained front-seated occupants.

Departures from linearity as evidence of applicant distortion on personality tests

AbstractTwo field studies were conducted to examine how applicant faking impacts the normally linear construct relationships of personality tests using segmented regression and by partitioning samples to evaluate effects on validity across different ranges of test scores. Study 1 investigated validity decay across score ranges of applicants to a state police academy (N = 442). Personality test scores had nonlinear construct relations in the applicant sample, with scores from the top of the distribution being worse predictors of subsequent performance but more strongly related to social desirability scores; this pattern was not found for the partitioned scores of a cognitive test. Study 2 compared the relationship between personality test scores and job performance ratings of applicants (n = 97) to those of incumbents (n = 318) in a customer service job. Departures from linearity were observed in the applicant but not in the incumbent sample. Effects of applicant distortion on the validity of personality tests are especially concerning when validity decay increases toward the top of the distribution of test scores. Observing slope differences across ranges of applicant personality test scores can be an important tool in selection.

CYBER COMPLAINT AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING BLOCKCHAIN

Due to the Internet's quick spread and the digitalization of commercial activity, cybercrime has risen dramatically. Computers or data are the intended victim of cybercrime. This paper is about “Cyber Complaint Automation System”. The current cyber cell of Kerala police has a time-consuming approach. Complaint can be given in two ways. A written complaint can be given to cyber police station. Second option is to use cyber-crime reporting portal. In this portal user has to undergo four different steps to successfully register the complaint. These complaints are stored in a database and manually classified into respective departments. This methodology of a cyber-complaint takes a great deal of effort and time. The time wasted on current system helps the criminal in covering his track. As a result, the victim's time and money are squandered, and police receive criticism. We are working to create a software that will drastically shorten the time it takes to handle a complaint in an effort to remedy this scenario. Our system automates the process and prioritize emergency complaints. Thus helps the police to apprehend the criminal faster. Key Words: Custom Blockchain, AWS S3, Cybercrime, Complaint Automation System.

Stress Condition, Work Engagement and Service Performance of PNP Personnel: A Multiple Regression Approach

This study investigated the status and the relationships stress condition, work engagement, and service performance of PNP personnel. Adapted questionnaires were administered among the 274 PNP personnel in Sarangani Province, Region XII as respondents of the study utilizing a stratified sampling technique, wherein only the available officers inside Sarangani Province Police Stations, and the data gathered were treated utilizing statistical tools such as Mean, Pearson r and Multiple Regressions. Data was collected face-to-face, considering the lenient interaction about health protocols. The result of the study manifested that the stress condition of the PNP personnel is low, indicating that they either do not experience them or ignore them; work engagement was very high, showing that the PNP personnel were devoted to their task as law enforcers; service performance was very high manifesting that as law enforcers, the PNP personnel exerted effort to provide quality service. There was a negative correlation between stress conditions and service performance among PNP personnel, while a positive correlation was observed between work engagement and service performance. Work engagement was the only vital variable influencing service performance of the two independent variables. Regarding sustainable development goals, the PNP's performance will be its contribution to fair justice in society (SDG 16). At the same time, the younger generation will look up to these PNP officers as their model in getting educated in law enforcement (SDG 4) and enforcing the law with justice.

Stress Condition, Work Engagement and Service Performance in Pnp Personnel: a Multiple Regression

