Polarization Distribution Research Articles

Near-Native Imaging of Metal Ion-Initiated Cell State Transition.

Metal ions are indispensable to life, as they can serve as essential enzyme cofactors to drive fundamental biochemical reactions, yet paradoxically, excess is highly toxic. Higher-order cells have evolved functionally distinct organelles that separate and coordinate sophisticated biochemical processes to maintain cellular homeostasis upon metal ion stimuli. Here, we uncover the remodeling of subcellular architecture and organellar interactome in yeast initiated by several metal ion stimulations, relying on near-native three-dimensional imaging, cryo-soft X-ray tomography. The three-dimensional architecture of intact yeast directly shows that iron or manganese triggers a hormesis-like effect that promotes cell proliferation. This process leads to the reorganization of organelles in the preparation for division, characterized by the polar distribution of mitochondria, an increased number of lipid droplets (LDs), volume shrinkage, and the formation of a hollow structure. Additionally, vesicle-like structures that detach from the vacuole are observed. Oppositely, cadmium or mercury causes stress-associated phenotypes, including mitochondrial fragmentation, LD swelling, and autophagosome formation. Notably, the organellar interactome, encompassing the interactions between mitochondria and LDs and those between the nuclear envelope and LDs, is quantified and exhibits alteration with multifaceted features in response to different metal ions. More importantly, the dynamics of organellar architecture render them more sensitive biomarkers than traditional approaches for assessing the cell state. Strikingly, yeast has a powerful depuration capacity to isolate and transform the overaccumulated cadmium in the vacuole, mitochondria, and cytoplasm as a high-value product, quantum dots. This work presents the possibility of discovering fundamental links between organellar morphological characteristics and the cell state.

Focal Spot Polarization Distribution under Polarization Smoothing

Focal Spot Polarization Distribution under Polarization Smoothing

High transmission in 120-degree sharp bends of inversion-symmetric and inversion-asymmetric photonic crystal waveguides

Bending loss is one of the serious problems for constructing nanophotonic integrated circuits. Recently, many works reported that valley photonic crystals (VPhCs) enable significantly high transmission via 120-degree sharp bends. However, it is unclear whether the high bend-transmission results directly from the valley-photonic effects, which are based on the breaking of inversion symmetry. In this study, we conduct a series of comparative numerical and experimental investigations of bend-transmission in various triangular PhCs with and without inversion symmetry and reveal that the high bend-transmission is solely determined by the domain-wall configuration and independent of the existence of the inversion symmetry. Preliminary analysis of the polarization distribution indicates that high bend-transmissions are closely related to the appearance of local topological polarization singularities near the bending section. Our work demonstrates that high transmission can be achieved in a much wider family of PhC waveguides, which may provide novel designs for low-loss nanophotonic integrated circuits with enhanced flexibility and a new understanding of the nature of valley-photonics.

Unveiling Microscopic Variations during Photodynamic Therapy via Polarity-Responsive Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging.

Photodynamic therapy is a highly promising method for cancer adjuvant treatment. However, the current research on the microscopic changes during the photodynamic therapy process is still quite limited, which seriously impedes the deep understanding of the procedure. For this purpose, a novel polarity-responsive probe, MI-PPF, with excellent mitochondrial targeting and anchoring capabilities has been rationally designed and synthesized. Notably, MI-PPF has successfully realized the in situ detection of mitochondrial morphology and polarity alterations during the photodynamic therapy process in cancer cells through fluorescence lifetime imaging. The results showed that a series of phenomena such as deformation, shrinkage, vacuolation, and aggregation occurred in the mitochondrial morphology during photodynamic therapy. Concurrently, a decline in mitochondrial polarity is also noted, which may be closely linked to the mitochondrial oxidative stress response during this process. Furthermore, MI-PPF can be used for photodynamic therapy on tumor mouse models and has successfully achieved fluorescence lifetime imaging of tumor sections before and after photodynamic therapy, uncovering multifaceted changes in cell morphology, polarity, and polarity distribution within the mouse tumor model during the process. It is anticipated that this study will offer valuable insights and guidance to the research of mitochondrial-related fields and will boost the advancement of diagnostic and therapeutic areas for associated diseases.

