Polarization Direction Research Articles

Faraday effect of light caused by plane gravitational wave

A gravitational field can cause a rotation of the polarisation vector of light. This phenomenon is known as the gravitational Faraday effect. We study the gravitational Faraday effect of linearly polarised light propagating in the gravitational field of a weak plane gravitational wave (GW) with “+\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$+$$\\end{document}", “×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes $$\\end{document}", and elliptical polarisation modes. The corresponding gravitational Faraday rotation angle is proportional to the GW amplitude and to the squared distance traveled by the light and inversely proportional to the GW squared wavelength. The Faraday rotation is maximal if the light propagates along directions perpendicular to the GW propagation and tilted by π/4\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pi /4$$\\end{document} to the directions of its polarisation. There is no a gravitational Faraday rotation when light and a GW propagate along the same directions, or when light propagates along directions of a GW polarisation. Helicity of an elliptically polarised GW gives cubic order contribution to the Faraday rotation.

Dynamic evolution of West Gondwana inferred from crustal anisotropy of the South American platform

SUMMARY The amalgamation and breakup of the West Gondwana shaped the South American platform. The dynamics during the processes can be reflected by crust anisotropy of the platform, but there are no specialized crustal anisotropic measurements yet. Splitting analysis of Moho-converted shear waves in P-wave receiver functions (Pms) can reveal crustal-scale anisotropy, which is important for understanding the dynamic evolution of the crust and for the interpretation of mantle anisotropy from splitting analysis of core–mantle refracted shear waves (XKS phases). This study measured crustal anisotropy for the old and stable South American platform by Pms splitting analysis. The splitting times vary mainly in the range of 0–0.5 s, with a regional mean of 0.2 s, slightly lower than that observed in tectonically active regions. The detected crustal anisotropy shows distinct characteristics and spatial zoning, providing insights into tectonic processes. (1) Fast polarization directions at stations close to the Transbrasiliano Lineament (TBL) are oriented NNE–SSW, generally consistent with the strike of the TBL but inconsistent with the maximum horizontal compressive stress, implying that they might be formed by dynamic metamorphism during the formation of the TBL. (2) Crustal anisotropy along the passive continental margin in the east and northeast is weak. Still, the fast polarization directions tend to be oriented along the margin, implying the existence of fossil extensional crustal fabrics formed during the continental rifting of West Gondwana. (3) The Paraná Basin, one of the world's largest Large Igneous Provinces (LIP) covered by continental flood basalts, shows distinctively strong anisotropy, with fast polarization directions highly aligned with mantle anisotropy, implying that synchronous crust–mantle deformation occurred in these regions as a result of magmatism during the breakup of West Gondwana.

Flexoelectric influence on crack propagation in ferroelectric single crystals: a phase-field approach

Ferroelectric materials, known for their inherent brittleness, are prone to brittle fracture. This limitation not only curtails the materials’ operational lifespan but also impinges on the reliability of the associated devices. Notably, the pronounced strain gradient present at the crack tip necessitates consideration of the flexoelectric effect—the interaction between strain gradient and electric polarization—in the fracture mechanics of ferroelectric materials. This study introduces a phase-field model incorporating the flexoelectric effect to elucidate its role on crack growth and domain evolution in ferroelectric single crystals. Our findings demonstrate that both crack trajectory and domain switching phenomena at the crack’s forefront are substantially influenced by the magnitude and sign of the flexoelectric coefficient, as well as the initial polarization direction. Depending on the computational scenarios, the flexoelectric effect can either exacerbate or impede crack propagation. Through meticulous examination of the mechanical field distributions and their temporal progression, we have uncovered the underlying mechanisms by which the flexoelectric effect governs crack propagation in ferroelectric single crystals. These insights pave the way for improving the fracture resistance and thereby enhancing the reliability of ferroelectric devices.

