Polarized Electron Beam Research Articles

Unpolarized proton DVCS at 10.6 GeV with CLAS12 at Jefferson Lab

Data taking with the new CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory started in 2018 with a longitudinally polarized electron beam at 10.6 GeV sent on an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target. In this paper, a first glance at beam-spin asymmetry of photon electroproduction ep → e’p′γ from the Spring 2018 data set is presented.

Sensitivity measuring expected on the electromagnetic anomalous couplings in the tt̄γ vertex at the FCC-he

Starting from an effective Lagrangian for the [Formula: see text] interaction of the top-quark, we consider the electroweak production cross-section via charged current and through the [Formula: see text] signal. Further, we derive the sensitivity expected for the magnetic dipole moment [Formula: see text] and the electric dipole moment [Formula: see text] of the top-quark at the Future Circular Collider-hadron electron (FCC-he). We present our study for [Formula: see text], 10 TeV, [Formula: see text], 100, 300, 500, 1000 fb[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], 80%, [Formula: see text], respectively. We find that the sensitivity estimated on dipole moments of the top-quark is of the order of magnitude [Formula: see text] for both hadronic and leptonic decay modes of [Formula: see text]: [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at 95% C.L. in the hadronic channel with unpolarized electron beam [Formula: see text]. Our results regarding the polarized electron beam for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] at 95% C.L. in the hadronic channel. The corresponding results for the leptonic channel with [Formula: see text], 80% [Formula: see text] are [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], respectively. The results for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in the leptonic channel are weaker than those corresponding to the hadronic channel by a factor of 0.75. Given these prospective sensitivities, the FCC-he is an alternative to study the anomalous couplings of the quark-top that would complement the studies of the LHC with cleaner environments.

Stochasticity in radiative polarization of ultrarelativistic electrons in an ultrastrong laser pulse

Stochasticity effects in the spin (de)polarization of an ultrarelativistic electron beam during photon emissions in a counterpropoagating ultrastrong focused laser pulse in the quantum radiation reaction regime are investigated. We employ a Monte Carlo method to describe the electron dynamics semiclassically, and photon emissions as well as the electron radiative polarization quantum mechanically. While in the latter the photon emission is inherently stochastic, we were able to identify its imprints in comparison with the new developed semiclassical stochasticity-free method of radiative polarization applicable in the quantum regime. With an initially spin-polarized electron beam, the stochastic spin effects are seen in the dependence of the depolarization degree on the electron scattering angle and the electron final energy (spin stochastic diffusion). With an initially unpolarized electron beam, the spin stochasticity is exhibited in enhancing the known effect of splitting of the electron beam along the propagation direction into two oppositely polarized parts by an elliptically polarized laser pulse. The considered stochasticity effects for the spin are observable with currently achievable laser and electron beam parameters.

Single top partner production in the tZ channel at eγ collision in the littlest Higgs model with T-parity

Introducing the top partner is a common way to cancel the largest quadratically divergent contribution to the Higgs mass induced by the top quark. In this work, we study single top partner production in the tZ channel at eγ collision in the littlest Higgs model with T-parity (LHT). Since it is well known that polarized beams can enhance the cross section, we analyze the signal via polarized electron beams, and photon beams. we have selected two decay modes for comparison, based on the leptonic or the hadronic decays of the W and Z from the top partner. We then construct a detailed detector simulation, and choose a set of cuts to enhance signal significance. For mode A(B), the capacity for exclusion in this process at = 3 TeV is comparable to the current experimental limits with L = 1000 (500) fb−1. If the integrated luminosity can be increased to 3000 fb−1, the top partner mass can be excluded up to 1350 (1440) GeV at 2σ level. We also considered the initial state radiation effect, and find that this effect reduces the excluding ability of the eγ collision on the the top partner mass by approximately 10 GeV. Moreover, the ability to exclude the LHT parameter space at eγ collision complements the existing research.