Topology of far-field signals for photonic crystal slabs

The study of band topology in photonic crystals was primarily focused on near-field effects, including edge states and high-order corner states. However, this work investigated the polarization distribution of radiated fields for photonic crystal slabs to get their far-field properties of band topology. We introduced a topological invariant—the winding number of far-field polarization around the Brillouin zone boundary and confirmed a robust correspondence between it and the Chern number of energy bands from the perspective of symmetry, which can be used to analyze the process of topological phase transition. It is found that changes in the winding number and Chern number, associated with the exchange of far-field polarization singularities, especially for bound states in the continuum, will emerge during phase transition. These findings offer insights for further understanding the intriguing properties of topological materials.

Metasurface‐Enabled Cascaded Multispectral Polarization Structures Along the Longitudinal Direction

AbstractGeneration and manipulation of polarization structures have attracted significant interest due to their unusual optical features and extensive applications. Multispectral information can further increase the information capacity of polarization structures. However, generating multiple cascaded multispectral polarization numbers (letters) at multiple planes arranged along light propagation has not been reported. A geometric metasurface is used to experimentally realize eight cascaded multispectral polarization numbers (letters) at predesigned observation planes along the longitudinal direction. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated by encoding a single polarization number (letter) with two wavelengths and cascading two polarization numbers with orthogonal polarization rotation angles. Different two‐color polarization numbers (letters) are generated by controlling the incident wavelength, while their polarization distributions are modulated by controlling the incident linear polarization. This approach integrates two‐dimentional (2D) polarization generation, multiple colors, longitudinal control, and cascading design, providing extra degrees of freedom for customized polarization design and enabling small‐volume polarization systems for color display, image steganography, and optical encryption.

Terahertz‐Wave Polarization Space‐Division Multiplexing Meta‐Devices based on Spin‐Decoupled Phase Control

AbstractThis study presents a generalized design strategy for novel terahertz‐wave polarization space‐division multiplexing meta‐devices, functioning as multi‐polarization generators, modulators, and analyzers. It introduces the spin‐decoupled phase control method by combining gradient phase design with circular polarization multiplexing techniques, enabling exceptional flexibility in controlling the polarization directions and spatial distributions of multiple output beams. The meta‐device M‐4D is significantly demonstrated as proof of concept, which converts an incident linearly polarized wave into four beams with distinct polarization angles. Additionally, the advanced meta‐devices M‐2B and M‐4B are designed to generate two‐vector and four‐vector Bessel beams with tunable spatial polarization distributions. These meta‐devices demonstrate dynamic multi‐polarization beam modulation, validated through simulations and experiments. The proposed method significantly expands the design methodology for multi‐beam polarization control using all‐dielectric metasurfaces and holds promising potential for applications in imaging, sensing, particle manipulation, communication, and information processing. Moreover, it holds potential for adaptation to other spectral ranges.

Finite Element Modeling of a Flat Cell of Highly Porous Piezocomposite with Inclined Edges Taking into Account Nonuniform Polarization

Introduction. Highly porous composites — metal foams — are widely used due to their mechanical properties. The literature presents various methods for their mathematical modeling, including those based on periodic Gibson-Ashby cells. Piezoactive composites have a number of properties, such as high sensor sensitivity and a large bandwidth. This is the reason for the interest in their modeling. However, when constructing such models from piezoceramic materials, a certain difficulty, associated with the selection of the distribution of preliminary polarization, arises. It should be noted that this issue, specifically for highly porous piezoceramics, has not been sufficiently studied in the literature. Therefore, the objective of this work was to establish the effect of the polarization model on the characteristics of the piezoactive composite.Materials and Methods. The design material is PZT-4 piezoceramics, whose polarization depends significantly on the conditions of its guidance (model geometry, electrode arrangement). The study was divided into two steps: in the first, the residual polarization was calculated based on the theory known in the literature, the implementation of which was performed in the ACELAN package; in the second, a number of problems for a composite cell were solved, and the dependence of its properties on the polarization model was found. The finite element method implemented in the ACELAN package was used as a method for solving the corresponding boundary value problems of electroelasticity for piecewise inhomogeneous bodies.Results. The problem of determining nonuniform polarization for two types of flat cell designs of highly porous piezoceramics was solved. Some features of the obtained polarization distribution were noted, in particular, its nonuniformity and the presence of counter polarization in some edges. The problems of determining natural frequencies and vibration modes “intra cell” and their dependence on the polarization model (homogeneous and nonhomogeneous) were solved. It was noted that some frequencies differed by 10%, while the vibration modes qualitatively coincided. The dependence of the stress-strain state and output characteristics on polarization, whose difference in some values reached 15%, was analyzed.Discussion and Conclusion. The process of polarization of highly porous piezoceramics has a number of features that must be taken into account to obtain reliable information about its mechanical and electrical behavior. Auxetic properties, the difference in the mechanical and electrical response of the cell in question are directly related to these features. Thus, the polarization model has a significant impact on the characteristics of the piezoactive composite, which determines the importance of its correct selection. The results obtained should be taken into account when modeling representative volumes of highly porous piezoelectric composites to determine their effective properties, on the basis of which models of piezoelectric devices are constructed, and their output characteristics are calculated.