The First Discovery of Spherical Carborane Molecular Ferroelectric Crystals

AbstractCarborane compounds, known for their exceptional thermal stability and non‐toxic attributes, have garnered widespread utility in medicine, supramolecular design, coordination/organometallic chemistry, and others. Although there is considerable interest among chemists, the integration of suitable carborane molecules into ferroelectric materials remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we employ the quasi‐spherical design strategy to introduce functional groups at the boron vertices of the o‐carborane cage, aiming to reduce molecular symmetry. This approach led to the successful synthesis of the pioneering ferroelectric crystals composed of cage‐like carboranes: 9‐OH‐o‐carborane (1) and 9‐SH‐o‐carborane (2), which undergo above‐room ferroelectric phase transitions (Tc) at approximately 367 K and 347 K. Interestingly, 1 and 2 represent uniaxial and multiaxial ferroelectrics respectively, with 2 exhibiting six polar axes and as many as twelve equivalent polarization directions. As the pioneering instance of carborane ferroelectric crystals, this study introduces a novel structural archetype for molecular ferroelectrics, thereby providing fresh insights into the exploration of molecular ferroelectric crystals with promising applications.

Laser pulse induced second- and third-harmonic generation of gold nanorods with real-time time-dependent density functional tight binding (RT-TDDFTB) method.

In this study, we investigate second- and third-harmonic generation processes in Au nanorod systems using the real-time time-dependent density functional tight binding method. Our study focuses on the computation of nonlinear signals based on the time dependent dipole response induced by linearly polarized laser pulses interacting with nanoparticles. We systematically explore the influence of various laser parameters, including pump intensity, duration, frequency, and polarization directions, on harmonic generation. We demonstrate all the results using Au nanorod dimer systems arranged in end-to-end configurations, and disrupting the spatial symmetry of regular single nanorod systems is crucial for second-harmonic generation processes. Furthermore, we study the impact of nanorod lengths, which lead to variable plasmon energies, on harmonic generation, and estimates of polarizabilities and hyper-polarizabilities are provided.

Ultrafast spatiotemporal control of orthogonally directional surface plasmon polariton via a compact nanoantenna

Ultrafast spatiotemporal control over the launch direction of surface plasmon polariton (SPP), which is highly desirable for the realization of integrated nanophotonic devices and ultrafast data processing systems within plasmonic nano-circuitry, remains a significant challenge. In particular, ultrafast spatial-temporal switching of SPP directional emissions in orthogonal directions has not yet been reported. Here, we propose a novel compact plasmonic nanoantenna structure design for spatiotemporal control of SPP launch at the nano−femto scale. This device possesses the capacity to launch the SPP directionally into different orthogonal output channels by changing the polarization direction of incident light. More importantly, ultrafast switching of the SPP directional launch at a femtosecond time scale has been proposed via adjusting the instantaneous polarization state of the excitation light. This study can lay the foundation for the development of miniaturized signal processing systems for high-speed data processing, and highly integrated nanophotonic devices, as well as for enhancing the functionality of next-generation optical nanocircuits.

Deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization by out-of-plane anti-damping magnon torques.

Spin-wave excitations of magnetic moments (or magnons) can transport spin angular momentum in insulating magnetic materials. This property distinguishes magnonic devices from traditional electronics, where power consumption results from electrons' movement. Recently, magnon torques have been used to switch perpendicular magnetization in the presence of an external magnetic field. Here we present a material system composed of WTe2/antiferromagnetic insulator NiO/ferromagnet CoFeB heterostructures that allows magnetic field-free switching of the perpendicular magnetization. The magnon currents, with a spin polarization canting of -8.5° relative to the sample plane, traverse the 25-nm-thick polycrystalline NiO layer while preserving their original polarization direction, subsequently exerting an out-of-plane anti-damping magnon torque on the ferromagnetic layer. Using this mechanism, we achieve a 190-fold reduction in power consumption in PtTe2/WTe2/NiO/CoFeB heterostructures compared to Bi2Te3/NiO/CoFeB control samples, which only exhibit in-plane magnon torques. Our field-free demonstration contributes to the realization of all-electric, low-power, perpendicular magnetization switching devices.

