Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles

Compact design of circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna with double slip ring resonator for vehicle-to-vehicle communication

The paper mainly focuses on the compact design of circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The charging time of electric vehicle is longer waiting time than compared to traditional gasoline-based vehicles. The charging is done at the public charging stations. When the vehicles need charging while driving, they communicate with Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to send the information to the nearest vehicles and receive information from the charging station. Moreover, DSRC band is used in many applications area such as Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), Collision Avoidance, and connected vehicles. The research problem in this study is that when installing an antenna on a vehicle, it is important to have a compact size and achieve circular polarization. The research solution for the problem statement in this study is emphasized on 45? inclined slot and corner trimmed is added in rectangular patch to make the current part longer and the impedance matching better, and to get circular polarization. After that, Swiss roll structure CSRR is added in ground plane to improve bandwidth. Finally, outer SRR is added in the ground plane to improve S11. The proposed design has been validated for car-to-car (5.85-5.925 GHZ) communication.

A phase shift keying modulator integrated single‐feed circular polarization agile array antenna

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel design of a circular polarization agile array antenna using two phase shift keying (PSK) modulators. The proposed antenna includes four dual linear polarization microstrip patch antenna elements, two PSK modulators, two quarter‐wavelength slot transmission lines, microstrip‐slot line transitions, and a single feed network. The PSK modulator generates phase switching of either 180° or 0° of the vertical signals of each antenna element with the aid of the four diodes. The quarter‐wavelength slot transmission lines are added to adjust the 90° phase difference between orthogonal signals of the array antenna. By controlling the PSK modulators, the proposed antenna can achieve dual circular polarization switching capabilities. A prototype antenna is used to demonstrate the antenna concept. The measured results confirm the concept with a good agreement between the simulated and measured performances. The proposed antenna has no complex circuits for RF and DC signals, and it provides a compact structure.

Frequency self-compensating technique for mitigating detuning effects due to bending for wearable patch antennas

This paper presents the design analysis and measurement of a linearly polarized microstrip patch antenna resonating in the X-band regime with a self-compensating mechanism to mitigate the detuning effects due to bending. The antenna is studied for its variation in the resonant frequency for bending radii up to 20 mm and a compensation of ≈50% is achieved as compared to its counterpart. The compensation technique is realized by altering the effective dielectric constant of the substrate by injecting dielectric fluids into the grooves incorporated in the substrate, supplemented by a shape variation of the grooves due to bending. The antennas demonstrated in the current work exhibits a gain of more than 7 dBi throughout along with a consistent −10 dB impedance bandwidth.

Simulation Research on the Effect of Ultra-wideband Pulses with a Global Positioning System Antenna

With the development of drone technology, drones are gradually being applied in various industries. But with the increasingly complex electromagnetic environment, the impact of electromagnetic interference on drones is also gradually increasing. The GPS is one of the important components of unmanned aerial vehicles. This paper establishes a 1.58 GHz frequency band circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna model. It uses this model to simulate the coupling effect of UWB pulses on the front door of the GPS. UWB pulses with different polarization directions and incidence angles were selected for coupling simulation research. The results indicate that the coupling effect is closely related to the polarization direction and incident direction angle of the pulse, and the coupling signal spectra under different conditions are obtained. This result guides subsequent experiments on the coupling effect of UWB pulses on unmanned aerial vehicles and research on the coupling mechanism.

An Ultraminiature Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna With MIM Capacitors

In this letter, an ultraminiature circularly polarized micostrip patch antenna is designed by four metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. First, four lumped capacitors are added to edge of the conventional microstrip patch antenna to conduct the simulation of the theoretical model for brevity. It is found that the micostrip patch antenna achieves electrically small ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ka</i> <1) when the capacitors are selected carefully. In addition, the axial ratio and the resonance of the antenna can be optimized by the capacitors, which derives an effective method to design a compact circularly polarized antenna. Thus, four MIM capacitors are applied to replace the lumped capacitors to make the antenna physically realizable. A circularly polarized (CP) electrically small mictostrip patch antenna is designed, fabricated and measured to justify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The axial ratio bandwidth and the peak gain of the CP ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ka</i> = 0.495) prototype achieves 0.88% and 4.25 dBiC, respectively. The size of the proposed antenna is only 0.104 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ×0.104 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> .

New circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna array design for energy harvesting applications

This paper gives an essential contribution to the energy engineering topic, especially the energy harvesting field. Wireless power transmission (WPT) is one of the most widely used methods in this field recently to generate electricity in a clean way for the environment like the rectenna systems. The main component of the rectenna systems is the microstrip patch antenna (MPA). This is the main reason why this article proposes a novel conception of 1×4 circular polarized MPA array to operate in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band at the resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz for radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) systems. The basic MPA element is a square antenna using a center slot and V-slits at the four corners combined with a defected ground structure (DGS) method. This proposed conception is developed in order to improve the antenna’s performance to integrate with a rectifier circuit for the Rectenna systems which are the most used systems in RFEH. The simulation results obtained by CST MWS software and HFSS solver show that this novel design in this paper gives good performances in terms of the reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, axial ratio, directivity, and gain at 2.45 [GHz]. This developed MPA is suitable for various RFEH applications.

