Polar View Research Articles

РУССКИЙ МИР И ЕГО ПРИЗНАКИ В «ПЕРЕПИСКЕ АНДРЕЯ КУРБСКОГО С ИВАНОМ ГРОЗНЫМ»

The theme of the ‘Russian World’ is permanent in national literature, and rather often it is closely connected with socio-political processes. The 16th century played a special role in the history of Russia, determining, to a great degree, the ways of further development of the country and posing significant political, philosophical, and social issues; the key historical figure of the period was Ivan the Terrible, whose reign is associated with the strengthening of an united centralized Russian state headed by Moscow and the expansion of the state. The discussions in his letters to Ivan the Terrible (the correspondence between Andrey Kurbsky and Ivan IV the Terrible of Russia) became a dispute about the Russian World. The correspondence reflected polar views on the same issues: the power and the figure of the ruler, the form of government, the ratio of statehood and the Orthodoxy, the loyalty of subjects to the ruler. The discussions in the letters of Kurbsky and Ivan the Terrible form a special image of the ‘Holy’ Russian Land, the ‘Kingdom of God’, and the phrase ‘the Russian land’ is used in the correspondence in the civilization sense. The message of Ivan the Terrible reflects the motive of the selection of Russia as a stronghold of the Orthodoxy; the Tsar speaks about the protection of the Orthodox faith by any means, even the cruelest ones. Autocracy, according to Ivan the Terrible, is inseparable from the Orthodox Christianity. The dialogue between the tsar and the prince is considered in the context of the opposition lines of ‘mine or ours, my or our own’ – ‘alien’, ‘the Russian world’ and ‘non-Russian one’: Kurbsky writes from abroad and is perceived as a traitor. The material of the letters highlights the signs and features of the Russian World as a special integral phenomenon: the Orthodoxy, selectivity, commonality and similarity of history and culture, Messianism.

Measurement report: Plume heights of the April 2021 La Soufrière eruptions from GOES-17 side views and GOES-16–MODIS stereo views

Abstract. We estimated geometric plume heights for the daytime eruptions of La Soufrière in April 2021 using visible red band geostationary side views and geostationary–polar orbiter stereo views. Most of the plumes either spread near the tropopause at 16–17 km altitude or penetrated the stratosphere at 18–20 km altitude. Overshooting tops reached heights of up to 23 km. These geometric heights were compared with radiometric heights corresponding to the coldest plume temperature, which usually represent ambiguous estimates within a wide range between a tropospheric and a stratospheric height match. The tropospheric lower bound of the radiometric height range always underestimated the geometric height by a couple of kilometers, even for smaller plumes. For plumes near or above the tropopause, the midpoint or the stratospheric upper bound of the radiometric height range was in reasonable agreement with the geometric heights. The geometric overshooting top height, however, was always above the radiometric height range. We also found that geometric plume heights can be estimated from infrared band side views too, albeit with increased uncertainty compared to the visible red band. This opens up the possibility of applying the side view method to nighttime eruptions.

Pollen Morphology of Some Species from Genus Nitraria.

An analysis of pollen grains (in Nitraria sibirica Pall., N. schoberi L., N. komarovii Iljin & Lava ex Bobrov, and N. pamirica L. Vassil.) was performed on natural material collected in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan. Herbarium specimens from the collection at Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (N. tangutorum Bobrov and N. praevisa Bobrov) were examined, too. Pollen grains of two species—N. pamirica and N. praevisa—were studied for the first time. N. tangutorum and N. praevisa were found to have the perprolate pollen shape, whereas N. pamirica was found to have the subprolate shape. An intraspecific differentiation of N. sibirica was noted. Populations of N. sibirica (Taskarasu, Karatal, and Basshi) possess pollen grains of the subprolate or prolate shape, striate and perforate exine ornamentation, and a longer equatorial axis and a shorter polar axis than other specimens of N. sibirica. N. schoberi in all populations had anomalous shapes of some pollen grains. Overall, we demonstrated that the length ratio of the polar axis to the equatorial axis, characteristics of pollen in polar view, colpus morphology, and surface ornamentation of pollen grains in the genus Nitraria are of great taxonomic importance for the identification of species.