Mantle deformation in the highly oblique indo-burma subduction system inferred from shear wave splitting measurements

We utilized shear wave splitting analysis of teleseismic SKS, SKKS, and PKS phases to infer upper mantle deformational fabrics across a substantial area of Southeast Asia, where splitting measurements were previously limited. We used newly available permanent and temporary broadband seismic networks deployed across the Indo-Burma subduction zone and the eastern Indochina peninsula. The resulting 492 well-constrained splitting and 654 null measurements from 185 stations reveal clear large-scale patterns in the mantle deformational fabrics in response to the highly oblique active subduction and a large transform plate boundary. We identified two distinct domains of mantle deformation fabrics in the western Burma microplate and the eastern Indochina peninsula. In the former, trench parallel N-S fast polarization directions with an average lag time (δt) of 1.9 s are observed beneath the Indo-Burman Ranges. We suggest the observed splitting is partly due to anisotropy in the sub-slab region and relates to shear induced by the north moving Indian plate. The lithospheric fabric within the Indo-Burman Ranges and underlying subducting slab fabric contribute to produce the observed average δt of 1.9 s. The δt value decreases to an average of 1.0 s towards the back-arc until we reach the dextral Sagaing fault. In the second domain, starting approximately 100 km east of the Sagaing fault, we observe a consistent E-W fast direction with an average δt of 1.10 s in the eastern Shan-Thai and Indochina blocks. We interpret the E-W fabric as due to the deformation associated with the westward spreading of the Hainan mantle plume, possibly driven by overriding plate motion. Low velocities in the shallow mantle and late Cenozoic intraplate volcanism in this region support the plume-driven asthenospheric flow model in the Indochina peninsula. The sudden transition of the fast polarization direction from N-S to E-W along the eastern edge of the Burma microplate indicates the Sagaing fault acts as a mantle flow boundary between the subduction dominated trench parallel flow to the west and plume induced asthenospheric flow to the east. We also observed no net splitting beneath the Bengal basin which is most likely due to the presence of frozen vertical fabric resulting from the Kerguelen plume activity during Early Cretaceous.

Clarification of the spontaneous polarization direction in crystals with wurtzite structure

The wurtzite structure is one of the most frequently found crystal structures in modern semiconductors and its inherent spontaneous polarization is a defining materials property. Despite this significance, confusion has been rampant in the literature with respect to the orientation of the spontaneous polarization inside the unit cell of the wurtzite structure, especially for the technologically very relevant III-N compounds (AlN, GaN, and InN). In particular, the spontaneous polarization has been reported to either point up or down for the same unit cell orientation, depending on the literature source—with important implications for, e.g., the carrier type and density expected at interfaces of heterostructures involving materials with the wurtzite structure. This perspective aims to resolve this ambiguity by reviewing available reports on the direction of the energetically preferred polarization direction in the presence of external electric fields as well as atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy images. While we use ferroelectric wurtzite Al1−xScxN as a key example, our conclusions are generalizable to other compounds with the same crystal structure. We demonstrate that a metal-polar unit cell must be associated with an upward polarization vector—which is contrary to long-standing conventional wisdom.

Understanding and tuning negative longitudinal piezoelectricity in hafnia

Most piezoelectric materials exhibit a positive longitudinal piezoelectric effect (PLPE), while a negative longitudinal piezoelectric effect (NLPE) is rarely reported or paid much attention. Here, utilizing first-principles calculations, we unveil the origin of negative longitudinal piezoelectricity in ferroelectric hafnia by introducing the concept of weighted projected bond strength around cation in the c direction (WPBc), which is proposed to quantitatively characterize the asymmetric bonding stiffness along the strain direction. When the WPBc is anti-parallel to the direction of bulk spontaneous polarization, the polarization decreases with respect to tensile strain and leads to a negative piezoelectricity. Furthermore, to confirm the influence of WPBc on the piezoelectric effect and understand how the value of WPBc influences the piezoelectric coefficient e33, we acquire both the piezoelectric coefficient of doped hafnia and the corresponding bonding environment around each cation. The finding reveals that the more negative piezoelectric coefficient can be achieved through a concurrent achievement of the more negative average WPBc and the lower standard deviation (STD) of WPBc. In addition, the Sn-doped hafnia with the lowest average WPBc and smaller STD-WPBc is identified to have the highest piezoelectric coefficient (−2.04 C/m2) compared to other dopants, showing great potential in next-generation electromechanical devices.