Linearly Polarized Antenna Boosters versus Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antennas for GPS Reception in IoT Devices

GPS has become an attractive feature for geolocalization enabling asset tracking IoT devices. GPS satellite antennas radiate RHCP (right-hand circularly polarized) electromagnetic waves; thus, the typical antenna at the receiver is also RHCP. However, when the orientation of the receiving device is random, linear polarization antennas operate better in terms of TTFF (time to first fix). Through field measurements (urban and field) and considering different positions of the device in a vehicle, an RHCP microstrip patch antenna and a linear non-resonant antenna element called an antenna booster were compared. TTFF averaged for several positions was 7 s better for the linearly polarized antenna booster than for the microstrip RHCP patch antenna. The results demonstrate that the behavior of the linear polarization antenna booster technology is more robust in terms of TTFF to the arbitrary position of the IoT device while keeping a small size and simplicity.sdf

Substrate Dielectric Constant Effects on the Performances of a Metasurface-Based Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna

This paper presents the effects of substrate dielectric constants on the performance characteristics of a circularly polarized (CP) metasurface-based patch antenna. The antenna structure is a modified patch with a step-like truncation sandwiched between a metasurface composed of a 4 × 4 lattices of periodic metallic patches and a ground plane. The effects on the performance variations are evaluated for two principal cases that include a uniform dielectric constant and a nonuniform dielectric constant for the upper and lower substrates of the antenna. Through careful computational analysis, the effects of the substrate dielectric constant on the antenna performance in terms of bandwidth and gain were investigated, and the results demonstrate that the antenna performance improves with a decrease in the substrate dielectric constant. For a uniform substrate material with dielectric constants of εr1 = εr2 = 2.2, the fabricated antenna with an overall size of 54 mm × 54 mm × 3.0 mm (0.76λo × 0.76λo × 0.042λo at 4.24 GHz) demonstrates the following measured performance characteristics: a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 3.75–5.24 GHz (33.14%), a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 3.85–4.64 GHz (18.61%), a radiation efficiency &gt;93%, and a peak gain of 8.96 dBic within the AR bandwidth.

Wide Bandwidth Axial Ratio Circularly Polarized Array Antenna based on External Resonator

This study introduces a wide bandwidth and wide axial ratio (AR), circularly polarised (CP), patch array antenna. By combining dual layers of a polarizer with dual layers of linearly polarized microstrip patch antenna, a novel method is created for generating circular polarization waves with a wide frequency range. The dual-layer 2 × 2 and 2 × 8 microstrip patch array antenna is employed to achieve linearly polarized waves and the external polarizer consists of a 3 × 3 and 3 × 12 four-layer dual rings polarizer that transforms linearly polarized (LP) waves into CP waves. The |S11| −10 dB bandwidth of small and large-scale circular polarized array antennas is 20% and 27.06% at 5 GHz, respectively, Simulations and testing show that the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) at 5 GHz is 17%. The suggested antenna has a lot of potential for satellite communication applications because of its easy structure, wide ARBW, and wide impedance bandwidth.

Inverted T-Shaped DGS loaded nearly square microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications

ABSTRACT This research presents an inverted ‘T’-shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS)-loaded single feed circularly polarised nearly square microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna structure uses an inverted ‘T’-shaped DGS and exhibits an overall impedance (S11< −10 dB) of 665 MHz (12%) and an axial ratio bandwidth of 140 MHz (2.61%) with right-hand circular polarisation having a gain of 3.91 dBi. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated and fabricated using the FR4 substrate. The electrical size of the designed microstrip patch antenna is 0.238λ × 0.216λ. Using an inverted ‘T’-shaped DGS, the antenna size has been reduced by 13.8%. The detailed design and analysis of the proposed broadband circularly polarised microstrip patch antenna are discussed and presented. The fabricated antenna is tested, and the measured impedance bandwidth is 557 MHz (10%). The measured results are in good agreement with simulated results, and the proposed antenna can be suitable for WLAN, Wi-MAX and Hyper LAN applications.