Digitization of Society: Alternative Projections of the Future

The impact of digitization on four spheres of society, i.e., economic, political, social, and spiritual, is analyzed. Digitization is defined as the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICT) that can bring about both positive (legitimate) and negative (wrongful) effects. At the same time, today the digitization of public spheres directly involves the component of ensuring the digital security of society, which is becoming increasingly global in character. Cyber wars and cyber attacks cause economic damage on a global scale, amounting to six trillion dollars US annually, which is commensurate with the economic losses of wartime. Large-scale digitization of public spheres for the first time in human history creates an objective opportunity for constructing and designing future social states, which makes a fundamental difference between the course of future socio-economic and political processes and the historical evolution of the previous eras. This gave rise to a dichotomy of virtual utopias and dystopias of Future projects. Dystopias are inspired by visions of the coming “digital slavery,” while utopias focus on visions of a “digital paradise.” Polarized views on the digital Future are based on the processes of the “digital divide,” the meaning of which is that digitization contributes to a significant increase in inequality in access to digital goods, which in turn results in a growing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth. The coronavirus pandemic promoted a powerful acceleration of digitization processes, which acted as a form of society’s adaptation to its stresses and harmful consequences. Digitization has made social distancing possible and cost-effective. At the same time, the pandemic was conducive to a colossal increase in the economic power and political influence of digital corporations, which objectively requires a sharp increase in the regulatory role of the state, which should put digitization under effective public control.

Pollen Morphology of Rosa sericea Complex and Their Taxonomic Contribution

In this research, the pollen morphology of the Rosa sericea complex has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The present study aimed to provide baseline information for the taxonomic identification of the R. sericea complex taxa. The pollen sculpture, outline, and aperture show variability in the studied taxa. The R. sericea complex includes taxonomically challenging species with undistinguishable boundaries. Identifying taxon boundaries in closely related species is fundamental to investigating evolution and biodiversity. Taxa circumscription of R. sericea complex is insufficient, unresolved, and is a prerequisite for comprehensive systematic revisions. To resolve these issues, we have attempted to identify some important diagnostic characters for the species of R. sericea complex. This research studied different qualitative and quantitative characteristics of R. sericea complex pollen. The qualitative characteristics included polar and equatorial view, sculpture, pollen outline, apertures, exine, size category, and polarity of pollen. In contrast, the quantitative features include polar and equatorial diameter, P/E, colpi length and width, and distance between colpi. Pollen of this complex is mono and tricolporate. The morphological characters studied here provide very few taxonomic details with which to separate the species of the complex into distinct taxa. Some of the studied characters offer important information for species delimitation including sculpture, pollen outline, and apertures.

Pollen Morphology of some Taxa of Genus <i>Gentiana</i> L. (Gentianaceae) from Western Himalaya, India

The present study deals with the pollen morphology of 15 taxa of the genus Gentiana L. (Gentianaceae). Polleniferous material was collected from different locations of the Western Himalaya (India). Pollen micro-morphological characters were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All pollen grains were monad, isopolar and radially symmetrical, medium to minutae in size, sub-prolate to prolate in pollen shape class, 3-zonocolpate to 3-zonocolporate, with usually long tapering colpi. In polar view pollen grains were circular to triangular in outline with obtuse end, while elliptic or occasionally sub-circular in equatorial view. Exine was usually thick, tectate or semitectate. The morphology of the pollen grains exhibited significant variation in exine ornamentation viz. striate, striato-reticulate and reticulate, which is useful to evaluate species delimitations. The study revealed that the pollen characteristics appear to be informative and useful atinter- and intra-specific levels.

ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND NATURAL ZEOLITE EFFECTS ON MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF BRASSICA NAPUS L. POLLEN GRAINS