Optical switching with high-Q Fano resonance of all-dielectric metasurface governed by bound states in the continuum

The discovery of bound states in the continuum (BIC) of optical nanostructures has garnered significant research interest and found widespread application in the field of optics, leading to an attractive approach to achieve high-Q (Quality factor) Fano resonance. Herein, an all-dielectric metasurface consisting of four gallium phosphide (Gap) cylinders on the MgF2 substrate is designed and analyzed by the finite element method (FEM). By breaking the symmetry of the plane, specifically by moving the two cylinders to one side, it is possible to achieve a transition from the symmetry-protected BIC to quasi-BIC. This transition enables the excitation of sharp dual-band Fano resonance at wavelengths of 1,045.4 nm and 1,139.6 nm, with the maximum Q factors reaching 1.47 × 104 and 1.28 × 104, respectively. The multipole decomposition and near-field distributions show that these two QBICs are dominated by the electric quadrupole (EQ) and magnetic quadrupole (MQ). Furthermore, bidirectional optical switching can be accomplished by changing the polarization direction of the incident light. As a result, the maximum sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) are 488.9 nm/RIU and 2.51 × 105 RIU-1, respectively. The results enrich our knowledge about BIC and reveal a platform for the development of high-performance photonics devices such as optical switches and sensors.

Intrinsic polarity extend β-Ga2O3/Janus-XP (X=P, As) heterostructures potential in UV/IR dual-band photodetector: A theoretical study

Although β-Ga2O3/black phosphorus (α-BP) has been employed to realize ultraviolet and infrared (UV/IR) dual-band photodetector, how to employ intrinsic polarity to improve the optoelectronic properties of β-Ga2O3/α-BP heterostructure further has not been demonstrated yet. Here, by investigating the interfacial electronic and optical properties of β-Ga2O3/Janus-XP (X=P, As) heterostructures with intrinsic polarity, we found that all β-Ga2O3/Janus-XP heterostructures exhibit type-II band alignment, regardless of the direction of intrinsic polarity. Moreover, β-Ga2O3/Janus-AsP heterostructures with intrinsic polarity possess stronger stability, more effective charge transfer with a lower tunneling barrier, and better UV/IR dual-band optical detection, which could be further improved when the direction of intrinsic polarity points away from the interface. The underlying mechanism is the extra carriers driving force introduced by intrinsic polarity. Our findings provide a deep understanding of β-Ga2O3/Janus-XP heterostructures and suggest an effective way to design high-performance β-Ga2O3 UV/IR dual-band photodetectors.

High-Speed Rail Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output Channel Model Based on Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface System

This paper presents a geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) for a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) system tailored to high-speed rail environments, addressing energy leakage at space lattice points caused by the time-dependent reception direction and differing antenna array resolutions. Initially, this study explores the spatial domain feature map and spreading antenna lobe characteristics from various RIS array configurations to reshape the polarization distribution and facilitate a virtual antenna array. Subsequently, the time-dependent reception direction and position are derived by integrating the dynamics of train operations. Finally, the received signal is aligned with the polarization direction to assess the signal reception efficiency and finalize the model output. Research findings indicate that the number of RIS elements, spacing between RIS elements, and mobile relay (MR) movement characteristics significantly influence the performance of the system. Compared to existing models, the proposed model proficiently captures the effects of time-dependent receiver angle properties and RIS array configuration.