Compact Slotted Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna with Surface Wave Suppressed Characteristics for WLAN Characteristics

Surface wave propagation in the dielectric substrate is one the dominant factors leading to power loss in microstrip patch antennas. The surface waves are radiated from the edges of the dielectric substrate and does not contribute to the radiation of the antenna. To mitigate this problem discontinuity is required to be introduced in the direction of surface wave propagation. In this paper, surface wave suppressed antenna structures with circularly polarized radiation characteristics have been proposed. A square patch antenna has been designed at 6 GHz. Slotted perturbations for the same patch has been done to achieve compactness and circular polarization in the design. Two variants of the slotted antenna with side patches and PTH pins embedded at specific locations have been presented. For the 1st antenna design the axial ratio bandwidth of 120 GHz, compactness of 32.58 % and gain of 10.5 dB been achieved at resonant frequency of 8.9 GHz. For the 2nd antenna design the axial ratio bandwidth of 110 GHz, compactness of 34.7 % and gain of 9.8 dB been achieved at resonant frequency of 9.2 GHz. The improvement in gain of the proposed designs as compared to simple square patch antenna has been observed to be around 3 - 4 dB.

Design of Coplanar Proximity Coupled Feed Hexagonal Shaped Circular Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna

This paper presents a broadband-multiband circularly polarized hexagonal patch antenna. The structure is fed by a unique coplanar hexagonal gap coupled proximity coupled feed with parasitic elements. The antenna is designed using a 14.2×14.2 mm2 FR4 substrate. By introducing hexagonal slot and I slot in the patch, the structure behaves as a multiband antenna with resonating frequencies at 2.76, 5.66 and 11.52 GHz. with 0.2837, 0.4525 and 0.3356 GHz respective bandwidths. By inserting I-shaped slots and rectangular slots in patch and also, I-shaped slots in the ground, the circular polarization is achieved in the L band and C band. The proposed structure was fabricated and tested. The simulated results of the magnitude of S11, radiation patterns and realized gains show good agreement with tested results.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Proposed antenna is single layer broadband multiband circularly polarized hexagonal patch antenna&#x0D; A unique feed technique coplanar hexagonal gap coupled proximity coupled feed with parasitic elements is used&#x0D; The size of the antenna is compact 14.2×14.2 mm2 and resonating frequencies at 2.76, 5.66 and 11. 52 GHz. with 0.2837GHz/28.37%, 0.4525GHz/ 45.23% and 0.3356GHz/33.56%, respective bandwidths and efficiency&#x0D; The antenna is used for WiFi/WiMax application as well as terrestrial communication applications near the costal region or a high humidity environment&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A tunable circularly polarized antenna in THz regime

A transmissive type single layered tunable linear to circular polarization converter is realized by conglomerating both metallic and graphene patches on the same layer over a polyimide substrate. The tunability has been realized in the proposed metasurface by varying the chemical potential of the L-shaped graphene patches at the diagonal ends. Quadrature phase shift between the orthogonal components of the electric field is produced by the anisotropy caused by the double T-shaped copper patch. A tunable axial ratio (≤3 dB) bandwidth ranging from 2.57 to 3.06 THz is exhibited. To demonstrate the polarization conversion capability of the proposed tunable polarization converter (PC), a linearly polarized microstrip patch antenna (MSA) operating in the same frequency band has been designed and integrated with it. The radiated linearly polarized electromagnetic waves from the antenna get transformed into circularly polarized waves after passing through the PC. Thus, a circularly polarized antenna is realized whose 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is tunable across 2.6–3 THz. The transmissive type PC has been placed 10 μ m above the antenna to generate left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) waves across a bandwidth of 400 GHz. The proposed simple structured linear to circular PC provides the advantage of dynamic regulation of the CP band without making any alteration in the physical structure of the antenna. Most of the reported CP antennas in THz range constitute graphene based radiating patches. They do not involve the use of metasurface for polarization conversion. For the first time, the PC integrated microstrip patch antenna has been analyzed in this work. The principle of polarization conversion has been numerically studied through full-wave simulations in CST. • The proposed CP antenna offers a tunable axial ratio (≤3 dB) bandwidth across 2.57 to 3.06 THz. • The linear to circular PC provides the advantage of dynamic regulation of the CP band. • It generates left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) waves across 400 GHz bandwidth. • Conversion of LP waves radiated by antenna into CP waves by the polarizer.

Design and Fabrication of a 2.4 GHz Right Hand Circular Polarized Micro-Strip Patch Antenna

In this paper, we present a single feed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz WLAN frequency. A typical microstrip patch antenna is fabricated on a metal coated dielectric substrate where the metallic antenna patch is defined on the top of the substrate, whereas the bottom of the substrate acts as a ground plate. These antennas are typically used for civil and military communication purposes. Before fabrication, the presented antenna was first designed, simulated and optimized in CST Microwave studio. The circular polarization was achieved by perturbation of the edges, making the design optimization a bit challenging. The simulated and measured return loss of the proposed antenna is -27 dB and -13.34dB, respectively. Whereas, the gain came out to be 6 dB. The obtained results show that the presented antenna has the quality of right hand circular polarized antenna.

