History Of Policing Research Articles

Policing the Periphery: The Development of Scottish Policing 1795–1900

This article, which is in two parts, addresses a much neglected topic — the early development of policing in Scotland. In Part I, the remarkably early growth of Scottish policing was mapped out, and the way in which some distinctive features of the term's earliest usage carried over into the nineteenth century police form was examined. Analytical emphasis in the first part of the article was upon the forces giving rise to the conditions under which the institution of police could emerge, how the penetration of capitalist relations into Scotland made policing an attractive urban and rural possibility. An attempt was also made to break through the explanatory nihilism of some recent historians who perceive so much local diversity and uneveness in the history of policing and criminal justice during the nineteenth century that they are driven effectively to abandon all overarching structural explanation. Instead of surrendering to the temptations of descriptive empiricism implicit in such elevation of diversity to analytical pre-eminence, the first part of the article attempted to analyse the interplay between macro-structural factors and local exigencies in such a way that some sense could be made of diversity itself. The second part of the article will be devoted to the other side of the relationship between Scottish policing and the society in which it emerged, to the ways in which policing contributed to the formation of social relations appropriate to a society moving rapidly into the phase of industrial capitalism. While being careful to avoid the cruder functionalist and teleological overtones of an approach which specifies the effects of policing and then attributes causative force to those effects, it nonetheless acknowledges the significance of policing for the new order emerging in Scotland during this crucial period. In so doing it completes the “relational” circle, a conceptual framework which, as well as stressing how the institution of police was shaped by the totality of Scotland's nineteenth century order, also emphasizes how policing helped to shape that order itself.

Policing the periphery: The development of scottish policing 1795–1900

Abstract This article, which is in two parts, addresses a much neglected topic — the early development of policing in Scotland. In Part I, the remarkably early growth of Scottish policing will be mapped out, and the way in which some distinctive features of the term's earliest usage carried over into the nineteenth century police form will be examined. Analytical emphasis in the first part of the article will be upon the forces giving rise to the conditions under which the institution of police could emerge, how the penetration of capitalist relations into Scotland made policing an attractive urban and rural possibility. An attempt will also be made to break through the explanatory nihilism of some recent historians who perceive so much local diversity and uneveness in the history of policing and criminal justice during the nineteenth century that they are driven effectively to abandon all overarching structural explanation. Instead of surrendering to the temptations of descriptive empiricism implicit in such elevation of diversity to analytical preeminence, this article will attempt to analyse the interplay between macro-structural factors and local exigencies in such a way that some sense can be made of diversity itself. The second part of the article will be devoted to the other side of the relationship between Scottish policing and the society in which it emerged, to the ways in which policing contributed to the formation of social relations appropriate to a society moving rapidly into the phase of industrial capitalism.

“Broken Windows” and fractured history: The use and misuse of history in recent police patrol analysis

In a recent and provocative article entitled “Broken Windows,” James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling propose a new role orientation for the urban police in America. They argue that the police should replace their current preoccupation with crime control and concentrate instead on dealing with small order maintenance problems. Their argument is based upon a synthesis of recent police research and an analysis of police history. This article critiques the analysis of police history offered by Wilson and Kelling. It disputes their argument that American police officers enjoyed a high degree of legitimacy in the eyes of urban neighborhood residents in the years before the advent of the patrol car. It also offers a different interpretation of the impact of technological innovation upon patterns of police-citizen contacts during the past fifty years.

Police Unrest, Unionization and the 1919 Strike in Liverpool

Sixty years ago, during the aftermath of the first world war, labour unrest and disaffection in Britain were pronounced and widespread. The end of hostilities had immediately brought to the fore all those industrial problems which had been either set aside or dealt with on only a temporary basis during the war.' Nowhere was this more apparent than in the police service. Here mounting discontent culminated in strike action in certain parts of the country both in 1918 and 1919 the only period in which independent trades unionism has been openly practised in the entire history of the force. The successful strike in London in 1918 and the attempted, national police strike in the following year which failed are notable examples of the taking of 'direct action' within a hierarchically structured and disciplined organization. In view of the revival of more militant attitudes towards improving pay and conditions among the police in recent years, together with renewed interest in independent union organization and the possibility of industrial action, the time is now appropriate for a reappraisal of certain aspects of this earlier episode of police history. Although up to 10 per cent of the police forces in London and Birmingham came out on strike in August 1919 with more than a thousand policemen out in the Metropolitan area alone, nevertheless it was Merseyside which proportionate to the size of its force was really the key centre of the strike.2 More than half the Liverpool and Birkenhead forces as well as three quarters of the police in nearby Bootle answered the strike call. It was also Liverpool and the adjacent boroughs which were the most seriously affected by the consequences of the strike, in terms of public disorder, looting,