Morphological characteristics of Brassica napus pollen (polar axis, equatorial diameter, shape index, pattern of perforation of exines, and perimeter of perforation zones) were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy JEOL JSM-6390. The B. napus seeds were grown under various agroecological conditions, i.e., mineral fertilizer (NPK 60:60:60 t ha-1) separately and together with zeolite, chicken droppings (10 t ha-1) separately and together with zeolite (5 t ha-1), and control (without fertilizers) from 2018 to 2020 at the Bunin Yelets State University, Yelets, Russia. It was found that pollen grains of B. napus had an oblong-ellipsoid shape. In the polar view, the pollen grains were circular with straight sides, though in the equatorial view, elliptical. For the polar axis of the pollen grains in fertilizer application treatments, the minimum values ranged from 24.59 to 27.76 µm, whereas the maximum readings were 40.13 to 42.12 µm compared with control (21.56 µm, 41.52 µm). The coefficient of variation for fertilizer applications ranged from 8.86% to 14.10% compared with control (14.85%) for the polar axis. For the equatorial axis of the pollen grains, the minimum values varied from 11.61 to 15.63 µm, whereas the range for the maximum values was 19.74 to 23.96 µm compared with the control (13.63 µm, 21.88 µm). For the equatorial axis among the fertilizer applications, the coefficient of variation varied from 8.47% to 12.01% compared with the control (18.35%). For the perimeter of the exine perforation of the pollen grains, the minimum values ranged from 1.68 to 1.95 µm, whereas the maximum values varied from 4.34 to 7.12 µm compared with the control (1.34 µm, 5.68 µm). The coefficient of variation varied from 24.48% to 33.19% compared with the control (34.78%) for the perimeter of exine perforation. The shape index of the pollen grains of the B. napus varied from 1.96 to 2.07 µm (correct unit of measure?) compared with the control (2.03 µm). Overall, with the use of organic fertilizers and zeolite, the morphometric parameters of pollen grains were significantly enhanced.

Palynomorphological and taxonomical investigations of some Apiaceae taxa from Bilecik, Turkey

The objective of the present study is to investigate pollen morphology and taxonomy of some Apiaceae species in Bilecik, Turkey. The study area is restricted to Vezirhan in the south (Bilecik), Pamukova and Geyve in the north (Sakarya), İznik in the west (Bursa), Gölpazarı in the south-east (Bilecik) and Taraklı in the east (Sakarya). Apiaceae species were collected from the study area by visiting there in all four seasons. In this study, the pollen morphology of 22 taxa belonging to different genera of the Apiaceae family was investigated for the first time in detail using light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen is radially symmetrical, isopolar and tricolporate in all examined species. Pollen grains are perprolate, prolate and subprolate with the polar axis ranging from 17.53 µm (Non-acetolysed: N) and 18.28 µm (Acetolysed: A) to 39.71 µm (N) and 39.72 µm (A) and the equatorial axis from 11.77 µm (N) and 12.2 µm (A) to 23.77 µm (N) and 23.54 µm (A). The polar shapes of the studied taxa are triangular. Exine ornamentations of four pollen types have been observed by SEM. Two main groups were revealed in the dendrogram which was constructed by using Average Linkage from the examined data. It was determined that some pollen characteristics of investigated Apiaceae taxa are supporters of the classification of taxa with other taxonomical characteristics. Also, three components of investigated palynological characteristics were identified with principal component analysis. Polar axis (P), equatorial axis (E), the ratio of polar axis to equatorial axis (P/E) (pollen shape) and ornamentation in the polar and equatorial views are determined as the most important palynological characteristics for discrimination of the Apiaceae taxa.

Pollen Morphology of Lactuca L. (s. lat.) (Cichorieae - Asteraceae) from Hindukush, Western Himalyan and Karakorum Ranges and its taxonomic significance

ABSTRACT Pollen morphology of 15 species of the genus Lactuca L. (s. lat.) of the tribe Cichorieae from the Hindukush, Western Himalayan and Karakorum Ranges has been studied using Light microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Pollen morphology of six species viz., L. erostrata Bano & Qaiser, L. glaucifolia Boiss., L. persica Boiss., L. crambifolia (Bunge) Boiss., L. chitralensis (Tuisl.) Ghafoor, Qaiser & Roohi Bano and L. picridiformis Boiss., was never studied before. Pollen were found to be isopolar, spheroidal to oblate-spheroidal, elliptic to rarely circular in equatorial view, hexagonal in polar view, trizonocolporate and echinolophate with 15 lacunae. Morphometric analysis of the pollen characters was conducted using Agglomerative cluster analysis with Euclidean distance and Ward’s method to compute the dissimilarity matrix, and a dendogram was prepared. Two pollen-types primarily based on the diameter of polar and equatorial axis of the pollen grain were recognized. Keys to the pollen types, subtypes and to the species are provided. The present palynological findings to a greater extent are in agreement with the results of current phylogenetic studies based on molecular evidences. Moreover, both the pollen types are well correlated with the general morphology of the investigated species of the genus Lactuca L. (s.lat) and provided additional micromorphological characters for the delimitation of the species.