Spectral detection of spin-polarized ultra low-energy electrons in semiconductor heterostructures

The circularly polarized cathodoluminescence (CL) technique has been used to study the free spin-polarized electron injection in semiconductor heterostructures with quantum wells (QWs). A polarized electron beam was created by the emission of optically oriented electrons from the p-GaAs(Cs,O) negative electron affinity (NEA) photocathode. The prepared beam was injected in a semiconductor QW target, which was activated by cesium and oxygen to reduce the work function. To study the spin-dependent injection, we developed a spin-detector prototype, which consists of a compact proximity focused vacuum tube with the source and target placed parallel to each other on the opposite ends of the vacuum tube (photodiode). The injection of polarized low-energy electrons into the target by varying the kinetic energy in the range of 0.5-5.0 eV and temperature in the range of 90-300 K was studied. The CL was polarized to 2 % by the injection of 20 % spin-polarized electron beam with the energy of 0.5 eV at room temperature. The asymmetry (Sherman function) of spin detection was estimated. It was shown that the dependence of the CL polarization degree on the injected electron energy is satisfactory described by the model that considers the electron spin relaxation in the heterostructure matrix and QWs. The results demonstrate that semiconductor detectors are promising for the spin-polarimetry applications based on the optical detection of free-electron spin polarization.

High precision 5 MeV Mott polarimeter

We report on the design and performance of a Mott polarimeter optimized for a nominal 5-MeV electron beam from the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) injector. The rf time structure of this beam allows the use of time of flight in the scattered electron detection, making it possible to cleanly isolate those detected electrons that originate from the scattering foil, and resulting in measured scattering asymmetries which are exceptionally stable over a broad range of beam conditions, beam currents, and foil thicknesses. In two separate series of measurements from two different photocathode electron sources, we have measured the Mott scattering asymmetries produced by an approximately 86% transversely polarized electron beam incident on ten gold foils with nominal thicknesses between 50 and 1000 nm. The statistical uncertainty of the measured asymmetry from each foil is below 0.25%. Within this statistical precision, the measured asymmetry was unaffected by \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1-mm shifts in the beam position on the target foil, and by beam current changes and dead-time effects over a wide range of beam currents. The overall uncertainty of our beam polarization measurement, arising from the uncertainty in the value of the scattering asymmetry at zero foil thickness as determined from our fits to the measured asymmetries versus scattering foil thicknesses, the estimated systematic effects, and the (dominant) uncertainty from the calculation of the theoretical Sherman function, is 0.61%. A simulation of the polarimeter using geant4 has confirmed that double scattering in the target foil is the sole source of the dependence of the measured asymmetry on foil thickness, and gives a result for the asymmetry versus foil thickness in good agreement with both our measurements and a simple calculation. Future measurements at different beam energies and with target foils of different atomic numbers will seek to bound uncertainties from small effects such as radiative corrections to the calculation of the polarimeter analyzing power. A simultaneous high-precision measurement of the beam polarization with a different polarimeter, AESOP (Accurate Electron Spin Optical Polarimeter), under development at the University of Nebraska, clearly possible at the CEBAF accelerator, will allow a high-precision comparison of our measured asymmetries with theoretical calculations of the Mott analyzing power. Finally, the improved precision of the current Mott polarimeter along with similar improvements to other Jefferson Lab polarimeters warrants another precision comparison of all of these polarimeters when measuring a beam of the same polarization.

Polarization transfer to bound protons measured by quasielastic electron scattering onC12

We report the measurements of the transverse ($P'x$) and longitudinal ($P'z$) components of the polarization transfer to a bound proton in carbon via the quasi-free $^{12}{\rm C}(\vec e,e'\vec p)$ reaction, over a wide range of missing momenta. We determine these polarization-transfers separately for protons knocked out from the $s$- and $p$-shells. The electron-beam polarization was measured to determine the individual components with systematic uncertainties which allow a detailed comparison with theoretical calculations.