Tuning planar transverse domain wall dynamics in bilayer nanostructures using transverse magnetic fields, Rashba, and spin-Hall effects

Abstract This work deals with the tunability of a planar transverse domain wall with an arbitrary azimuthal angle, achieved by applying a transverse magnetic field of tunable strength and fixed orientation. To be precise, we investigate the static and dynamic features of a planar transverse domain wall within a bilayer nanostructure consisting of a ferromagnetic layer and a non-magnetic heavy metal layer, employing the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation as our theoretical framework. The domain wall dynamics are analyzed through the collective coordinate method and regular perturbation asymptotic approach, accounting for the combined effects of axial and transverse magnetic fields, spin-polarized electric currents, Rashba effect, and spin-Hall effect. Our study comprehensively analyses the planar transverse domain wall profile, characterized by sharply defined boundaries between adjacent domains and a precise distribution of the transverse magnetic field. In addition, we detail the linear polar angle distribution within the domain wall region, the capability to freely tune the domain wall width, and the enhanced domain wall velocity in steady-state regime. The analytical results are further numerically illustrated, offering valuable insights into manipulating and controlling domain wall dynamics.

Efficient Green Extraction of Nutraceutical Compounds from Nannochloropsis gaditana: A Comparative Electrospray Ionization LC-MS and GC-MS Analysis for Lipid Profiling.

Microalgae have been described as a potential alternative source of a wide range of bioactive compounds, including polar lipids and carotenoids. Specifically, Nannochloropsis gaditana is described as producing large amounts of polar lipids, such as glycolipids and phospholipids. These natural active compounds serve as key ingredients for food, cosmetic, or nutraceutical applications. However, microalgae usually possess a rigid cell wall that complicates the extraction of these compounds. Thus, an ultrasound-assisted enzymatic pretreatment is necessary to efficiently extract bioactives from microalgae, and it was studied in this article. Pretreated biomass was extracted using different advanced and green methodologies and compared to traditional extraction. Furthermore, the analysis, characterization, and identification of valuable compounds using GC-MS and LC-MS analytical methods were also investigated. Interestingly, major results demonstrated the efficiency of the pretreatment, enriching polar lipids' distribution in all extracts produced no matter the extraction technique, although they presented differences in their concentration. Pressurized liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction were found to be the techniques with the highest yields, whereas ultrasound-assisted extraction achieved the highest percentage of glycolipids. In summary, green extraction techniques showed their effectiveness compared to traditional extraction.

Experimental measurement of transverse spin dynamics in the nonparaxial focal region

Abstract The superposition of complex optical fields in three-dimension is the basis of several non-trivial wave phenomena. Significant among them are the non-uniform (inhomogeneous) polarization distribution and their topological character, leading to the emergence of transverse spin angular momenta spin-momentum locking, and their dynamics. These aspects are experimentally measured in the nonparaxial focal region of a circularly-polarized Gaussian input beam. A dielectric mirror, kept in the focal region, is axially scanned to obtain the phase and polarization variations in the retroreflected output beam using an interferometer and spatially-resolved Stokes parameter measurements. The identification of phase and polarization singularities in the beam cross-section and their behaviour as a function of the mirror position enabled us to map and study the phase-polarization variations in the nonparaxial focal region. The lemon-monstar type polarization patterns surrounding the C-point singularity in the output beam are identified and tracked to study the transverse spin dynamics and spin-momentum locking for the right- and left- circular polarization of the input beam. Direct measurement of the input beam polarization helicity-independent and helicity-dependent aspects of the transverse and longitudinal spin angular momenta in the nonparaxial focal region are the significant findings reported here. The proposed and demonstrated measurement method allows us to investigate the nonparaxial focal region in more detail and has the potential to unravel other intricate optical field effects.

Spin-Orbit-Locking Vectorial Metasurface Holography.

