Polarization Recycling Research Articles

Abstract S4-05: Expression of the DEK oncogene promotes M2 polarization and iron recycling in tumor associated macrophages

Abstract The chromatin-remodeling DEK oncogene is highly expressed in over 60% of breast cancers, regardless of sub-type. DEK over-expression correlates with poor clinical outcome, including decreased survival and chemotherapy resistance. Previously, using human breast cancer cell lines and the MMTV-Ron mouse breast cancer model, we have demonstrated that DEK expression promotes proliferation and metastasis and supports the breast cancer stem cell population. These functions were due, in part, through upregulated Wnt ligand expression and β-catenin activation, leading to paracrine and autocrine effects promoting tumorigenesis. To investigate additional drivers of DEK-induced tumorigenesis, we performed RNA-Sequencing on control and DEK over-expressing immortalized MCF10A cells. Gene ontology analysis identified several immune signaling processes. This is in alignment with the well-characterized role of DEK expression in the promotion of inflammatory diseases. We investigated the immune cell infiltration of tumors from MMTV-Ron/Dek+/+ and MMTV-Ron/Dek-/- mice. Interestingly, we discovered that Dek-expressing tumors demonstrated decreased tumor associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration, where TAMs were largely limited to the periphery. Furthermore, these TAMs demonstrated an iron-recycling phenotype (M2 polarization), whereas TAMs from Dek-knockout tumors retained iron (M1 polarization). M1 macrophages are typically associated with inflammatory responses whereas M2 macrophages have been linked to tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and tumor promotion. To investigate this further, we compared Dek+/+ and Dek-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and found no inherent difference in polarization. However, BMDM demonstrated different gene expression profiles when cultured in conditioned media from Dek-expressing murine breast cancer cell lines compared to isogenic Dek-/- cells. BMDM exposed to conditioned media from Dek-expressing cancer cells demonstrated the same iron recycling phenotype observed in vivo, likely caused by increased expression of ferroportin, as well as increased expression of M2 markers CXCR4, VEGF, and an elevated ARG1hi/NOSlo population. We thus used a combination of genetic models and small molecule inhibitors to identify the mechanism of M2 polarization of BMDM exposed to Dek-expressing cancer cells. NRF2 transcription activity was eliminated as a possible mechanism for ferroportin regulation. However, small molecule inhibitors and gene expression analyses implicated secreted Wnt ligands and S100A8/A9 alarmins from the cancer cells, and downstream C/EBP transcriptional activity in the macrophages, as possible mechanisms of Dek-induced M2 polarization. Combined, this suggests that the poor clinical outcome of high DEK expressing breast cancers may be due to not only cell intrinsic factors, but also cell extrinsic factors, such as the tumor-promoting M2 polarization of tumor associated macrophages. Citation Format: Privette Vinnedge LM, Pease NA, Cheek J. Expression of the DEK oncogene promotes M2 polarization and iron recycling in tumor associated macrophages [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr S4-05.

61-3: Tripling LCD-BLU Efficiency by Simultaneous Color and Polarization Recycling

61-3: Tripling LCD-BLU Efficiency by Simultaneous Color and Polarization Recycling

59.3: Compact Pixelized LED Backlight for LCD

AbstractA pixelized backlight with polarization recycling had been previously developed and demonstrated with significant efficiency improvement especially due to elimination of color filter. However, the volume is bulky and the symmetric LED layout makes it incompatiable with current LCD panel format. New development uses LED array and makes asymmetric layout to resolve both issues. A pixelized backlight which sizes 80mm X 140mm has been designed and prototyped for mobile phone applications.

Experimental and Simulation Study of the Optical Performances of a Wide Grid Polarizer as a Luminance Enhancement Film for LCD Backlight Applications

Reflective polarizers can be used as luminance enhancement films for LCD backlights via the polarization recycling process. The optical performances of a wire grid polarizer (WGP) as a reflective polarizer adopted in edge-lit backlights were investigated by luminance evaluation and a time-domain simulation technique. The results were compared to those of a commercial dielectric multilayer film. The luminance gain factor of WGP was smaller than that of the multilayer film by 18%. This was attributed to a much larger internal loss of WGP due to light absorption by metal wires. The internal losses of both reflective polarizers and the polarization conversion efficiency of the backlight were obtained numerically based on a phenomenological model. The optical performances of WGP were optimized by using a time-domain simulation technique. The luminance gain increased and was found to become comparable to, but slightly less than the case of the dielectric multilayer film with decreasing line width.

55.4: Pixelized Backlight with Polarization Recycling for LCDs

AbstractA color‐filterless backlight utilizing reflective and refractive element in the light guide plate for light extraction and color pixel separation has been integrated with polarization recycling scheme based on wire grid polarizer and quarter wave plate on reflector. All the functional elements modulate and direct light path in a predictable way and therefore can work together properly to improve the efficiency loss at color filter and down polarizer simultaneously.

Polarized backlight with constrained angular divergence for enhancement of light extraction efficiency from wire grid polarizer

Efficiency of liquid crystal displays highly depends on the amount of polarized light emerging from the backlight module. In this paper, a backlight architecture using a nanoimprint wire grid polarizer for polarization recycling is proposed and studied, in which the extraction efficiency of polarized light is the major concern. The backlight module is composed of the stack of a wire grid polarizer, a lenticular array and a light guide plate. The light guide plate features interleaving v-groove and trapezoidal ridge coated with aluminum on the top surface, and scattering dot array on the bottom. The angular divergence of emerging light from the light guide plate can be well constrained so as to exploit the angular range with the best transmission of polarized light for the wire grid polarizer. The prototype of a 2.5-inch module has demonstrated an angular divergence of 48°. The overall extraction efficiency of polarized light enhanced by 21% and uniformity of 76% have been achieved.

