Police Service Research Articles

What Happens When the Police Stop Policing?

Following the murder of George Floyd, protests broke out in Seattle, WA, around the Seattle Police Department’s (SPD) East Precinct. On June 8, 2020, the SPD abandoned the precinct in an attempt to alleviate tensions with protesters. An encampment was set up and the area remained a police-free zone until July 1, 2020. The situation in Seattle provided an opportunity for a natural experiment to examine the impact of reduced policing on crime and violence. In the immediate encampment area, crime was found to be 132.9% higher than a comparable ‘control’ area that was not experiencing reduced policing during the occupation period. Adequate funding for community organizations is important for crime and violence prevention, but effective policing is critical too. Eliminating police services leads to an increase in crime, which can harm public safety. Policy makers need to simultaneously support the evidence-based crime prevention work of both police and community organizations.

Implementation Paper on Vehicle Accident Detection System

Road traffic accidents pose a serious threat to public safety and cause a large number of victims every year. Of course, in order to reduce these risks, the demand for traffic accidents must increase. This brief presents a new solution using technology to improve road safety. The collision detection system is designed to detect and alert police and emergency services in the event of a collision. The system uses a combination of sensors, cameras, and machine learning algorithms to accurately identify accidents, analyze their severity, and send important information to first responders; thus, reducing response time and potentially saving lives. Key Words: public safety, emergency services, real-time, sensors

Drones as an Example of the Use of Smart Technologies in Cooperation with the State Security Forces in the Context of the Smart Cities Concept in the Czech Republic

Using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in security has become common in the Czech Republic. This paper focuses on using drones as an example of the application of smart technologies in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) and state security forces, especially in cooperation with the police, fire and medical emergency services in the context of the new Smart Cities concept. Drones are one of the most suitable examples of use along with IoT within the security sector, which play a key role in the daily protection of citizens' safety, public order security and crisis management. It is related to developing and implementing 5G networks, which allow real-time transmission of data obtained by drones directly to information systems, and is also gaining importance. This technology enables fast and efficient communication between the different actors involved in an intervention and creates a platform for fast and effective emergency response. Among other things, paying attention to cybersecurity, such as securing data transmissions, protecting against cyber threats, complying with security standards and legislation, and introducing special procedures and methodologies applicable in crisis, is essential.

APPLICATION CITIZEN’S CHARTER IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF POLRI PUBLIC SERVICES

Improving the quality of service requires support from all groups, including the integrity and commitment of the Police leadership and service officers as well as the community's commitment not to commit deviations in accordance with the Citizen's Charter (service contract) which has been formulated and established as a guideline for the implementation of Polri's public services. The public must always prioritize equal rights and justice regarding these services so that improvements in the quality of Polri's public services in the future can be achieved effectively and efficiently by achieving good governance which is characterized by clean governance. This is in accordance with the general principles of state administration (the general principle of organizational state) which consist of legal certainty, orderly state administration, public interest, openness, proportionality, professionalism and accountability.

To Add or to Multiply? Gender, Sexual Minority Status, and Sexual Harassment in the Norwegian Police Service

To Add or to Multiply? Gender, Sexual Minority Status, and Sexual Harassment in the Norwegian Police Service

Implementation Of Regional Regulation Policy Number 10 Of 2018 Concerning The Prohibition Of Smoking In The Environment Of The Katingan District Regional Government Agencies

The aim of this research is to explore, explain and illustrate how the No-Smoking Area Regional Regulation (KTR) policy in Katingan Regency is implemented. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative, by collecting primary and secondary data. The research results show that Regional Regulation Number 10 of 2018 concerning No-Smoking Areas in Katingan Regency has been implemented. However, there are challenges in implementing this policy, such as limited resources, lack of understanding and a bureaucratic structure that does not work, resulting in a lack of employee discipline regarding non-smoking areas, and a lack of areas provided for smokers in government institutions. Based on the background, the two problems raised in this research are, the author suggests to the agency authorized to handle the Katingan Regency Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) and the Katingan Regency Health Service to increase the socialization of Regional Regulation Number 10 of 2018 concerning No-Smoking Areas, increase the number of Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS) related to adequate human (technical) resources and facilities (facilities and infrastructure). Apart from that, the author emphasizes the importance of regional government's firmness in implementing the Katingan Regency Regional Regulation policy by forming a Non-Smoking Area Supervision Task Force Team in accordance with existing provisions. Finally, the author highlights the importance of a strong commitment from the local government of Katingan Regency in enforcing smoke-free area regulations with the cooperation of all Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD) to socialize this policy to employees as the main target. Recommended steps include installing no-smoking stickers and signs, as well as law enforcement measures such as unannounced inspections and imposing sanctions. It is hoped that these steps will increase the effectiveness and efficiency of implementing the policy.

