Policing Model Research Articles

Conditions, Actions and Purposes (CAP): A Dynamic Model for Community Policing in Europe

AbstractDespite its popularity as a policing method and evidence of its positive affect on communities, community policing has defied attempts to establish a clear definition and replicable form. Often regarded as an Anglo-American policing method in origin, community policing is now found across the world and is growing in influence. The need for differentiated local implementation raises important questions regarding the core features of community policing to guide the work of practitioners. Integrating insights from the existing literature and a trans-European project involving 323 interviews with community members and police officers across eight countries, we propose a dynamic model for community policing. In this original model, we differentiate between the conditions, actions and purposes of community policing (CAP) and describe how these core components are required for effective community policing, interrelated, and flexible enough for local implementation. Accordingly, we show how the CAP model is adaptable while at the same time retaining a sense of what makes ‘community policing’ a unique and identifiable policing method. We conclude our study with a discussion of the implications for research and practice internationally.

An Argument for Locally Enacted Police Model Rules of Professional Conduct to Fill the Gap between the Supreme Court’s Qualified Immunity Jurisprudence and Reasonable Police Behavior.

An Argument for Locally Enacted Police Model Rules of Professional Conduct to Fill the Gap between the Supreme Court’s Qualified Immunity Jurisprudence and Reasonable Police Behavior.

Analyses on selected techniques for crime detecting among Pupils of Police Model Primary School, Wudil Kano

Crime is an epidemic, and there is a need to spot crime doers. The research aimed to analyze systemic technical approaches to nipping crime in the bud. Police Primary School was employed. Recruitment was 100 pupils. They were five classes in all, and each classroom had 20 pupils. The pupils stayed in their classrooms. The research is in two phases: Phase 1 is voice recognition, and phase 2 is the truth serum approach. Phase 1 was to test the ability of students to recognize each other through a voice from spoken words between close associates. Each class was allocated twenty seconds for the ear witness voice recognition. The pupils in each class block utter sounds (speak), one after the other, and the other class block keenly listens to their voices for identification. In phase 2, pupils receive items as an enticement for the truth. This item is mind-altering, and the crime's identity is known. The research analyzed information obtained from the pupils after inducement to ascertain the doer of the crime. In phase 1, pupils in the same classrooms' voice recognition scored above 70%, while pupils in different classrooms scored above 60% in all the classrooms demonstrated. Only Classrooms B and D were non-significant from other classrooms (P>0.05) in the same classrooms, while non-significant differences in the different classroom settings were observed. Pase-2 revealed above 60% of the crime doers. Only two classrooms were not significant. The most frequent crime is noise making. The divulging of information on crime doers was comparable in all. Keywords: Crimes, Pupils, voice recognition, truth serum, classrooms and Police Model School.

Theoretical and methodological bases for the use of criminal analysis by operative units of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine

This article examines the concept, content and nature of intelligence-led policing. The role of criminal analysis, supplemented by criminal intelligence, in countering crime is examined. The specifics of interaction between operative units of law enforcement agencies and criminal analysis units are identified.
 The model of police activity guided by intelligence analytics is currently the most suitable for overcoming the existing challenges and threats in the field of fighting crime. ILP is a model of policing, according to which intelligence serves as the basis for conducting operations/investigations, and not vice versa. Criminal analysis and criminal intelligence are key elements of the Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP).
 The organization of police activities guided by ILP means the planning and management of police work activities, thanks to which the products of criminal analysis serve as the basis for determining strategic and operational goals in the field of preventing and stopping crime. This enables the effective allocation of resources based on the areas of activity of individual offenders, organised crime groups and the criminal environment as a whole.
 Criminal analysis is aimed at supporting effective law enforcement activities. The results of criminal analysis form the basis for the organization of police activities guided by intelligence analytics. That is, the products of criminal analysis serve as the basis for building the organization of police activity according to a new philosophy - a transition from reactive methods of police activity - reaction to a criminal event, to proactive - when police activity is guided by conclusions about the analysis of patterns and trends that are identified in the criminal environment. This approach allows you to take timely and effective measures regarding a problem or situation with the intention of eliminating or mitigating its consequences.
 The interaction between employees of operative units and criminal analysts has certain features and takes place mostly within the framework of criminal intelligence analysis. An important aspect in the effective cooperation of operatives and criminal analysts is the introduction of specialization in certain areas of work. Criminal analysis is aimed at supporting effective law enforcement activities. The results of criminal analysis form the basis for the organization of police activities guided by intelligence analytics. That is, the products of criminal analysis serve as the basis for building the organization of police activity according to a new philosophy - a transition from reactive methods of police activity - reaction to a criminal event, to proactive - when police activity is guided by conclusions about the analysis of patterns and trends that are identified in the criminal environment. This approach allows you to take timely and effective measures regarding a problem or situation with the intention of eliminating or mitigating its consequences.
 The interaction between employees of operative units and criminal analysts has certain features and takes place mostly within the framework of criminal intelligence analysis. An important aspect in the effective cooperation of operatives and criminal analysts is the introduction of specialization in certain areas of work.