This study investigated the status and the relationships stress condition, work engagement, and service performance of PNP personnel. Adapted questionnaires were administered among the 274 PNP personnel in Sarangani Province, Region XII as respondents of the study utilizing a stratified sampling technique, wherein only the available officers inside Sarangani Province Police Stations, and the data gathered were treated utilizing statistical tools such as Mean, Pearson r and Multiple Regressions. Data was collected face-to-face, considering the lenient interaction about health protocols. The result of the study manifested that the stress condition of the PNP personnel is low, indicating that they either do not experience them or ignore them; work engagement was very high, showing that the PNP personnel were devoted to their task as law enforcers; service performance was very high manifesting that as law enforcers, the PNP personnel exerted effort to provide quality service. There was a negative correlation between stress conditions and service performance among PNP personnel, while a positive correlation was observed between work engagement and service performance. Work engagement was the only vital variable influencing service performance of the two independent variables. Regarding sustainable development goals, the PNP's performance will be its contribution to fair justice in society (SDG 16). At the same time, the younger generation will look up to these PNP officers as their model in getting educated in law enforcement (SDG 4) and enforcing the law with justice.

Exploring the Dynamics of section 41A and anticipatory bail: Evolution, Judicial discretion and Legal Reform

Exploring the Dynamics of section 41A and anticipatory bail: Evolution, Judicial discretion and Legal Reform

Comparative analysis of unnatural deaths in Faisalabad during 2018-2022 – A raising trend.

Objective: To assess the pattern of unnatural deaths in Faisalabad during the last five years, to determine the gender and age group mostly affected and to explore the increasing trend if any. Study Design: Retrospective Cross-sectional Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad. Period: January 2018 to December 2022. Methods: Subjects of the study were victims of unnatural death in areas covered by Police stations where the postmortem was performed in the Mortuary of Punjab Medical College / Faisalabad Medical University. Data was collected from respective official Police records, FIRs and Postmortem reports and recorded on pre-structured proformas. It was categorized on the basis of manner of death, type of weapon involved, age groups involved and gender. Results: Out of a total of 1340 autopsies conducted, 1024(76.4%) were males and 316(23.6%) were females. The male to female ratio was 3.2:1. Majority of the victims belonged to the 30–39-year age group i.e. 338 (25.2%) followed by the 20-29-year age group with 333 (24.8%) cases. The manner of death was homicidal in 896(67%) cases followed by 320(24%) accidental and 77(6%) of suicide. Firearm was the most commonly used weapon claiming 490 (36.6%) lives followed by RTA with 254 (19%) cases. September was the month in which maximum cases were reported (140,10.4%). Conclusion: Males are the major victims of unnatural deaths, with firearm weapons claiming the majority of lives. There is a rising trend in the number of unnatural deaths as the years go by and strict measures need to be implemented to keep a check and balance on the availability and easy access to firearms and strict traffic rules should be implemented.

Violence Against Women and their Children (VAWC) Cases During Pandemic: Experiences of Women and Children Protection Desk (WCPD) Officers in Cebu City

This study aimed to explore the life experiences of the Women and Children Desk (WCPD) handling Violence against Women and their Children (VAWC) cases during the pandemic in Cebu City. Specifically, sought to address the following specific problems: the experiences of the informants in handling VAWC cases during the Covid-19 pandemic, addressing the problems encountered by the informants, and aspirations of the informants to improve the quality of service to the victims of VAWC. The phenomenological and qualitative approach in this study was utilized through interviews as the key process in the gathering of data. There were ten (10) selected police officers handling Violence against Women and their Children (VAWC) during the Covid-19 pandemic in Cebu City. Five (5) of them were individually interviewed, while the other five (5) were included in the Focused Group Discussion (FGD). They were selected randomly but met the qualifications and have broad experience in the subject matter. The research locations are the top five (5) police stations in Cebu City with a high number of VAWC cases is Cebu City namely: Police Station (PS) 4- Mabolo; PS5- Carbon; PS7- Pardo; PS9- Guadalupe and PS10- Punta. A validated interview guide was aided by the voice recorder for the basis of transcribing the responses of the informants. Utilization of Colaizzi's method, a phenomenological analysis procedure, was used to analyze the responses of the informants during the interview. For the experiences of the informants in handling VAWC cases in Cebu City during a pandemic, themes created were Satisfaction with Desired Result, Attained Productivity, and Embracing Limitations of Official Functions in addressing the problems encountered in handling (VAWC) cases during pandemic, the following themes created were: Intensified Implementation of Restrictions, Established Online Presence, and Maintaining Effective Collaboration and for the aspirations of the informants to improve the quality of service to the victims of VAWC, the following theme were created: New Normal Retooling and Equipment for Stabilization. The Philippine National Police (PNP)- Women and Children Protection Desk (WCPD) officers, as a specialized unit in enforcing laws related to the protection of women and children and regarded as the “quick-response-unit,” must maintain dynamic and standardized public service. It is suggested that the Performance Standards and Assessment Tool for police service addressing cases of violence against women be amended where the assessment tool should not be done as “Self-administered” to identify committed officers who are working diligently to end violence against women and children. The retooling of PNP-WCPD should not only cover policy-related attitudes, habits, and work ethics but should also investigate an array of services that can be extended during a crisis. The provision of additional facilities and personnel to attend VAWC cases will expedite the acquisition of relevant documents for filing legal actions and will be timely in the recent health crisis. This will enable the Department of Health to provide prompt intervention on the outbreak of mental health problems aggravated by the pandemic. PNP-WCPD and other linkages should develop process-based alternatives and act on the research of shared resources from the Covid-19 experiences because health protocols altered policing strategies and are not conducive to problem-oriented crime prevention and innovation.