Phylogenetic and Palynological Study of the Genus Epilobium L. (Onagraceae) in Kurdistan Region-Iraq

The phylogeny of the species of Epilobium in Kurdistan Region-Iraq was investigated by using six in-group species: E. anatolicum Hausskn. subsp. anatolicum, E. hirsutum L., E. obscurum Schreber, E. parviflorum Schreber, E. rechingeri Raven., E. tetragonum L. and one out-group related genus: Ludwingia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet, based on trnL-F intergenic region of chloroplast DNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In addition, the pollen morphology of seven species of Epilobium (the previous mentioned species with E. ponticum Hausskn.), was examined by using Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Individual analysis of trnL and ITS sequence data indicated monophyly of the genus Epilobium, the results of bayesian and maximum parsimony displayed two clades of Epilobium with high supports (bs=100%, pp=1.00). The pollen grains usually tetrads, radially symmetrical, isopolar, numerous, yellow, five species appeared oblate whereas E. rechingeri and E. tetragonum were suboblate; the polar view was triangular and the equatorial view was ellipsoid; their sizes were medium (medium-large in E. hirsutum and E. parviflorum). The apertures were triporate. The exine sculpturing were not obvious.

Morphological characters the pollen grains of Apricot plant Prunus armeniaca L. and Plum Prunus domestica L. cultivated in northern Iraq

The Present study aims to study the morphological characters of the pollen grains for six Apricot cultivars Prunus armeniaca L. and six cultivars of Plum P. domestica L. planted in northern Iraq.Using the Light Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It was found that the pollen grains in all the cultivars were, isopolar tricorporate, and with one-, two-, and four-holes models were found, and their shape in the polar view was either tetra angular, spherical- triangular, or triangular, While in the equatorial view, the pollen shapes were ovoid, spherical or semi-spherical .The surface ornamentation was in several forms, including reticulate, granular, thin longitudinal striped, short transverse striped, granular and striped grains and striped.The quantitative and qualitative morphological characteristics of pollen grains showed a high taxonomic value in separating and isolating the cultivars of the two studied species.

Eurypollinic pollen of the Anacardiaceae differentiates taxa

The pollen morphology of 11 Anacardiaceae species from the Mexican State of Veracruz was studied. Pollen grains were acetolyzed and examined under light and scanning electron microscopy to determine whether their morphological characteristics are useful to differentiate taxa in this family. Photomicrographs were obtained with both types of microscopes and used as the basis for describing the pollen. Pollen descriptions included traits such as shape, the type and number of apertures, exine ornamentation, size of the polar and equatorial axes, and diameter in polar view. Most species have isopolar pollen grains, with tricolpate or tricolporate apertures. Only Pistacia mexicana has pentaporate pollen. Pollen grains exhibit a triradial or radial symmetry in polar view; their shape in equatorial view can be prolate-spheroidal, subprolate, or prolate. The size of axes in equatorial view, diameter in polar view, and the exine ornamentation show distinctive characteristics in each species. However, the most common ornamentation types are microreticulate and microstriate. Ten pollen types were identified based on combinations of traits such as the type and number of apertures, shape in equatorial and polar view, and exine ornamentation. The results confirm that the eurypollinic pollen of Anacardiaceae is valuable for differentiating taxa, highlights the importance of studying pollen morphology and contributes to increasing the knowledge about the pollen morphology of this family in Mexico.

Plant cell division from the perspective of polarity.

The orientation of cell division is a major determinant of plant morphogenesis. In spite of considerable efforts over the past decades, the precise mechanism of division plane selection remains elusive. The majority of studies on the topic have addressed division orientation from either a predominantly developmental or a cell biological perspective. Thus, mechanistic insights into the links between developmental and cellular factors affecting division orientation are particularly lacking. Here, I review recent progress in the understanding of cell division orientation in the embryo and primary root meristem of Arabidopsis from both developmental and cell biological standpoints. I offer a view of multilevel polarity as a central aspect of cell division: on the one hand, the division plane is a readout of tissue- and organism-wide polarities; on the other hand, the cortical division zone can be seen as a transient polar subcellular plasma membrane domain. Finally, I argue that a polarity-focused conceptual framework and the integration of developmental and cell biological approaches hold great promise to unravel the mechanistic basis of plant cell division orientation in the near future.