The particular and diffuse effects of negative interactions on participation: Evidence from responses to police killings

AbstractThe relationship between the public and local government is crucial for the success of government in carrying out its duties. Despite this, the public is not always willing to engage with government. Previous research tells us that negative personal bureaucratic interactions can politically demobilize. However, little is known about whether feedback effects on participation are particular to offending government agencies or similarly felt by other organizations in a community. Building on studies of policy feedback, this study investigates how police killings, a form of community police contact, influence the public's willingness to engage with both local police and other local public services. Negative events, even when not directly experienced, disempower the public and undermine legitimacy, depressing participation. We test the effects of policing killings on participation using both observational data on 911 calls and 311 requests and a survey experiment where we manipulate exposure to a community police killing. We find evidence of decreased participation with local police and local government more broadly, contributing to our understanding of policy feedback, policing, and provision of public services.

‘They stand there looking really bored and pissed off': analysing efficient police resourcing at football matches in England and Wales

ABSTRACT Football policing in England and Wales is a key area of activity for the police service, with a reported £48 m being spent each season on policing football. There is a reported increase in football-related disorder following the Covid-19 pandemic, and debates in the football policing community about the requirement for increased resource levels being deployed to football. Using qualitative semi-structured interviews, this research captures voices from Dedicated Football Officers (DFOs); football club representatives; and other key stakeholders for policing football in England and Wales. The research shows multiple examples of ineffective and inefficient police resourcing at football matches. Despite calls for more liaison-based policing, there is an apparent emphasis on utilisation of public order units, which comes at great cost for the taxpayer, as well as football clubs. Here, it is argued that a focus on more specialised resources for policing football will lead to better outcomes in terms of preventing crime and improving relations with football supporter communities.

The organisation and operation of policing on university campuses: A case study

The operation of policing services on university campuses in the United Kingdom is under-researched. Drawing on interviews with university managers, security personnel and residential wardens, this article adds to the limited literature on policing in educational institutions by providing a case study of the organisation and implementation of campus policing at a university in the United Kingdom. We find that the work of the security teams includes routine housekeeping and caretaking tasks across campus, maintaining adherence to university rules and regulations, enhancing student well-being and welfare and preventing and responding to crimes. Further research is needed to understand how university spaces are managed and policed across the United Kingdom and the role of private security in dealing with welfare and mental health issues on campus.

The impact of COVID-19 on police officer wellness

ABSTRACT Disaster policing requires considerably more effort than working under normal conditions, thereby exacerbating existing threats to employee wellness. Research suggests that such working conditions may be harmful to physical and mental health outcomes, including increasing absenteeism. This study relies on personnel records from 3,398 police officers across 12 police services to determine the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacted police officer work attendance and absenteeism, controlling for officer – and community-level characteristics. Results indicate that compared to the previous time-period, work attendance decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic and absenteeism increased. Data shows that a greater proportion of officers worked fewer days during the pandemic compared to the time-period before, and a smaller proportion worked a greater number of days. Multilevel mixed effects models indicate that COVID-19 largely contributed to decreasing attendance and increasing absenteeism beyond the effects of community conditions and officer demographics.