Vectorial metasurface holography, allowing for independent control over the amplitude, phase, and polarization distribution of holographic images enabled by metasurfaces, plays a crucial role in the realm of optical display, optical, and quantum communications. However, previous research on vectorial metasurface holography has typically been restricted to single degree of freedom input and single channel output, thereby demonstrating a very limited modulation capacity. This work presents a novel method to achieve multi-channel vectorial metasurface holography by harnessing spin-orbit-locking vortex beams. In each channel, the optical vectorial field is encoded with a pair of total angular momentums (TAMs) featuring two orthogonal spin angular momentums (SAMs) independently locked with arbitrary orbital angular momentums (OAMs). The methodology relies on a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, enabling the encoding of various TAM channels within a single phase profile. Consequently, a pure geometry-phase metasurface with a non-interleaved approach can be used to support such multi-channel vectorial holography, achieving high selectivity of both SAM and OAM, and offering precise routing and manipulation of complex light channels. The work presents a paradigm shift in the field of holography, offering promising avenues for high-density optical information processing and future photonic device design.

Ohmic contact mechanism and charge redistribution of MoS2/Mn+1XnO2 heterostructures

Abstract Several M n+1 X n O2 compounds exhibit work functions higher than those of three-dimensional metals, enabling the formation of Ohmic contact heterostructures with MoS2, which enhances the catalytic activity of MoS2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction. However, the Schottky barrier height (SBH) in these Ohmic contact heterostructures does not adhere to the Schottky-Mott limit, leaving the Ohmic contact mechanism between MoS2 and M n+ 1X n O2 unclear and hindering further investigations into these heterostructures. In this study, we investigate 22 MoS2/M n+ 1X n O2 heterostructures using the unfolding method. Among these, the eight M n+ 1X n O2 compounds—Cr2CO2, Mo2CO2, V2CO2, W2CO2, Cr2NO2, V2NO2, Ti3C2O2 and V4C3O2—form p-type Ohmic contacts with MoS2. In contrast, the twelve compounds—Hf2CO2, Nb2CO2, Ta2CO2, Ti2CO2, Zr2CO2, Mo2NO2, Ti2NO2, Ti3N2O2, Zr3C2O2, Nb4C3O2, Ta4C3O2 and Ti4N3O2—create p-type Schottky contacts, while Hf2NO2 and Zr2NO2 form n-type Schottky contacts with MoS2. In the Ohmic contact heterostructures, out-of-plane orbital states hybridize to form a splitting band, allowing the highest valence band of MoS2 to cross the Fermi level and achieve hole doping. This splitting band not only results in a SBH that does not conform to the Schottky–Mott limit but also redistributes charge density. Notably, the heterostructures formed by Cr2CO2, Mo2CO2, V2CO2, W2CO2, Cr2NO2, V2NO2, V4C3O2, and MoS2 exhibit charge polarity distribution, whereas MoS2/Ti3C2O2 does not demonstrate charge polarity distribution.

Experimental analysis of a rotating cylinder electrode reactor: Hydrodynamics and mass transport

AbstractThis report deals with the hydrodynamic and mass transport characterization in an rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) in continuous and batch configuration employing relatively simple techniques like obtaining the mixing time, polarization, and residence time distribution (RTD) curves. For batch configuration, the limiting current and Sh values were higher than for continuous configuration, indicating that the mixing pattern is influenced by possible flow inhomogeneities during the operation as a continuous mixing stirrer. This could diminish the amount of electroactive reactant that reaches the electrode surface, due to the possible shrinking of recirculation zones during the rotation of the cylindrical stirrer, forming channeling and by‐pass flow zones. These results could evidence the existence of slight deviations from the ideal mixer and other non‐ideality flow zones associated with the width of curves upon analyzing age function through RTD curves, at the different flow rates employed in continuous configurations.

Inversion of induced polarization-affected electrical-source transient electromagnetic data observed in the groundwater survey from eastern Tibet, China