ANALYSIS MODEL OF SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ON CRIMINALITY RATE: A RURAL CASE STUDY

Objective: Criminality in Indonesia is still a serious problem that threatens public safety and order. A study was conducted to analyze how improving the socio-cultural environment can reduce crime in Indonesia. Method: This study uses primary data obtained from 100 respondents who are detainees in several police stations, and uses logistic regression analysis to test the influence of several socio-cultural environmental factors. Results: The results of the analysis show that the social environment in the form of increased employment, family relationships, and ethnicity can reduce the incidence of repeat criminality in Indonesia. This finding highlights that it is necessary to pay attention to socio-cultural environmental factors in designing crime prevention and response policies. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that special attention should be paid to factors such as employment, family relations, and ethnicity in crime prevention and control efforts. Research Implications: A well-integrated policy strategy can also help reduce crime rates in an area.

Integrated Public Service Analysis of South Bengkulu Police Station

In the digital age, technological advancements have led to the widespread use of information systems and technology (IS/IT) to enhance public services. Implementing e-government has become crucial in supporting good governance, particularly in Government-to-Employee (G2E) and Government-to-Citizen (G2C). This study focuses on the South Bengkulu Police Station's Information System/Information Tech utilization to improve public service delivery. Through an analysis of the station's public service processes using SWOT and PEST analysis, this research aims to identify existing efforts in service development. It also aims to propose a concept for integrated public services. The findings of this analysis offer insights into optimizing police performance, benefiting the general public and internal stakeholders. However, certain limitations are acknowledged, including the lack of in-depth analysis of public service system performance and the creation of integrated service design concepts.

Framing retail crime through an environmental criminological lens: insights from Australia and New Zealand

This article aims to provide insights regarding crime problems affecting the Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) retail sector, focusing primarily on the size and range of criminal behaviours. The research incorporated an online survey of retailers and police statistics. The study finds that the cost of retail crime increased by 28% over the last 4 years, against 25% growth in revenue. It also reveals that shoplifting remains the most significant and costly economic problem facing retailers, followed by employee theft. Additionally, fraud, notably in online channels, will remain a concern for the foreseeable future. We examine potential explanations and interpretations for retail crime through an environmental criminological lens. Increased research and involvement of researchers hold tremendous potential for reducing retail crime and preventing its growth in the future.

Systemic White supremacy: U.S. state policy, policing, discrimination, and suicidality across race and sexual identity.