Police recruitment and positive action: The social building blocks of service

Police recruitment in England and Wales has seen a large upsurge in recent years, with a government mandate to raise officer numbers by 20,000. Alongside this request, considerable pressure remains for the police service to diversify and recruit an increasing number of officers from under-represented groups. Although there are signs that the diversity of police forces in England and Wales is increasing, there is a paucity of available information and research on how this is happening. Existing research on current positive action programmes is underdeveloped. This study considers evidence gained from 26 long-form phenomenological interviews with new policing recruits in a single police force from the north of England. The interviews were structured using social network theory, allowing in-depth exploration of how recruits socially navigated their respective recruitment journeys. The sample provided comparative data on the journey for those experiencing positive actions and those without access to these initiatives. The data gathered offer a picture of recruits’ experiences during recruitment, allowing significant insight into the levels of social support they received. Social support is a critical element of well-being and retention. Empirical findings indicate that particular police recruitment stages exist as social building blocks for policing identity. These building blocks can be unequal depending on existing social resources. This differential identity-building during pre-socialization leads to a proposal for services to consider their positive action initiatives in a different light and ensure that they lead to the development of longer-term, supportive relationships for under-represented recruits.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE SECRET POLITICAL POLICE OF RUSSIA IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The article is a publication of and extended commentary on Mikhail Kirillovich Gribovsky’s text. He was in charge of the Guards Corps’ secret military police service organized in the early 1820s, after the “Semenovsky history”. In 1822, he compiled a note which is kept in the Russian State Military History Archive. The commentary describes the prehistory of the creation of the secret police: Gribovsky’s activities, his brochure On the State of Landlords’ Peasants in Russia and its perception by contemporaries. The article provides general information about the service created by Gribovsky and peculiarities of its financing. It refers to Gribovsky’s note on the Decembrist Union of Prosperity (thanks to it Alexander I had information about this society) and his three more notes, published in the last decades. The author concludes that Gribovsky writes in his note about the attempts to find the Brief Instructions to Russian Knights by M.A. Dmitriev-Mamonov, which were published in 1816 in limited edition and have not been preserved. He gives a brief history of the organization, the Order of Russian Knights, for which this brochure was compiled, and implies that this Order did not exist. Celebrities involved in the project of the Order of Russian Knights are listed. Despite the fact that the note is not signed, the author attributes it to Gribovsky on the basis of handwriting analysis and identifies the likely person behind the abbreviation. The note shows how political police worked in Russia at the end of Alexander I’s reign. For example, the Gribovsky’s interest in the Order of Russian Knights was caused by the assumption that M.A. Dmitriev-Mamonov’s Brief Instructions to Russian Knights were, in fact, a charter of the Union of Prosperity.

Peran Dan Hambatan Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja Kota Madiun Dalam Mengendalikan Peredaran Minuman Beralkohol

This study aims to determine the role, obstacles and efforts of the Madiun City Pamong Praja Police Unit in carrying out the enforcement of local regulations related to the circulation of alcoholic beverages. This research uses the Empirical Legal Research Method, with primary data sources from interviews and observations at the Civil Service Police Unit and one of the cafes that sells alcoholic beverages in Madiun, as well as secondary data sources, namely Regional Regulation No. 8 of 2017 concerning Control of Alcoholic Beverage Distribution and Retribution for Alcoholic Beverage Sales Location Permits. SatpolPP Madiun City plays a role in carrying out the enforcement of local regulations related to the distribution of alcoholic beverages in Madiun City by carrying out routine operations together with the Madiun City Police with the Criminal Investigation Sub-field which is approximately ten to fifteen operations every month based on the budget that has been approved by the DPRD. The obstacles faced are sourced from within the institution's own organisation or Internal and sourced from outside the organisation or External. Satpol PP Madiun City makes several efforts in various ways, including Satpol PP is required to work with what infrastructure has been provided, Satpol PP tries to carry out its work duties according to the applicable SOP, on call when suddenly required to carry out its work duties.