Pemolisian Intervensi dalam Situasi Kedaruratan: Studi Kasus Strategi Polresta Bogor dalam Penanggulangan Pandemi Covid-19 di Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat

This article argues for the importance of building an intervention-based policing model in an emergency situation. Through a case study of the Bogor Police's strategy in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic, this article finds gaps in empirical and theoretical developments regarding the effectiveness of modern democracy-based and community-based policing models in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. This article looks at the importance of the intervention policing paradigm, which is a combination of values-based regulation in the community and the legitimacy-based regulation of the police authority. The intervention policing model emphasizes the importance of three police intervention approaches; participatory intervention, institutional intervention, and regulatory intervention as a policing model in emergency situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic

Policy Solutions: The policy of school policing

More than half of U.S. schools have no police presence on their campuses. Jonathan E. Collins proposes that all school buildings be free of police. School resource officers (SROs), he writes, do more harm than good. An alternate policy that would remove SROs from schools involves the framework of the community policing model. This model focuses on engaging students in full and deep discussions and problem-solving that reveals what students think of school safety and the root cause of school violence.

Prospect for green policing: Constructs and dimensions of environmental sustainability in the context of public safety

The vulnerability of the environment to the risk posed by climate change becomes even more exponential with the rapid phase of the industrial revolution and globalization in the contemporary era. As a key pillar of sustainability, the role of every societal sector is critical in the consummation of environmental equilibrium. This study was carried out to develop a common framework for the programming of green activities in the realm of public safety sectors and to establish standardized indicators for the coordination and complementation of environmental sustainability efforts and initiatives. The study employed a quantitative research design that supports the use of an instrument to explore the constructs and dimensions of environmental sustainability in public safety through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) via Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The data harbored a 0.964 index on the Kaiser-Mayer-Oldin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy which implies that the explored constructs are highly correlated. Similarly, Barlett's Test of Sphericity demonstrated strong significance with a value of .000, implying that all indicators are factorable. Furthermore, the Scree plot revealed that there are two (2) dimensions that yielded an Eigenvalue that is equal to or greater than 1 (λ=≥1) namely Green Behavior and Sustainable Operations. The explored constructs and dimensions are necessary for the development of a model for Green Policing which can serve as a basis for monitoring and evaluation of environmental law enforcement and environmental sustainability efforts of the public safety sectors.

Trust & Models of Policing

Abstract The notion of trust has become central to the discussion of policing and its transformation over the last decade. Scholars, policy-makers, and the agents who purport to carry out public safety projects on behalf of the public now commonly point to trust as one of the central goals of the relationship between policing agencies and members of the public they serve, in contrast to the more common and familiar notion of crime reduction. This essay highlights three common mechanisms agencies and the individuals they comprise use to attempt to improve the public's trust in police: changing policy, training of police, and citizen oversight boards. Focusing on the conceptual framework that the social psychology of procedural justice offers, the essay then turns to a less common target for change: the very laws police enforce. Changing the police will require not only transforming how its members carry out the job but also the laws they are sworn to uphold.