Control of the preferentially orientated growth of Sr2TiSi2O8 crystals in a SrO – TiO2 – SiO2 – Al2O3 – K2O parent glass

A polar glass-ceramic containing Sr-fresnoite Sr2TiSi2O8 (STS) as single crystalline phase was developed through the controlled crystallization of a parent glass composition containing SrO, TiO2, SiO2, K2O, and Al2O3. The objective of this work is to obtain a piezoelectric substrate exhibiting a well-defined orientation of the polar direction of the STS crystals over a depth suitable for the design of surface acoustic waves (SAW) devices. For that purpose, the crystallization mechanism of the parent glass was first studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Based on this study, heat treatments were applied to transform the glass into glass-ceramics. Two aspects were investigated: i). The influence of the surface state of parent glass and of its environment on the nucleation of preferentially orientated STS crystals at the surface of the parent glass; ii). The growth of a preferentially orientated crystallized layer from the surface into the bulk. The microstructures of resulting glass ceramics were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). We demonstrate that growth of the surface crystallized layer is governed by diffusion mechanisms through a transition glass composition separating the crystalized layer and the subjacent parent glass. The control of the growth rate of the crystalline layer plays the key role to keep a high and constant orientation of the (002) STS plans parallel to the surface of the substrate.

Vaporchromic Domino Transformation and Polarized Photonic Heterojunctions of Organoplatinum Microrods.

Photonic heterostructures with codable properties have shown great values as versatile information carriers at the micro and nanoscale. These heterostructures are typically prepared by a step-by-step growth or post-functionalization method to achieve varied emission colors among different building blocks. In order to realize high-throughput and multivariate information loading, we report here a strategy to integrate polarization signals into photonic heterojunctions. A U-shaped di-Pt(II) complex is assembled into highly-polarized yellow-phosphorescent crystalline microrods (Y-rod) by strong intermolecular Pt···Pt interaction. Upon end-initiated desorption of the incorporated CH2Cl2 solvents, Y-rod is transformed in a domino fashion into tri-block polarized photonic heterojunctions (PPHs) with alternate red-yellow-red emissions or red-phosphorescent microrods (R-rod). The red emissions of these structures are also highly polarized; however, their polarization directions are just orthogonal to those of the yellow phosphorescence of Y-rod. With the aid of a patterned mask, R-rod is further programmed into multi-block PPHs with precisely-controlled block sizes by side-allowed adsorption of CH2Cl2 vapor. X-ray diffraction analysis and theoretical calculations suggest that the solvent-regulated modulation of intramolecular and intermolecular excited states is critical for the construction of these PPHs.

Arbitrarily rotating polarization direction and manipulating phases in linear and nonlinear ways using programmable metasurface

Independent controls of various properties of electromagnetic (EM) waves are crucially required in a wide range of applications. Programmable metasurface is a promising candidate to provide an advanced platform for manipulating EM waves. Here, we propose an approach that can arbitrarily control the polarization direction and phases of reflected waves in linear and nonlinear ways using a stacked programmable metasurface. Further, we extend the space-time-coding theory to incorporate the dimension of polarization, which provides an extra degree of freedom for manipulating EM waves. As proof-of-principle application examples, we consider polarization rotation, phase manipulation, and beam steering at linear and nonlinear frequencies. For validation, we design, fabricate, and measure a metasurface sample. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions and simulations. The proposed approach has a wide range of applications in various areas, such as imaging, data storage, and wireless communication.

The effects of thickness, polarization, and strain on vibrational modes of 2D Fe3GeTe2

In this study, we investigated the effects of thickness, light polarization, and strain on the Raman spectra of two-dimensional (2D) Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) crystals synthesized via chemical vapor transport. The crystals are thoroughly characterized using a combination of microscopic, diffraction, and spectroscopic techniques. Particularly, a systematic angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy study reveals a clear polarization dependence of the Raman intensity in both parallel and crossed polarization directions, with the Ag1 mode completely disappearing in the crossed polarization direction. The angle-dependent intensity of both the Ag1 and E2g2 modes in parallel polarization and the intensity of the E2g2mode in the crossed polarization remain constant at all angles. These findings align with predictions from Raman tensor analysis, providing compelling evidence for the unambiguous assignment of the Ag1 and E2g2 modes to specific peaks observed in the Raman spectrum of FGT, resolving existing confusion in the literature regarding their assignment. Furthermore, we examined the effect of strain on the Raman spectrum of 2D FGT in-situ using a bending device. Our study, conducted on a monolayer to few-layer 2D FGT deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate and subjected to outward (inward), i.e., tensile (compressive) bending, demonstrates appreciable downshifting (upshifting) of the Raman peak position of both Ag1 and E2g2 modes. These findings are particularly significant given that strain engineering represents an effective approach to modulate the magnetic properties of FGT and other 2D magnetic materials.