Parity-violating semi-inclusive deeply inelastic scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider

We present a systematic calculation of the current jet production semi-inclusive deeply inelastic scattering process at the Electron-Ion Collider energy. Contributions from weak interactions are considered which give rise to parity violating effects. We consider the general form of the polarized electron beam scattering off the polarized target which has spin 1. The calculations are carried out up to twist-3 level in the quantum chromodynamics parton model by applying the collinear expansion where multiple gluon scattering is taken into account and gauge links are obtained automatically. We present complete results for structure functions and spin/azimuthal asymmetries in terms of the gauge invariant transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions. Both the unpolarized and the polarized electron beam cases correspond to 24 azimuthal asymmetries, in which 6 of them appear at the leading twist, while 18 of them contribute at twist-3 level. In addition we also calculate the parity-violating asymmetries which arise from the interference of the electromagnetic and weak interactions.

Search for the SUSY electroweak sector at ep colliders

The sensitivity of future electron-proton colliders, the LHeC and FCC-eh, to weakly-produced supersymmetric particles is evaluated in this article. Supersymmetric scenarios where charginos ($\tilde{\chi}_1^{\pm}$) and neutralinos ($\tilde{\chi}_1^{0}$ and $\tilde{\chi}_2^{0}$) are nearly degenerate in mass are considered. Two sets of models, which differ in the mass of sleptons ($\tilde{\ell}$), are studied. Under the hypothesis that slepton masses are at the multi-TeV scale (``decoupled'' scenario), the production processes for charginos and neutralinos at $ep$ colliders, $p\, e^- \to j\, e^-\, \tilde{\chi} \tilde{\chi}$ with $\tilde{\chi}=\tilde{\chi}_1^{0}$, $\tilde{\chi}_1^{\pm}$ or $\tilde{\chi}_2^{0}$, are considered. For the models where slepton masses are above but close to $\tilde{\chi}_1^{\pm}$, $\tilde{\chi}_2^{0}$ masses (``compressed'' scenario), contributions from the processes $p\, e^- \to j\, \tilde{\chi}\, \tilde{e}_L^-$ and $j\, \tilde{\chi}\, \tilde{\nu}$ followed by the decays $\tilde{e}_L^- \to \tilde{\chi}_{1,2}^{0} + e^-$ and $\tilde{\nu} \to \tilde{\chi}_1^+ + e^-$ are also taken into account. These scenarios are analysed with realistic detector performance, using multivariate techniques. Effects of systematic uncertainties and electron beam polarization dependence are also discussed. The reach is found to be complementary to the one obtained at $pp$ colliders, in particular for the compressed-slepton scenario.

Spin Filter for Polarized Electron Acceleration in Plasma Wakefields

We propose a filter method to generate electron beams of high polarization from bubble and blow-out wakefield accelerators. The mechanism is based on the idea of identifying all electron-beam subsets with low polarization and filtering them out with an X-shaped slit placed immediately behind the plasma accelerator. To find these subsets we investigate the dependence between the initial azimuthal angle and the spin of single electrons during the trapping process. This dependence shows that transverse electron spins preserve their orientation during injection if they are initially aligned parallel or antiparallel to the local magnetic field. We derive a precise correlation of the local beam polarization as a function of the coordinate and the electron phase angle. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, incorporating classical spin dynamics, show that the beam polarization can be increased from 35% to about 80% after spin filtering. The injected flux is strongly restricted to preserve the beam polarization; for example, less than 1 kA in Wen et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 214801 (2019)]. This limitation is removed by use of the proposed filter mechanism. The robustness of the method is discussed in terms of drive-beam fluctuations, jitters, the thickness of the filter, and the initial temperature. This idea marks an efficient and simple strategy to generate energetic polarized electron beams on the basis of wakefield acceleration.