Informing the recruitment crisis in policing: Evaluating which incentives can entice the best candidates among college students

AbstractResearch SummaryScrutiny over the quality of police work continues to increase, at the same time that a recruitment crisis may hinder policing services. Moreover, this crisis exists despite numerous work incentives for officers, which are potentially competitive salaries, early pensions, and legal protections. Using a sample of 604 undergraduate students—a natural recruiting pool for police agencies—this study explores the predictors of students’ interest in a career in policing. In addition, we conducted a randomized survey experiment to identify the effect of work incentives on students’ willingness to apply to be a police officer upon graduation. Specifically, we manipulated the starting salary, years of service until pension eligibility, and the protection afforded against lawsuits. Finally, we tested whether the effect of these incentives differs across the quality of applicants (i.e., grade point average [GPA], ability to pass existing application criteria, and subjective qualities that comprise honesty, teamwork, and compassion) and their preexisting interest in a career in policing. We found that students are generally uninterested in becoming police officers, particularly when their GPA is high. Though the starting salary was the most impactful of all incentives, some lawsuit protection is key for enticing the best students. In contrast, conditions for pension had only modest if any effects.Policy ImplicationsRecruiting is key to improving the quality of policing, particularly when many potential candidates are overlooking the career. However, research on the causes and consequences of police recruitment strategies is limited. This study implements rigorous research methods to investigate how to increase the pool of high‐quality applicants to police agencies. Findings support sensible and potentially cost‐effective policy decisions in regard to police recruiting, which should focus on increasing the starting salary, and on more effectively communicating the value of other existing benefits of the career that comprise lawsuit protection and attractive pension plans.

Police peer supporters in a domestic abuse-specific peer support initiative: Motivations, experiences and challenges

Police peer support programmes traditionally focus on mental health issues and experiences of trauma in work. Increased awareness of domestic abuse (DA), its impacts in the workplace, and calls to adopt trauma-informed approaches in the emergency and public services in the UK have culminated in a southern English police force instituting a novel peer support programme for personnel who are experiencing DA. This qualitative study interviewed 16 self-selected DA peer supporters to explore their motivations and experiences in providing support for their colleagues and the application of trauma-informed practice. Findings support previous research on the ongoing prevalence of stigma around help-seeking in the police generally, and this is perhaps even more pronounced for DA. However, the presence of this form of peer support has symbolic value to challenge prevailing culture and foster increased confidence to make disclosures. Findings also indicate value in adopting DA-specific peer support from an organizational justice perspective because this may enable a greater sense of staff well-being. The approaches employed in the DA peer support programme exhibited implicit trauma-informed practice, which could be made more explicit and aligned to wider initiatives of creating a more trauma-informed police service.

Bridging the divide: Exploring inequities between sworn and civilian leaders in a Canadian police service.

Policing in the 21st century has rapidly become more complex, accountable, and changeable. Concern has emerged across the globe over the sustainability of public policing. Empirical research has supported that effective leadership at all levels of an organization is necessary to achieve success. Much has been said about the importance of effective leadership in policing. This paper explores an unexpected key finding from a mixed-methods, explanatory sequential design doctoral study that examined the self-efficacy beliefs and the factors that have influenced the leader effectiveness of sworn and civilian police leaders in a major Canadian police organization.

The perceived fairness and consistency of SAPS disciplinary practices: The demographic analysis

Background: A plethora of organisations have paid heavy prices due to improper application and biased use of disciplinary policies and procedures. This results in serious conflict and disharmony in the workplace.Aim: This study analysed how employees’ demographical variables influence the way they perceive fairness and consistency of disciplinary practices within the South African Police Service (SAPS).Setting: The study was conducted in Gauteng provincial policing precinct of Tshwane District.Methods: This study adopted a quantitative research methodology. A Likert-type questionnaire with 24 items was administered to 286 respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis test).Results: The study indicated no significant difference between the gender variables on the perceptions of the disciplinary practices of the SAPS. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the different generations. However, the study yielded a statistically significant result in terms of employee experience.Conclusion: The study suggests that employees of SAPS perceive the disciplinary practices to be arbitrary and failing to accomplish the essential objective of fairness and consistency. This study serves as a guideline to managers on how to apply the disciplinary procedures equitably and consistently in order to treat all employees fairly.Contribution: Although discipline is an important drive to employees’ ethical and professional behaviour, few studies have investigated employees’ reaction to disciplinary actions. This study has exceptionally provided the employees’ demographical analysis in relation to the perceptions of fair and consistent discipline.