Pollen Morphology of Some Taxa of Rosaceae from Garhwal Himalaya - I

Palynological investigation of a particular taxonomic group helps in classification, identification and delimitation of its taxa. The present study deals with pollen morphology of 19 species of Rosaceae of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. The measurements and observations of grains were made through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains of studied species were isopolar, monad and radially symmetric with tricolporate aperture. Pollen shapes varied from prolate or sub-prolate to spheroidal. In the majority of species, amb was elliptical in equatorial view with obtuse to acute end at poles and triangular in polar view. The highest and lowest polar axis lengths were recorded for Pyrus communis (46 ± 1.6 μ m) and Potentilla indica (20.1 ± 0.7 μ m) respectively. The average polar/equatorial diameter ratio (P/E ratio) was 1.4 μm which ranged between 1.1 μ m (Fragaria nubicola) to 1.7 μ m (Chaenomeles japonica). The studied taxa were grouped into four pollen types (categories) on the basis of exine ornamentation, viz. straite, straito-perforate, straito-reticulate and straito-verrucate. The study revealed that the morphological characteristics of pollen provide significant information to categorize various taxa.

Taxonomic significance of pollen morphology of Pterocephalus plumosus (Caprifoliaceae)

Comparative palynological studies of Dipsacaceae s.str. show considerable diversity in the pollen grain morphology of its representatives. The aim of this research was to provide more detailed palynomorphological data on selected taxa whose pollen grains are characterised by tricolpate apertures (Pterocephalus plumosus, Succisa pratensis and Succisella inflexa). The pollen morphology of P. plumosus was studied using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains are tricolpate, suboblate to prolate; large in size. Their outline in polar view (amb) is subcircular, rarely trilobate. The brevicolpi have a distinct margo and acute ends. The exine sculpture is echinate-microechinate-nanoechinate. The exine structure (columellae) of the pollen grains of P. plumosus, S. pratensis and S. inflexa was analysed for the first time in the current study. Pollen grains in P. plumosus are distinguished by long and dense columellae in the mesocolpia, and longer in the apocolpia. Our new ?alynomorphological data support a close relationship between S. pratensis and S. inflexa by the presence of shorter sparse columellae throughout the pollen exine. The UPGMA dendrogram shows the distinctive morphometric characters of P. plumosus pollen grains, which is thus included as a separate branch.

Comparative pollen morphology and its systematic implications in Resedaceae in Iran

The pollen morphology of Resedaceae in Iran has been studied using light and scanning electron microscopy and described in detail for the first time. Although most of the species had prolate or perprolate pollen grains, variation was observed in other diagnostic pollen characters. Based on exine ornamentation, the pollen grains could be divided into six main types: reticulate, macroreticulate, microreticulate, reticulate‐striate, rugulate and perforate, and eight subtypes. In addition, the studied species varied in pollen size, shape in equatorial and polar views, aperture features and ornamentation, representing Resedaceae as a eurypalynous family. The largest pollen grains belonged to Reseda lutea L., while R. aucheri subsp. rotundifolia (Kotschy ex Müll.Arg.) Rech.f. had the smallest ones. Furthermore, species of Ochradenus, Oligomeris and Reseda showed diagnostic palynological characteristics that may provide a better understanding of the taxonomy of Resedaceae. A dichotomous key based on pollen morphology to the 27 Resedaceae taxa native to Iran are also presented.

Morphology of pollen grains of Weigela floribunda (Caprifoliaceae): application in taxonomy

The aim of this research was to provide detailed quantitative and qualitative characteristics on pollen grains of Weigela floribunda (Siebold & Zucc.) K. Koch (Caprifoliaceae) as applied for taxonomy. Pollen morphology of W. floribunda was studied using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains are 3-porate, rarely 4-porate, suboblate to spheroidal (P/E=0.80–1.05); in equatorial view elliptic or circular, in polar view circular or subcircular; medium- or large-sized (P=42.56–61.18 µm, E=42.56–66.50 µm). Pores are circular with distinct or indistinct margins and distinct annuli. Exine sculpture is echinate-microechinate-nanoechinate. Pollen grains of W. flori- bunda were analyzed for the first time in the present study.