Urban Police and Crime in Nineteenth-Century America

Interest in the history of police and crime has been strong over the past half generation. From the traditional historians' point of view, the resulting scholarship has grown not only in amount but in "sophistication," as sociologists and political scientists have contributed not only their work but often their methods and approaches. This development, however, seems to present problems as well as advantages. The history of police, as first outlined in rather traditional case studies of nineteenth-century Boston and New York, has clearly benefited from the myriad of subsequent approaches. The original accounts have been not so much challenged, with few exceptions, as enriched by later ones which stress points that had been at least relatively slighted: cross-national comparisons with London, the search for legitimacy, class conflict, social control, battles over social values. Most disagreements appear to be matters of emphasis, the result of differing angles of approach, or perhaps of the differing times and places studied. With the history of "criminality," however, consensus breaks down. Traditional historical methods have yielded a reasonably coherent, nonquantitative picture of professional crime and vice in the previous century. But the attempt to measure the incidence of most ordinary common law offenses against persons and property, often using the "hard" methods of the quantitative social sciences, has resulted in much disagreement not only about methods but about values. While there is some hope that a scholarly consensus may soon emerge about the rate and direction of ordinary crime in both England and the U. S. (down through most of the nineteenth century, up from about World War II), there are other profound issues which seem beyond the reach of "social science." The issue of how properly to define "crime," the degree to which "deviance" is social or individual in origin, the degree to which authority may shape or contain behavior-all of these, as yet, seem immune to empirical demonstration.

Recent Book: Then Followed: A History of Police in England and Wales

Recent Book: Then Followed: A History of Police in England and Wales

Book Notes

Book Reveiwed in this article Local Government and Politics Martin Cross and David Mallen. Introduction to British Government S. G. Richards. People and Parliament John P. Mackintosh. Directions for Change: Review of New South Wales Government Administration An Interim Report by Peter Wilenski A History of Police in England and Wales T. A. Critchley. Companion to Management Studies Harold Lucas. Zero‐Base Budgeting in the Public Sector: A Pragmatic Approach Peter C. Sarant. An Introduction to Selection Interviewing Dr. E. Anstey. Understanding Job Evaluation Mike Burns. Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process Jay M. Shafritz et al. Computers and Local Government. Vol. 1. A Manager's Guide Kenneth L. Kraemer and John Leslie King. Socialising Public Ownership Martyn Sloman. The Development of the British Welfare State 1880–1975 J. R. Hay. The Origins of British Social Policy Pat Thane (ed.) Social Policy 1830–1914: Individualism, Collectivism and the Origins of the Welfare State Eric J. Evans (ed.) The Changing National Health Service R. G. S. Brown. The Organization of Soviet Medical Care Michael Ryan. Health Services in Britain 9th ed. HMSO Social Services in Britain 11th ed. HMSO Schools in Britain HMSO Governance of Federal Regulatory Agencies David M. Welborn. Price Determination and Prices Policy Joan Mitchell. Workers' Participation in Industry Michael Poole Inside the System J. L. Hesketh. Hello, Good Evening and Welcome… John Brand. Law on Accidents to Health Service Staff and Volunteers W. A. J. Farndale and Susan Russell.

Carpenter, J. H. The Badge and the Blotter: A History of the Lethbridge Police

Carpenter, J. H. <i>The Badge and the Blotter: A History of the Lethbridge Police</i>

Recent Book: Europe's Police History: Continental Police Practice

Recent Book: Europe's Police History: Continental Police Practice

Police and community: A review article

Any review of books about the police service in this country would of necessity have to include T. A. Critchley's A History of Police in England and Wales 1900-1966. For anyone seriously interested in a study of the police service and its development over the years this book provides a sound basis upon which to build. From his close association with the Home Office and his actual involvement in the work Mr. Critchley has provided a book which is a pleasure to read and at the same time an invaluable guide to a good many sources for further research.