53.4: Highly Polarized Backlight Consisting of an Aperture‐limited Light Guide Plate and a Hybrid Wire‐Grid Polarizer

AbstractOn the purpose of improving the transmittance of LCD panels, the study of polarized illumination has been emphasized as one of the urgent topics to reduce the energy loss at the present absorption‐type polarizer of LCD cells. The polarization‐selection property of nano‐wire‐grid structures has been widely studied for a reflective polarizer and applied to increase the transmittance of LCD. For a determined wire‐grid polarizer, the transmittance of P polarization (Tp) depends on wavelength and incident angle. The effective incident angle is limited by total internal reflection (TIR) condition of selected polymer materials for wire‐grid substrates. This paper presents a polarized backlight unit consisting of an aperture‐limited light‐guide plate featured by plurality of aluminum‐coated trapezoid ridges on the output surface and a hybrid nano wire‐grid which has been proposed to improve the transmittance of LCD by polarization recycling and emission angle control. Gain of central brightness was achieved up to 2.1x.

78.1: Ultra Compact Polarization Recycling System for White Light LED based Pico‐Projection System

AbstractAn ultra compact polarization recycling system, for white light LED based projectors, is proposed. White light LED is applied as the light source, which is composed of blue LED die and yellow phosphor. By optimizing the illumination optics and properly placing a reflective type polarization film, the light with non‐useable polarization state will be reflected back and concentrated right on to the phosphor surface. The yellow phosphor will be reexcited by the blue spectrum component of the reflected light. More light energy will be recycled by attaching a piece of quarter wave plate before the reflective type polarization film. Experimental results show more than 30% light efficiency improvement.

Correlation Between the Optical Performance of the Reflective Polarizer and the Structure of LCD Backlight

The optical performance of the reflective polarizer was investigated over three kinds of direct-lit backlights and/or different configurations of the optical sheets. The optical gain factor achieved by using the reflective polarizer increased as the diffuse nature of the optical sheet was enhanced, because of the more efficient polarization conversion. In addition, the gain factor decreased substantially in flat-lamp backlights compared to tubular-lamp backlights, which was ascribed to the high loss factor during the polarization recycling process due to the complex structure and large area of flat lamps. All these results suggested that reducing the loss factor of the backlight is very important for efficient polarization conversion and thus high optical gain of the reflective polarizer.

Dependence of the gain factor of the reflective polarizer on the configuration of optical sheets

The correlation between the optical performance of the reflective polarizer, which is a key optical component for the brightness enhancement of the liquid crystal display (LCD), and the configuration of optical sheets was investigated in a direct‐lit CCFL (cold‐cathode fluorescent lamp) backlight. The optical gain of the reflective polarizer, the polarization state of the light emitted from each film, and the loss factor for the polarization conversion process occurring in the lower part of the backlight were determined using a phenomenological approach for the polarization recycling process. The present study suggests that the correlation between the optical performance of the brightness enhancement films and the backlight configuration should be carefully considered in the optimization of the backlight structure.

High extinction ratio polarized light guide with layered cross stacking nanostructure

Cross stacking of aluminum and PMMA strip nanostructure has been proposed as a reflective polarizer on the top surface of a solid light guide plate for polarization recycling in order to increase the efficiency of a side edge type backlight module for liquid crystal display. In order to exploit the range of light incident angle on the layered nanostructure with high extinction ratio, a dedicated backlight illumination optics for LED light source has been designed for controlling the light propagation direction within the light guide while achieving satisfactory uniformity in the meantime. The illumination optics features a reflective cup in front of the LED source and one-dimensional V-groove on the bottom surface of the light guide as the light extraction pattern. Ray tracing simulation has shown that a 4 in. diagonal light guide with proposed architecture has achieved uniformity of 75% while having the extracted light well constrained within the range of incident angle on the layered nanostructure where extinction ratio above 1000 can be obtained.

55.4: A High-Efficiency HTPS Projection Engine with LED Light Sources

A full high-vision HTPS rear projection engine using light emitting-diode (LED) light sources has been developed. Brightness comparable to that of current micro-display projection televisions is obtained by using new collection optics and a polarization recycling system optimized for a LED light source.

18.4: Low Fill-Factor Wire Grid Polarizers for LCD Backlighting

Design rules for wire grid polarizers, used as polarizing beamsplitters and reflective polarizers for polarization recycling, are found to be different. Wire grid polarizers with low fill factors of ∼0.18–0.25 are found to be more efficient in polarization recycling than regular polarizers with fill factors of ∼0.4–0.6.

58.1: Single-Panel LCOS Color Projector with LED Light Sources

We report a full color projection display based on a single LCOS panel using LED light sources. We have demonstrated that light output limitation due to polarization conversion can be substantially overcome by the small working F/# of the LCOS panel and LED compatibility with polarization recycling without increasing source etendue. We are presenting key technology developments in light collection optics and driving strategies for an LCOS based projection HDTV. Our demonstrator with currently available LEDs produces more than 40 screen lumens.

36.2: Integrator Rod with Polarization Recycling Functionality

AbstractHigh intensity discharge lamps with small arc sizes facilitate the design of a new polarization recovery system that doubles as a beam homogenizer. As much as 70% of the rejected polarized light can be recovered and re‐emitted in the desired polarization state while eliminating the need for a separate integrator assembly. In this paper we discuss the design and performance of two implementations of this system.