Recent advancements in the signal-to-noise ratio of transient electromagnetic (TEM) devices have highlighted the significance of induced polarization (IP) effects in areas containing polarizable materials such as clays or sulfide minerals. These effects are characterized by an abnormally rapid decay followed by late-time negative values in the voltage response, which often lead to unsatisfactory outcomes in conventional resistivity-only inversion workflows. Previous research demonstrates that incorporating the Cole-Cole complex resistivity model into an inversion workflow enhances the characterization of this phenomenon. In a recent hydrologic survey in eastern Tibet, China, significant TEM-IP-affected phenomena are observed during the implementation of an electrical-source TEM system to map the distribution of groundwater. In this instance, data from two representative survey lines are inverted using a modified quasi-2D regularized Newton inversion scheme that simultaneously extracted the direct current resistivity and three IP parameters: chargeability, time constant, and frequency dependence. The results reveal clear conductive polarization distributions against the resistive host, correlating well with groundwater-enriched weathered layers, as confirmed by borehole lithologic logs. Consequently, conductive polarization signatures are identified as potential key indicators of groundwater presence considering potential associations with clay and shale. This case study emphasizes the significance of accounting for potential IP effects in TEM surveys and highlights the advantages of multiparametric inversion for achieving more accurate results and enhancing the interpretation of subsurface properties.

Resolving the differential distribution of structural proteins in baculovirus using single-molecule localization microscopy

Baculovirus is one of the most complex viruses found in nature. Proteomic analysis of budded viruses (BVs) indicates that they are formed by at least 50 different structural proteins. The function of most of these structural proteins and their specific localization in individual virions remain unknown. In the present study, we have conducted single-molecule localization microscopy analysis of the spatial distribution of the nucleocapsid protein P24 and the envelope proteins GP64 and E25. Our results show that P24 and GP64 are polarized to one end of the baculovirus, while E25 distributes more homogenously along the viral envelope. This is the first study using optical microscopy to demonstrate the polarized distribution of structural proteins in individual baculoviruses.

An Optimized Public Opinion Communication System in Social Media Networks Based on K-means Cluster analysis

This study proposes a public opinion monitoring model that combines the K-means clustering algorithm with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of public opinion monitoring on social media. The model’s performance across various dissemination indicators is studied in detail. Through experiments conducted on social media datasets, the study comprehensively evaluates the model from four dimensions: dissemination speed, scope, depth, and sentiment dissemination effectiveness. The experimental results indicate that the proposed optimization model excels in multiple areas, particularly in dissemination depth and sentiment dissemination effectiveness. Specifically, in the three dimensions of dissemination speed, the proposed model achieves scores of 4.3, 4.2, and 4.4 in initial dissemination speed, decay speed, and peak dissemination speed, respectively. In the dimensions of user coverage, geographic coverage, and platform coverage under dissemination scope, the model scores 4.4, 4.5, and 4.3, demonstrating a broad dissemination capability. Additionally, in the dimensions of hierarchical dissemination depth and key node influence within dissemination depth, the model scores 4.3 and 4.5, indicating excellent performance in multi-level dissemination and key node activation. In sentiment dissemination effectiveness, the model receives scores of 4.4, 4.5, and 4.4 in emotional tendency change, polarity distribution, and diffusion intensity, showcasing its advantages in sentiment classification and dissemination. Sensitivity analysis further validates the model’s sensitivity to parameter settings, with experiments showing that reasonable adjustments to parameters such as the K value, PSO inertia weight, and learning factors can reduce the Sum of Squared Errors to 3209.72. Meanwhile, it can improve clustering purity to 0.822 and raise the Rand index to 0.623. Therefore, this study offers an efficient and reliable solution for public opinion monitoring on social media, providing valuable reference significance.

PALS1-dependent modulations of mRNA profiles in MDCK II cells grown in non-confluent monolayers and three-dimensional cysts

In epithelia, apicobasal cell polarization is closely linked to cell-cell contact formation, both controlled by the conserved Crumbs (CRB) complex, which includes the transmembrane protein Crumbs (CRB3a) and adapter proteins PALS1, PATJ, and LIN7c. In MDCK II cells, a model for cell polarization, depletion of PALS1 - which binds to all CRB components - leads to defective cell polarization and improper distribution of tight junction proteins, resulting in severe epithelial barrier defects in 3D cyst models. This study investigated whether this phenotype is associated with transcriptional changes by analyzing wildtype (WT) and PALS1 knockout (KO) MDCK II cell lines grown under non-confluent conditions and in 3D cyst cultures. Our results indicate that the transition from non-confluent cells to 3D cysts involves numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both WT and KO cells. Importantly, the analyses revealed significant overlaps between WT and KO cells in their maturation processes, suggesting that most identified DEGs are linked to differentiation from non-confluent to polarized MDCK cells and likely not a result of PALS1 deficiency. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and over-representation analyses using REACTOME and KEGG databases confirmed these similarities. In contrast, the direct comparison of WT and KO cells at the two stages showed fewer DEGs and overlaps in associated biological processes and signaling pathways. DEGs associated with the 3D stage, in which the phenotype manifests, contain DEGs and pathways that were predominantly linked to cell cycle linked processes, centromere assembly, or DNA replication. Furthermore, the transcription of genes encoding key junction proteins, additional polarity proteins, and cell-substrate interaction proteins is less affected by the loss of PALS1, indicating that PALS1 influences the transcriptional profiles in epithelial cells as a modulating factor.