Recent Book: American Police History: A Short History of American Law Enforcement

Recent Book: American Police History: A Short History of American Law Enforcement

The City of London Police Museum and Exhibition

Constable Rumbelow joined the City of London Police in 1963. His play “Lobsters and Bowmen” was produced in 1966 and his first book, a social history of police and crime in the city, is to be published this year by Macmillans. His next book will be about the Siege of Sidney Street.

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:CRIMINOLOGY Controlling Delinquents. Edited by Stanton Wheeler.CRIMINOLOGY The Social Organisation of Juvenile Justice. By Aaron V. Cicourel.CRIMINOLOGY Studies of Female Offenders. By Nancy Goodman and Jean Price. A Home Office Research Unit ReportCRIMINOLOGY Aspects of Social Control in Welfare States (Scandinavian Studies in Criminology, Volume 2). Edited by Nils Christie.CRIMINOLOGY Collected Studies in Criminological Research, Volume 2. European Committee on Crime Problems, Council of Europe, StrasbourgCRIMINOLOGY Who is the Criminal? By Richard Oerton.CRIMINOLOGY Crime in New Zealand. Department of Justice, New Zealand.CRIMINOLOGY Fifth Research Conference on Delinquency and Criminality. Quebec Centre of Criminology.CRIMINOLOGY A Validation Study of Hewitt and Jenkins' Hypothesis. By Elizabeth Field.PENAL PHILOSOPHY The Ethics of Punishment. By Sir Walter Moberley.PENAL PHILOSOPHY Punishment and Responsibility. By H. L. A. Hart.PENAL PHILOSOPHY Law, Morality and Religion in a Seculbr Society. By Basil Mitchell.PENAL PHILOSOPHY The Responsibility of Criminals. By William Kneale.PENAL PHILOSOPHY Law, Liberty and Morality. By H. L. A. Hart.PENAL PHILOSOPHY The Enforcement of Morals. By Patrick Devlin.PENOLOGY Prison. By Michael Wolff.PENOLOGY The Effectiveness of Punishment and Other Methods of Treatment. European Committee on Crime Problems, Council of Europe, StrasbourgPENOLOGY No Easy Road. By Sallie Trotter.PENOLOGY Prisoners' Progress—from mailbags to maturity. By Merfyn Turner.PENOLOGY Capital Punishment: Developments 1961 to 1965.PENOLOGY Growth to Freedom. By Derek Miller.SOCIAL STUDIES The Delinquent Solution. By David M. Downes.SOCIAL STUDIES The Professional Task in Welfare Practice. By Peter Nokes.SOCIAL STUDIES Time of One's Own. By Pearl Jephcott.SOCIAL STUDIES Studies in Child Development: 11,000 Seven Year Olds. By M. L. Kellmer Pringle, N. R. Butler and R. Davie.SOCIAL STUDIES Four Years On. By Stan Gooch and M. L. Kellmer Pringle.SOCIAL STUDIES Adoption—Facts and Fallacies. By M. L. Kellmer Pringle.SOCIAL STUDIES Family Advice Services. By Aryeh Leissner.SOCIAL STUDIES The Community's Children. Edited by Jessie Parfit.SOCIAL STUDIES People of the Streets. By Tony Parker.PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Crime and Insanity in England. Volume 1: The Historical Perspective. By Nigel Walker.PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY The Guilty Mind: Psychiatry and the Law of Homicide. By John Biggs, Jr.PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Human Aggression. By Anthony Storr.PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Psychology and Social Problems. By Michael Argyle.PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY A Study of Brief Psychotherapy. By D. H. Malan.PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Group Analysis. Volume 1, No. 1: November, 1967. Edited by S. H. Foulkes.PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Born to Trouble. By R. Lloyd and S. Williamson.THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES Studies in Environment Therapy (Volume 1). Edited by Arthur T. Barron.THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES Q Camp. Edited by Marjorie E. Franklin.THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES The Hawkspur Experiment. By David Wills.DRUGS Social Problems of Drug Abuse. Edited on behalf of the National Association of Probation Officers by Frank Dawtry.DRUGS Drugs and the Police. By Terence Jones.LAW AND THE POLICE A History of English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750. Volume 4: Grappling for Control. By Leon Radzinowicz.LAW AND THE POLICE A History of Police in England and Wales, 900–1966. By T. A. Critchley.LAW AND THE POLICE Anglo‐American Criminal Justice. By Delmar Karlen, in collaboration with Geoffrey Sawer and Edward M. Wise.LAW AND THE POLICE Ransom: A Critique of the American Bail System. By Ronald Goldfarb.LAW AND THE POLICE Law and the Common Man. By C. H. Rolph.LAW AND THE POLICE Magistrates' Summary Jurisdiction—Guide to Powers of Punishment. By John A. Henham.LAW AND THE POLICE A Guide to Law and Practice under the Criminal Justice Act 1967. By David Napley.LAW AND THE POLICE A Short Guide to the Criminal Justice Act 1967. By Brian Harris.LAW AND THE POLICE Introductory Cases on Law and the Legal Process. By Bernard F. Cataldo, Cornelius W. Gillam. Frederick G. Kempin, Jr., John M. Stockton and Charles M. Weber.LAW AND THE POLICE Forensic Science. By H. J. Walls.MASS MEDIA The Press and the Protection of Youth. By H. Michaud and T. E. James.MASS MEDIA Attitude Formation and Change. By J. D. Halloran.BIOGRAPHY Romilly. By Patrick Medd.