Probing model-independent limits on W+W−γ triple gauge boson vertex at the LHeC and the FCC-he

We study the cross-section of production of a single W− boson in association with a neutrino through the process . Additionally, we obtain limits on the anomalous couplings Δκγ and λγ of the W+W−γ vertex at the Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) and the future circular collider hadron-electron (FCC-he). The impact of the polarized beam due to the electron is also analyzed. Our best limits for Δκγ and λγ at the 95% C.L. are: Δκγ = ±0.0017, (unpolarized electron beam) and , (polarized electron beam) identifying the W− boson through the hadronic decay channel. In addition, the collision is one of the clean, pure and simple processes to probe the W+W−γ coupling without the complications of QCD backgrounds.

Measurement of the weak mixing angle at a Super Charm-Tau factory with data-driven monitoring of the average electron beam polarization

A method for measuring the average longitudinal polarization of the electron beam at an electron-positron collider operating near the J/ψ resonance is proposed. The method utilizes the differential cross-section of J/psi to left[Lambda to p{pi}^{-}right]left[Lambda to overline{p}{pi}^{+}right] decay. It can be used to measure the average longitudinal polarization of electrons with the statistical precision better than 10−3 at a Super Charm-Tau factory operating at the luminosity of 1035 cm−2s−1. The method is discussed in the context of the weak mixing angle measurement in the same experiment.

Long lifetime polarized electron beam production from negative electron affinity GaAs activated with Sb-Cs-O: Trade-offs between efficiency, spin polarization, and lifetime

Long lifetime polarized electron beam production from negative electron affinity GaAs activated with Sb-Cs-O: Trade-offs between efficiency, spin polarization, and lifetime

Ultrafast polarization of an electron beam in an intense bichromatic laser field

Here, we demonstrate the radiative polarization of high-energy electron beams in collisions with ultrashort pulsed bi-chromatic laser fields. Employing a Boltzmann kinetic approach for the electron distribution allows us to simulate the beam polarization over a wide range of parameters and determine the optimum conditions for maximum radiative polarization. Those results are contrasted with a Monte-Carlo algorithm where photon emission and associated spin effects are treated fully quantum mechanically using spin-dependent photon emission rates. The latter method includes realistic focusing laser fields, which allows us to simulate a near-term experimentally feasible scenario of a 8 GeV electron beam scattering from a 1 PW laser pulse and provide a measurement that would verify the ultrafast radiative polarization in high-intensity laser pulses that we predict. Aspects of spin dependent radiation reaction are also discussed, with spin polarization leading to a measurable (5%) splitting of the energies of spin-up and spin-down electrons.

Local time dependence of the magnetic sublevel population and polarization of fluorescence radiation

We investigate the time-dependence magnetic sublevel population and polarization of x-ray photoemission for the 1s2p 3P2,1 → 1s2 1S0 lines of an exemplary ion Fe24+ due to impact excitation by a longitudinally polarized electron beam. The analysis is performed based on the fully relativistic distorted-wave approximation and the magnetic sublevel-to-magnetic sublevel collisional-radiative model. The radiative cascade process and Breit interaction are considered to make the results more precise. The time evolution of the magnetic sublevel populations and circular polarization properties are discussed. Our results reveal for the first time that the variations of the magnetic sublevel populations demonstrate a pattern when the time is shorter than 103 ps; some of the populations increase rapidly, while the others remain relatively constant. These dramatic influences also bring about notable changes in the polarization properties of fluorescence emission. We compare our results with other theoretical predictions and find good consistency. This work provides new insight into the fundamentals of x-ray radiation and further prompts the application of fluorescence polarization in plasma diagnostics.

Crossing integer spin resonance with conservation of beam polarization

A method proposed to preserve the electron beam polarization at the VEPP-4M collider during acceleration with crossing the integer (imperfection) spin resonance at energy E=1763 MeV has been successfully applied. It is based on full decompensation of the $ 0.6\times3.3$ Tesla$\times$meter integral of the KEDR detector longitudinal magnetic field due to the anti-solenoids 'switched-off'.