The Driverless Cars Emulsion: Using participatory foresight and constructive conflict to address transport’s wicked problems

This paper introduces a novel methodology to the transport sector to foster dialogue between actors holding different perspectives on issues pertinent to the future of mobility that might be termed ‘wicked’. The case of driverless cars is considered. The paper points to a dearth of interaction between actors holding different and sometimes polar opposite views on what driverless cars could mean for the future of transport and society. It examines the role of bringing diverse perspectives together in a collaborative setting to address this wicked problem. The importance of creating task conflict is highlighted in the facilitation of engagement and achievement of shared learning.The Emulsion Methodology brings together into constructive dialogue (the emulsion) people with alternative perspectives on driverless cars (evangelists, opponents and agnostics) that may not typically mix (oil and water). The one-day workshop format (the emulsifier) involves co-creation, in mixed-perspective groups, of plausible utopias and plausible dystopias for a driverless cars future in 2050. The Three Horizons method is then used to identify significant issues at play in the transition to such futures. In turn, this enables guiding principles for present day policy to be identified. Application of the methodology to driverless cars resulted in new learning, changed perspectives and specific insights of relevance to policymaking.

Spain as a Reference in Wine Culture

The culture of wine as a traditional drink in the countries of Southern Europe is determined by the geographical, ethnographic, and historical context, at the same time it is associated with national identification. In the case of Spain, wine plays the role of a friendly union, an element of active communication, is a sociocultural behavioral norm. Through the history of wine-making, the key stages of the country’s development can be traced: from ancient settlements to the European Union, variety of backgrounds, traditions and religions, etc. adding to the long history of wine on the territory of today’s Spain. The theme of wine is reflected in the works of famous Spanish philosophers, writers and artists as a stable tradition, a symbol of community, celebration, creativity, at the same time melancholy and sadness, as a typical Spanish dualism of attitude to life. It is noted that wine was not only viewed as a means of recreation, but also a powerful double-edged social factor, both pacifying and disorganizing. Taverns became people’s universities, and cafes with their tertulias became the center of intellectual life. Wine is an important economic component, the vineyard zones cover the whole country, with its main wine-making regions — from Rioja to Jerez — renowned around the world. Hundreds of varieties of wines are produced, which differ in denomination, aging, reputation, and popularity on the world market and with tourists. Spain has a leading position in this area. At present, bars, restaurants, and taverns, as public spaces suitable for big parties and family gatherings alike, have become not only a place of spending one’s pastime, but also a platform for political discussions, a place where certain political forces manipulate their influence, where polar views on the current and future agenda are in confrontation: the globalization of the society and cultural unification, or the preservation of unique customs and traditions. Wine culture is dynamic, it manifests itself in a new form in the younger generation, the latest gender andprogressivenorms appear, the simple, down-to-earth consumption characteristic of thebar culturedisplaces the spiritual component. The loss of traditions, including the wine culture, is dangerous for the society. It will have negative consequences for the country, will cause damage to its attractiveness for investors and tourists, and hurt the very image of their motherland the Spanish hold dear. Wine remains an important part of the national heritage, material, and spiritual culture of Spain.

Scanning electron microscopic imaging of palynological metaphors: A case study of family Poaceae taxa.

This study highlighted the taxonomic utilization of palynological metaphors for selected members (53) of family Poaceae. Multiple microscopic technique light and scanning electrons had been employed for detailed analysis. Results reported monad pollen type in all studied 53 members, which showed its limited taxonomic value up to family level. In relation to shape of pollen both polar and equatorial views strikingly differed from each other. Like semi angular pollen observed in Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Wild. whereas round-minutely irregular pollen in Lolium temulentum L. Polar and equatorial diameter also showed variation, that is, Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. can be differentiated from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench on diameter variation basis. A pore characteristic does not show much qualitative variation; however pore sizes differ species to species. The most frequently scarbate sculpturing was observed in 28 species followed by verrucate. Hence it can be said that pollen shape, polar, and equatorial diameters, pore size, P/E ratio, pore sculpturing are of good taxonomic value and holds a significant position in identification and delimitation of Poaceae taxa.