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:“Antimemoirs.” By André Malraux.Britain's Economic Prospects. By Richard E. Caves and Associates.A History of Police in England and Wales 900‐1966. By T. A. Critchley.Technocracy. By Jean Meynaud.Value Systems and Social Process. By Sir Geoffrey Vickers.Specialists and Generalists. Edited by F. F. Ridley.Angels in Marble: Working Class Conservatives in Urban England. By Robert McKenzie and Allan Silver.

Book Reviews

Book reviews in this article: Ombudsmen and Others: Citizens' Protectors in Nine Countries By Walter Gellhorn. Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study By F.G. Castles. The Thai Bureaucracy: Institutional Change and Development By William J. Siffin. Thailand: the Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity By Fred W. Riggs. The Economic Impact of TVA Edited by John R. Moore. A History of Police in England and Wales, 900–1966 By T. A. Critchley. Local Government at Work: A Case Study of a County Borough By H. Victor Wiseman. County Government in England and Wales By Jeffrey Stanyer. Public Investment in Australia: A Study of Australian Public Authority Investment and Development By Russell Mathews. The Craft of Diplomacy: Mechanics and Development of National Representation Overseas By Douglas Busk. Whitehall and the Commonwealth By J. A. Cross. The NATO International Staff/Secretariat 1952–1957: A Study in International Administration By Robert S. Jordan.

Recent Book: Pompey's Police: A History of the Police in Portsmouth

Recent Book: Pompey's Police: A History of the Police in Portsmouth

Review: A History of Police in England and Wales

Review: A History of Police in England and Wales

British Police History

Mr. Muir reviews a book which will surely be our principal text on police history for many years to come.

Recent Soviet Books on the History of the Secret Police

Throughout its existence–barring a brief spell of uncharacteristic loquacity in its earliest years, quickly suppressed–the Soviet secret police has followed the policy of making public as little information as possible about its current activities. Terse communiques reporting the apprehension of malefactors, brief and studiously noninformative press releases concerning the punishment of enemies of the Soviet state and people–these have been the forms preferred by the secret police for its communications to the outside world.

Police History: A Bibliography

Few subjects have been as neglected by historians as the Police. Anyone studying the history of the 19th century in particular, when the modern era of policing began, cannot fail to be struck by the cursory treatment accorded to the new element in public security by the most authoritative writers. We were glad, therefore, to receive the list of publications relating to police history which Dr. Parris introduces in the following article. It is we, believe, the only published list of its kind. It may be that other matter has been published in this field and we shall be glad to print a supplementary list if any of our readers care to send particulars (in the same detail as in the present list) of any omissions, whether in book- or booklet-form or as articles in Force or other magazines.