Although suicide rates are stable or decreasing among White communities, rates are increasing among Black communities, a trend that appears to be disproportionately affecting Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) people. To understand the structural drivers and mechanisms of these trends, we examined associations between U.S. state-level racist and heterosexist criminal legal policies and policing, discrimination, and suicidality among White and Black, heterosexual and LGBQ, communities. We recruited 5,064 participants in 2021 using online census-driven quota sampling. Structural equation modeling estimated associations from objective indicators of racist and heterosexist criminal legal policies to self-reported police stops, discrimination, and suicidal ideation and behavior. For White heterosexual participants, racist (β = -.22, SE = 0.03, p < .001) and heterosexist (β = -.26, SE = 0.03, p < .001) policies were negatively associated with police stops. For White LGBQ participants, racist and heterosexist policies were not significantly associated with police stops. For Black heterosexual participants, racist (β = .30, SE = 0.11, p = .005), but not heterosexist, policies were positively associated with police stops. For Black LGBQ participants, racist (β = .57, SE = 0.08, p < .001) and heterosexist (β = .65, SE = 0.09, p < .001) policies were positively associated with police stops which, in turn, were positively associated with discrimination and suicidal ideation and behavior. Results provide evidence that racist and heterosexist state policies are linked to policing and interpersonal drivers of suicide inequities and suggest that repealing/preventing oppressive policies should be a suicide prevention imperative. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Pulling back the veil of darkness: A proposed road map to disentangle racial disparities in traffic stops, a research note

AbstractThe veil of darkness (VOD) is a practical and rigorous methodology for examining racial disparities in police traffic stop behavior. Past research, however, has been littered with methodological inconsistencies inhibiting cross‐study comparison and decisions regarding policy. Accordingly, we clarify four aspects of its implementation: 1) coding daylight, our treatment condition; 2) constructing an intertwilight period; 3) accounting for seasonal differences in driving or patrol patterns; and 4) modeling VOD multivariable regression equations. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of methodological decisions as they pertain to the method's functionality as a natural experiment. Furthermore, we propose a novel weighting procedure to account for seasonal driving population differences. We examined more than 50,000 traffic stops conducted by Michigan State Police during 2021 to demonstrate our suggested framework for future analyses.

The views of scientists-police officers on the problem of epidemic prevention

The subject of the study is the provisions formulated by foreign and domestic jurists in the field of policeistics regarding the prevention of epidemic threats. The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the views of cameralist authors on these issues in antithesis with the views of representatives of social Darwinism. The aim of the study is the scientific reconstruction of the political and legal model of the functioning of state power structures, namely the executive and medical police for the prevention of epidemic diseases, presented in the works of scientists-police officers of the late XVIII – early XX centuries. Abstraction, comparative legal and content analysis were chosen as the methods of study, with the help of which the works of political scientists were studied. The scope of application of the results and their novelty lies in the awareness of the value of the accumulated social and state-legal experience in the prevention of various kinds of epidemics. In the context of the emergence of a new coronavirus infection, the problem of determining and promptly applying a set of effective anti–epidemic measures has become particularly acute, many of which had deep historical roots and were reanimated as living conditions and everyday life, on the one hand, and the imperious dictates of the state, on the other. The conclusions and results of the work were accumulated on the basis of studying the works of representatives of the science of the police state and law. It was revealed that the stated problems are historically imperishable. The complex of preventive measures of an anti-epidemic nature was developed which historically spontaneously and entered into the usual norms of everyday life in Russia since ancient times. Since the XIV century, all kinds of quarantine and other restrictive measures have been taken to counteract mass diseases. At the same time, these diverse measures had a common focus despite the various sources of origin and development.