Negative Electron affinity GaAs Cathode Activation with CsKTe Thin Film

Negative Electron Affinity (NEA) GaAs cathode is an unique device which can generate a highly polarized electron beam with circularly polarized light. The NEA surface is conventionally made by Cs and O/NF3 adsorption on the cleaned p-doped GaAs crystal, but the robustness of the cathode is very limited, so that the electron emission is easily lost by residual gas adsorption, ion back-bombardment, etc. To improve the cathode robustness, NEA activation with a stable thin-film on GaAs surface according to Hetero junction hypothesis has been proposed by the author. An experiment of the NEA activation with CsKTe thin film was carried out at Hiroshima University and a significant electron emission with 1.43 eV photon was observed which strongly suggested NEA activation. The cathode showed 16 to 20 times improvement of lifetime comparing to GaAs activated with Cs and O.

Dominance of the density effects in the magnetic sublevel population and circular polarization of x-ray radiation

On the basis of the fully relativistic distorted-wave treatment of impact excitation by a longitudinally polarized electron beam, we have assessed the influence of density effects on the magnetic sublevel population and circular polarization of x-ray radiation, taking the 1s2p 3P2 1s2 1S0 line of selected He-like Ne8+, Ar16+, and Kr34+ ions as an example. Starting from the most general method of rate equation, we carried out specific analytic expressions in terms of the magnetic sublevel-to-magnetic sublevel collisional-radiative model, corresponding to different states. It is shown that the density contributions to the magnetic sublevel population can be considerable. These dramatic influences also lead to a remarkable decrease in the circular polarization of x-ray radiation, yet the character of which weakens as the incident energy and/or atomic number increases. The Breit interaction and radiative cascade contributions are also estimated, and found to be generally important in these systems. These findings originate a better understanding of the fundamentals of x-ray radiation arising from various kinds of plasmas. Comparisons of our results with other theoretical predictions, when available, are made.

Probing the charm Yukawa coupling at future e−p and e+e− colliders

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has provided direct evidence of Yukawa couplings between the third generation charged fermions and the 125 GeV Higgs boson. Whether the first two generation charged fermions arise from exactly the same mechanism becomes the next interesting question. Therefore, direct measurements of charm or muon Yukawa couplings will be crucial to answering this puzzle. The charm Yukawa measurement at the LHC suffers from severe QCD background and it is extremely difficult to reach the sensitivity. In this paper, we compare the potential of probing charm Yukawa coupling at the two proposed future "Higgs Factory" experiments, the Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) and Circular electron positron collider (CEPC). At the LHeC, Higgs bosons will be produced via weak boson fusion and the energetic forward jet may suppress the background significantly. However, due to huge $\gamma-g$ scattering background, the potential of LHeC search is still limited. With $-80\%$ polarized electron beam of 60 GeV, the signal significance can only reach $2\sigma$ for $ \kappa_{c}\simeq 1$ with a 3 ab$^{-1}$ integrated luminosity. In comparison, measurement at the CEPC can then reach $8.0\sigma$ for $\kappa_{c}\simeq 1$ with a 2 ab$^{-1}$ of data.

General analysis of polarization effects in coherent pseudoscalar photo- and electroproduction of mesons on the deuteron

General expressions for the unpolarized differential cross section and for various polarization observables in the coherent pseudoscalar meson photo- and electroproduction on the deuteron target have been obtained in one-photon-exchange approximation. The spin structure of the matrix element is explicitly derived in terms of structure functions. The correspondence with the helicity amplitudes is given. The polarization effects have been investigated for the case of a longitudinally polarized electron beam and vector or tensor polarized deuteron target. The polarization (vector or tensor) of the scattered deuteron for the case of unpolarized or a longitudinally polarized electron beam is also considered. In the case of the photoproduction reaction, we consider linearly, circularly or elliptically polarized photon beam. Numerical estimations have been done for the unpolarized differential cross section and for some polarization observables.