Broadband Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna With Diamond-Shaped Artificial Ground Structure

This paper presents a broadband circularly polarized patch antenna with an artificial ground structure (AGS), which has rotated rectangular unit cells with respect to the sides of the rectangular ground plane, as a polarizer. A two-element ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) array configuration of the antenna is also presented. The rectangular unit cells are rotated by 45° with respect to the sides of a square dielectric substrate, named a diamond-shaped AGS (DAGS). The overall dimensions of the AGS are smaller than those of the ground plane. The rotated unit cells and the smaller AGS patch dimensions effectively suppress surface wave resonance on the AGS. The proposed antenna achieves a wide 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth in the boresight direction. The proposed design has a flatter gain curve in the operating frequency band compared to that for conventional designs. It is found that the array configuration outperforms the single-element structure.

Erratum to “Broadband Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna With Diamond-Shaped Artificial Ground Structure”

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Compact and High Gain 4 × 4 Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Next Generation Small Satellite

In this article, a high gain and compact 4 × 4 circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna array is reported for the data transmission of the next-generation small satellite. The radiating element of the circularly polarized antenna array is realized by the conventional model of the patch with truncated corners. A compact two-stage sequential rotational phase feeding is adopted that broadens the operating bandwidth of the 4 × 4 array. A small stub is embedded in the sequential rotational feed, which results in better performance in terms of the S-parameters and sequential phases at the output ports than sequential rotational feed without open stub. A prototype of the array is fabricated and measured. Fulfilling the application requirements of the next-generation small satellites, the array has the left-handed circularly polarized gain of more than 12 dBic with the axial ratio level below 1.5 dB in the ±10∘ angular space with respect to the broadside direction for the whole bandwidth from 8.05 GHz to 8.25 GHz. Moreover, the left-handed circularly polarized gain varies from 15 to 15.5 dBic in the desired band. The radiation patterns are measured; both the co- and X-pol are validated.

A Small All-Corners-Truncated Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna on Textile Substrate for Wearable Passive UHF RFID Tags

We present a wearable passive UHF RFID tag based on a circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna on a textile substrate. The antenna miniaturization is based on applying a combination of the cross- and L-shaped slots in the radiator. In conjunction, the right-hand circular polarization is achieved by asymmetrically truncating all four corners of the square-shaped radiator. Despite using a regular low-permittivity textile as the antenna substrate, we downsized the antenna to a 5 cm × 5 cm footprint with the thickness of 4 mm, which is equal to 0.1525 λ × 0.1525 λ × 0.0091 λ, where λ is the free space wavelength at 915 MHz. In the numerical modeling and optimization of the antenna, we used a simplified cuboid-shaped and anatomical human body models. In addition to simulated conventional antenna performance indicators, we introduce spatial coverage as a new parameter for assessing the detection reliability of UHF RFID tags. Finally, we measured a manufactured tag worn in four different configurations on the body. The measured axial ratio value was approximately 2 dB in all cases and the tag provided a high attainable read range of around 5.8 meters for a right-hand CP reader emitting 3.28 W EIRP.

A circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth based on substrate integrated waveguide techniques

In this article, a circularly polarized (CP) microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is proposed. The antenna adopts a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity and a microstrip patch as the feed structure and the radiator, respectively. In consequence, the patch dominates the radiation and improves the radiation efficiency, while the asymmetric SIW cavity enhances the bandwidth and generates a pair of degenerate modes, which provide the quadrature phase shift that the CP radiation requires. By this mean, the proposed antenna not only brings up a novel feed structure for CP MPA and improves its effective bandwidth, but also circumvent the limitation of the SIW cavity slot antenna, which is low radiation efficiency. Plus, the presented antenna remains the advantages of SIW structure, including high Q factor, high integrate compatibility, and so forth. The antenna was fabricated and measured, and the presented antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 12% (from 2.09 to 2.36 GHz), an axial ratio bandwidth of 7.73% (from 2.15 to 2.32 GHz) with a minimum gain of 7.89 dB. The experiment results indicate a good agreement with the simulation.

Wideband Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna With Multimode Resonance

A novel wideband circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with multimode resonance is proposed in this letter. The TM1/2,0 mode, the zeroth-order mode, and the TM1,0 mode are excited by inserting the shorting pins underneath the driven patch and the parasitic patch. Therefore, a wide impedance bandwidth is achieved under triple-mode resonance. By sequentially rotating the triple-mode elements, a circularly polarized MPA is developed with a four-feed network. Additionally, four metallic side walls are employed to obtain desirable radiation performances. For demonstration, a prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 96% (1.53–4.39 GHz) and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 86% (1.74–4.36 GHz). Meanwhile, a low profile with the height of 0.037 λ 0 ( λ 0 is the wavelength in free space at the lowest operating frequency) is obtained. Such a wideband, low-profile, and circularly polarized antenna is very promising for modern wireless communication applications.