Introduction

Introduction

Exploring Citizens Perception of the Police Role and Function in a Post-Colonial Nation

Before attempting to develop productive and harmonious working relationships between citizens and the police in a post-colonial society such as Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), it is imperative to initially gain a more precise understanding of the role and function of the police. This qualitative study suggested that the current role and function of officers is parallel to the colonial model of policing, where officers operated in a paramilitary manner. This model of policing was concerned with law enforcement and public order duties, which was highlighted as counterproductive for police and public relations. The model was also popular for police treatment based on citizens socioeconomic status. The results of this study suggest that police officers should implement a Service Oriented Policing approach (SOP), which could allow police officers to become proactively involved with communities and citizens, build stronger and increasingly productive relationships and be more effective and efficient as an institution.

Mapping police power and the limits of reform

In the response to mass protests calling to reform, defund, or abolish the police, a number of U.S. police departments have recently grappled with reforms. In a familiar cycle of periodic crises that lead to calls for police reform, many proposed reforms end up funneling more money into police departments while doing little to address entrenched and systemic forms of racism. In this article, I analyze a city-run reform effort in Lexington, KY that seeks to “dismantle systemic racism” in policing and other government agencies. I show how the police reform committee struggled to address everyday practices of policing that lead to racially disparate outcomes and, instead, largely focused on animus and bias exhibited by individual officers. In response to the perceived lack of data on racially uneven policing practices, in this article I argue that we take seriously minor ‘crime’ data as indicators of police discretion and priorities. To those ends, I map the uneven geographies of marijuana possessions enforcement, showing how they intersect with existing forms of vulnerability. In mapping enforcement, I offer a replicable means to shift the framing through which reform efforts are conceptualized and show how the existing, entrenched model of policing produces, amplifies, and reifies systemic racism.

Recentring the coloniality of global policing

This article develops a new framework for the analysis of international policing. We argue that attention to the historical dynamics that shape international policing challenges not only commonly held views about it but also how it is studied. Building on insights from global historical sociology as well as decolonial and postcolonial theories, we place co-constitution, processual relationalism and coloniality at the centre of our understanding of policing both domestically and internationally. We foreground the colonial origins of modern policing, which emerged simultaneously in the metropoles and the colonies to police specific, often racialised, populations. This history reveals not only that ‘domestic’ policing has always been globalised, and therefore cannot be analysed within the confines of the nation-state, but also that policing models in the West have been militarised and racialised from the very beginning. Our approach shows why technocratic fixes are unlikely to solve recurring problems that span both the Global North and the Global South – such as using excessive force by police or targeting marginalised, often racialised populations. Our framework pushes forward a new, more critical conversation about how we, as scholars, make sense of international policing and its consequences globally.

Collaborative Policing Model: Strategy for Maintaining Community Security and Order in Disaster Situations

The emergence of new symptoms in disaster situations prioritizes a collaboration-based approach to maintaining community order. All systems face the difficulty of human vulnerability when confronted with catastrophic occurrences such as disasters (Alexander 2005; Cutter 2005). In this situation, the police are vulnerable to becoming victims, creating limitations in the services provided to the community. These limitations need to be anticipated through collaboration with various parties since the disaster, and normal situations differ. Therefore, an adaptive collaboration model is required to generate maximum output for the phenomena that emerged after the disaster. This research will discuss a police collaboration model for the maintenance of Community Security and Order in the Disaster Collaborative Policing Model. Meanwhile, the focus is on the collaboration carried out by the police and non-state institutions. A qualitative method was used in the form of in-depth interviews with the police, collaboration partners from non-state institutions, and experts and academics engaged in disaster management. The results formulate essential elements by considering internal and external factors from the police organization. These include community conditions and threats in the form of rumors that affect community support for the police collaboration program.