Comparison of Serum Vitamin D Level between Outdoor and Indoor Working Professionals and Its Correlation with Serum Parathyroid Hormone Level

Background: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is functionally linked to vitamin D for calcium homeostasis in our body. Objective: To compare serum vitamin D level between outdoor and indoor working professionals of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, and observe its correlation with serum PTH level. Methods: This cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 101 indoor and outdoor professional workers of both sexes working in different sectors living in Dhaka city participated in this study. They were divided into two groups –outdoor workers (n=35) and indoor workers (n=66) Estimations of both serum vitamin D3 and PTH were done using chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay method. Statistical analysis was done by students unpaired t tests and Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results: Among outdoor workers, mostly hailed from Traffic Police Services (83%) and the rest (17%). were street hawkers. Indoor workers were recruited from the hospital – nurses (32%), doctors (27%), administrative employees (21%), hospital ward assistants (12%) and medical technicians (8%). Sufficient and insufficient levels of serum D3 were observed more in outdoor professional workers than indoor (P<0.05) whereas deficient levels of serum D3 was found more in indoor workers than outdoor workers (P<0.001). Mean serum vitamin D3 level was found significantly (P<0.001).higher in outdoor workers than that of indoor workers (19.35±5.67ng/ml vs. 14.17±4.18ng/ml) but mean serum PTH level was not significantly different (P>0.05)r in outdoor workers than that of indoor workers (42.35±18.27 vs. 37.78±17.54); Moreover, there was no significant correlation between serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in both outdoor (r= +0.290; p >0.05) and indoor (r= –0.206; p>0.05) groups .Conclusion: Our data concluded that indoor working professionals were more prone to develop vitamin D deficiency although outdoor working professionals may be affected with vitamin D insufficiency. In addition, there may be no relationship between serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels even in D deficient indoor workers. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2022;17(2): 78-84

Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Pengrusakan Objek Wisata Ke’te’ Kesu’ Toraja Utara

This study aims to analyze the enforcement of sanctions against perpetrators of the destruction of tourist objects in Ke'te' Kesu' North Toraja. This research uses empirical legal research methods with a statutory approach. The results of this study indicate that the enforcement of sanctions against the perpetrators of the destruction of tourist objects in Ke'te' Kesu' North Toraja is still less effective and the case has not been followed up, despite having a Regional Regulation of North Toraja Regency Number 7 of 2016. There are several obstacles faced in the application of sanctions in law enforcement against perpetrators of destruction of tourist objects due to, among others: (1) the civil service police unit can’t apply criminal sanctions because it does not have an agreement from the Police, Prosecutor's Office, and the Court; (2) the budget is slow or even non-existent so that the civil service police unit can’t move in guarding every tourist who enters North Toraja, and (3) the lack of personnel of the civil service police unit, so that it does not reach every violation of the destruction of Ke'te Kesu' Toraja Utara tourist objects.

Working Time Remedies Beyond Brexit: Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Another v Agnew and Others

Abstract On 4 October 2023, the ‘long-anticipated’ judgment in PCC v Agnew was handed down by the Supreme Court. This case concerned claims for holiday pay made by police officers and other civilian staff employed by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). The Supreme Court had to decide two main issues. The first was whether police officers could take advantage of the more generous remedy provisions in respect of holiday pay claims in the Employment Rights Order 1996 (ERO) (which largely corresponds to the UK Employment Rights Act 1996) as opposed to the Working Time Regulations. The second issue was the correct interpretation of the ERO provisions. As well as the important practical implications of the case, there are also interesting jurisprudential issues that arise. The case deals with the interpretation of European Union (EU) derived rights in the labour context. This is a sensitive area, given that access to EU interpretive mechanisms usually equates to a more progressive reading of rights, and this fans the flame of UK government scepticism to both the EU and working time rights. This article discusses the particular approach to statutory interpretation taken by the Supreme Court and the implications of this approach for the progressive interpretation of EU-derived employment rights going forward.