Crime Prediction Through Collaborative Analysis of Proximate Police Stations Data

Crime prediction is a crucial aspect of law enforcement strategies and crime prevention efforts. Machine learning has emerged as a valuable tool in crime prediction, allowing for more accurate and data-driven forecasting. In this study, we focus on forecasting the number of crimes at Pathumwan Police Station in Thailand. Utilizing criminal records from various police stations across Thailand, we employ the K-Means clustering algorithm to group police stations exhibiting similar crime patterns to the Pathumwan Police Station. The clustering results reveal that Wang Thonglang, Nang Loeng, Dusit, Bang Sue, Thung Maha Mek, Samre, Sutthisan, Pak Khlong San, Bangkok Yai, Bangkok Noi, Makkasan, Bang Yi Ruea, and Talat Phlu Police Station are clustered together with Pathumwan Police Station. Subsequently, we apply the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to forecast crimes at Pathumwan Police Station. The training dataset comprises paired data from police stations within the same cluster as Pathumwan Police Station. Our findings indicate that combining data from Wang Thonglang, Nang Loeng, Dusit, Bang Sue, Thung Maha Mek, Samre, Sutthisan, Pak Khlong San, Bangkok Yai, Bangkok Noi, Makkasan, Bang Yi Ruea, and Talat Phlu Police Station with Pathumwan Police Station results in lower errors in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) compared to using only Pathumwan Police Station data. This collaborative approach enhances the accuracy of crime prediction models and contributes to more effective law enforcement strategies.

Factors contributing to the loss of Ngoni language: A case of Chipata District in Eastern Province, Zambia

Overview: This journal article analyzed the factors contributing to the loss of Ngoni language in a case of Chipata district of Eastern province in Zambia. The paper explored how Chingoni, a language of the conquering Ngoni, who controlled political, social and economic power could not maintain their language instead lost out to Chitumbuka and Chichewa, the languages of the conquered Tumbuka and Chewa respectively, as a language of everyday communication to the extent of being moribund. Contribution to the Body of Knowledge: Since language is usually considered to be a marker of identity, the link between the Ngoni identity and Chingoni was also explored and concluded that language is not a sine qua non ingredient of group identity. Methods: This study employed a mixed-methods approach, to understand why and how the Ngoni lost language by combining historical analysis, case studies, and interviews with key stakeholders, including traditional leaders, language teachers, civic leaders, scholars, and domains such as hospitals, schools, police stations. Data was obtained by means of interviews and questionnaires. The sample consisted of 148 respondents. frequency, tables and percentages were used to analyze qualitative and quantitative data obtained. Data was then analyzed manually in some cases and also, a combination of software MS Access and MS Excel. Results: The findings revealed that, the Ngoni language loss was due to unwritten records: The Ngoni mother tongue language could not be sustained because there is no single novel, bible, magazine, dictionary, newspaper, or any book, journal article found which is written in Ngoni language. Recommendation: In order to improve and address this challenge in Zambia, the present study recommended establishment of Ngoni Community Radio Station (NCRS) to be publishing Ngoni language lessons to the community.

Effect of Planning and Budget Realization with Covid-19 As A Moderator Variable toward Budget Absorption in Resort Police Station Bangka Tengah

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the government prioritized allocating a significant portion of its resources toward preventing the spread of Covid-19. Undoubtedly, this will inevitably affect the meticulously devised programs aimed at achieving budgetary recuperation. This study aims to determine the extent to which Covid-19 affects the budget absorption of the Resort Police Station Work Unit in Bangka Tengah. This study utilizes a quantitative methodology, utilizing moderating regression analysis (MRA) for data analysis. The financial statements cover a period of 72 months, spanning from 2017 to 2022. The study discovered that both the planning and implementation of activities, as well as the regulation of the Covid-19 pandemic’s impact on planning and implementation, had a noteworthy influence on the utilization of funds at the Resort Police Station Bangka Tengah. This study demonstrates that the planning process at the Bangka Tengah Police is capable of adjusting to the current requirements, resulting in improved budget use. The Bangka Tengah Police can improve budget absorption by implementing monthly budget realization. No prior research has been conducted on budget absorption at the Police Station during the Covid-19 pandemic, which had a widespread impact on all aspects of life.