Collaborative Policing Model: Strategy for Maintaining Community Security and Order in Disaster Situations

Collaborative Policing Model: Strategy for Maintaining Community Security and Order in Disaster Situations

Collaborative Policing Model: Strategy for Maintaining Community Security and Order in Disaster Situations

Collaborative Policing Model: Strategy for Maintaining Community Security and Order in Disaster Situations

Collaborative Policing Model: Strategy for Maintaining Community Security and Order in Disaster Situations

Collaborative Policing Model: Strategy for Maintaining Community Security and Order in Disaster Situations

An Empirical Test of Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Public Cooperation with the Police in China

Grounded in the pathbreaking work of Tom Tyler and his colleagues, procedural justice and legitimacy have been widely tested in different fields in Western societies. Although a small body of research provides some evidence supporting the process-based model of policing in China, studies testing the theory of procedural justice using a larger representative sample are lacking. Drawing upon survey data collected by the Chinese General Social Survey in 2017, this study assesses the applicability of Tyler’s work in a non-democratic setting—China—and finds that the Western wisdom of process-based policing is largely supported. Procedural justice, as the strongest factor, plays a crucial role in influencing Chinese people’s feelings of obligation to obey and willingness to cooperate with the police. Police effectiveness also promotes police legitimacy and cooperation. This study highlights the implications of procedural justice and police legitimacy in a different cultural context.

In Times of Political Crisis, Why People Support the Police: Police Legitimacy in Taiwan

The current research examines the support for the police during a political crisis. Relying on a random sample collected from the Taipei metropolitan area a month after the Sunflower Movement in 2014, we have found that perceived police legitimacy functioned well, whereas the political party preference, a proxy measure of powerholder legitimacy, exerts the strongest positive impact on the support for the police during the crisis. We conclude that political orientation structures perceived legitimacy and sustains the support for the police during the social movement. In addition, policing by virtue, an alternative model of democratic policing is discussed within the context of Taiwan. The study leads us to believe that the Confucian culture is not destined to be authoritarian and violent, but is capable of regenerating itself as an alternative form of democratic policing, and possibly more broadly, governance.

Negotiated Management as a Tool to Achieve Social Control over Political Protest and Social Movement Organizations

Social movement scholars describe negotiated management as a process of collaboration between those in power and those in resistance. For this research, content analysis and critical discourse analysis are used to evaluate questionnaire responses from law enforcement agencies in communities where competing grassroots political organizations engaged in political protest. Findings indicate that law enforcement exercise different levels of social control toward those least likely to engage in, or submit to, a negotiated management model of policing. I argue that responses toward organizations, as reported in questionnaire responses, demonstrates a structural permanence of social control. Negotiated management between the state and competing grassroots political organizations is a tool used to achieve informal control. Organizations that fail – or choose not – to engage in informal social control of their members risk escalated force by police agencies that seek compliance. Results of this research increase understanding of law enforcement responses to political protest groups.

Analysis of the Quality of Peace and Security from the Perspective of Community Policing in Lira city, Northern Uganda

Uganda faces an ever-upward rate of urban criminality; this has led to continued loss of lives and property. Security officials, especially, the Uganda Police Force have embraced a range of approaches to mitigate, avert and/or evade crime but none appears to yield sustainable outcomes. The decade ending 2020 witnessed the espousal of ‘community policing as an innovative approach to detecting and thwarting urban crime. Obtainable literature indicates that community policing is a paradigm shift grounded in the principles of policing by the consent of the community. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the quality of peace and security from the perspective of selected community policing models. Two questions are answered, namely; (a) how does intelligence-led policing enhance peace and security among slum dwellers in Lira city west division? And (b) how does zero-tolerance policing enhance peace and security among slum dwellers in the Lira city west division? A Case study design was adopted in eight purposely selected slums. The participants who were resourceful during data collection are; elected leaders, civil servants, security operatives, retired security officers, and media practitioners. Results suggest that the Intelligence-led policing model has the potential to enhance the protection of security information from unauthorized persons. Thus enabling the Police Force to dislodge organized crime in the slum areas. Also, Zero-tolerance policing model provides efficient management of security investigations since the Police Force can gather evidence to facilitate the prosecution of offenders. Thus, a combination of both models is key in enhancing peace and security among slum areas in Lira City.