SwaRmverse: An R package for the comparative analysis of collective motion

Abstract Collective motion, that is the coordinated spatial and temporal organisation of individuals, is a core element in the study of collective animal behaviour. The self‐organised properties of how a group moves influence its various behavioural and ecological processes, such as predator–prey dynamics, social foraging and migration. However, little is known about the inter‐ and intra‐specific variation in collective motion. Despite the significant advancement in high‐resolution tracking of multiple individuals within groups, providing collective motion data for animals in the laboratory and the field, a framework to perform quantitative comparisons across species and contexts is lacking. Here, we present the swaRmverse package. Building on two existing R packages, trackdf and swaRm, swaRmverse enables the identification and analysis of collective motion ‘events’, as presented in Papadopoulou et al. (2023), creating a unit of comparison across datasets. We describe the package's structure and showcase its functionality using existing datasets from several species and simulated trajectories from an agent‐based model. From positional time‐series data for multiple individuals (x‐y‐t‐id), swaRmverse identifies events of collective motion based on the distribution of polarisation and group speed. For each event, a suite of validated biologically meaningful metrics are calculated, and events are placed into a ‘swarm space’ through dimensional reduction techniques. Our package provides the first automated pipeline enabling the analysis of data on collective behaviour. The package allows the calculation and use of complex metrics for users without a strong quantitative background and will promote communication and data‐sharing across disciplines, standardising the quantification of collective motion across species and promoting comparative investigations.

Design of Fast-Charging SiO x /Graphite Composite Anodes Via Three-Dimensional Electrochemo-Mechanical Simulations

Enhancing the fast-charging capability of high-energy density batteries is an urgent need for the evolving electric vehicle market. Owing to high theoretical capacities of SiO x , SiO x /graphite composite anodes have garnered great attention for anodes in Li-ion batteries. Higher lithiation potentials of SiO x than that of graphite are beneficial for mitigating Li plating, which is the primary problem under fast-charging conditions. Furthermore, the SiO x /graphite composite anode can reduce cell polarizations due to its reduced thickness compared to that of the graphite anode. However, the significant volume expansion of SiO x upon lithiation poses a challenge to electrode integrity, thereby inhibiting stable cycling. During fast-charging, particularly, the inhomogeneous reaction in the composite anode results in non-uniform volume changes of SiO x particles, causing the development of mechanical stress and the rapid capacity fading.In this study, the reaction kinetics of SiO x /graphite is investigated to design the composite anode with mechanical stability and high electrochemical performance through the three-dimensional (3D) electrochemo-mechanical simulation. We perform simulations on SiO x /graphite composites with various compositions and SiO x distributions to determine the amount of Li plating, anode potentials, and local current densities. In addition to the electrochemical properties, the distributions of mechanical stress and strain within the composite electrode are calculated.The 3D model geometry for the composite anode is stochastically generated based on the result of microstructural analyses. 3D electrochemo-mechanical models are constructed to predict the reaction kinetics in the composite anode. Simulation results show that SiO x particles in the composite anode preferentially react with Li, mitigating the anode potential drop during fast-charging. Also, the composite anode exhibits a more homogeneous distribution of polarization, compared to that of the graphite anode. The mechanical simulation demonstrates that difference in the volume expansion along the thickness increases as the charging proceeds. The predicted significant displacement (strain) at the separator/anode interface is attributed to the preferential reaction of SiO x particles near the separator. This leads to localized mechanical degradation of the composite anode.Furthermore, a bi-layer electrode design with different concentrations, porosity, and particle size of SiO x on top and bottom is suggested through 3D simulation to mitigate mechanical fatigue while maintaining high energy density during fast-charging. The improvement in fast-charging performance is confirmed through electrochemical experiments with the proposed bi-layer composite anode. Both the prevention of Li plating and the reduction of stress distribution are achieved using the bi-layer design. This study offers strategic insights into fast-charging, energy-dense anodes for the development of advanced Li-ion batteries.