Lateral and vertical variations of seismic anisotropy in the lithosphere–asthenosphere system underneath Central Europe from long-term splitting measurements

SUMMARY Backazimuthal variations in the shear wave splitting of core-refracted shear waves (SKS, SKKS and PKS phases, jointly referred to as XKS) at the Black Forest Observatory (BFO, Southwest Germany) indicate small-scale lateral and partly vertical variations of the seismic anisotropy. However, existing anisotropy studies and models for the nearby Upper Rhine Graben (URG) area in the northern Alpine foreland are mostly based on short-term recordings and by this suffer from a limited backazimuthal coverage and averaging over a wide or the whole backazimuth range. To identify and delimit laterally confined anisotropy regimes in this region, we carry out XKS splitting measurements at six neighbouring (semi-)permanent broad-band seismological recording stations (interstation distance 10–80 km). We manually analyse long-term (partly > 20 yr) recordings to achieve a sufficient backazimuthal coverage to resolve complex anisotropy. The splitting parameters (fast polarization direction $\phi $, delay time $\delta t$) are determined in a single- and multi-event analysis. We test structural anisotropy models with one layer with horizontal or tilted symmetry axis and with two layers with horizontal symmetry axes (transverse isotropy). To account for lateral variations around a single recording site, modelling is compared for the whole and for limited backazimuth ranges. Based on this, we provide a 3-D block model with spatial variation of anisotropic properties. Based on delay times > 0.3 s and missing discrepancies between SKS and SKKS phases, which do not support lower mantle anisotropy, the found anisotropy is placed in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The spatial distribution as well as the lateral and backazimuthal variations of the splitting parameters confirm lateral and partly vertical variations in anisotropy. On the east side of the URG, we suggest two anisotropic layers in the Moldanubian Zone (south) and one anisotropic layer in the Saxothuringian Zone (north). In the Moldanubian Zone, a change of the fast polarization directions is observed between the east and the west side of the URG, indicating different textures. At the boundary between the two terranes, an inclined anisotropy is modelled which may be related with deformation during Variscan subduction. Regarding the observation of numerous null measurements and inconsistent splitting parameters, especially (southwest of BFO) in the southern URG, different hypothesis are tested: scattering of the seismic wavefield due to small-scale lateral heterogeneities, a vertical a-axis due to a vertical mantle flow related to the Kaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex, as well as a different preferred orientation of the olivine crystals (not A-type, but C-type) due to specific ambient conditions (high temperature, water content).

A Magnetically Coupled Piezoelectric Ocean Wave Energy Harvester for Self-Powered Low-Power Appliances

The ocean contains abundant wave energy, which can be used as a new regenerative energy for power generation and provide energy for self-powered low-power appliances, realizing in situ energy utilization. Then, it can effectively promote the sustainable development strategy of the ocean and bring huge energy and social and environmental benefits. This paper proposes a magnetically coupled piezoelectric ocean wave energy harvester (MPWEH) system for wave energy harvesting. The MPWEH system includes four modules: energy harvesting, force magnification, piezoelectric power generation, and energy storage module. The energy harvesting module moves up and down in the tube body with the wave, effectively capturing and absorbing the wave energy and transforming the harvesting module’s motion into the interaction repulsive force between magnets. Then, the force magnification module amplified the magnetic force and applied it to the polarization direction of the piezoelectric ceramic to self-power the low-power appliances. This research carried out the feasibility verification experiment with the MPWEH prototype, and the results show that when the period is 3[Formula: see text]s, and the amplitude is 2[Formula: see text]m, the maximum voltage can reach 15[Formula: see text]V, and the maximum power can reach 12.85[Formula: see text]mW. Take Jiaozhou Bay Bridge as an example. The MPWEH system’s energy harvesting potential is studied, and the annual power generation of all the acquisition devices can reach 55.72[Formula: see text]kWh, which can be enough energy to supply the sensors on the cross-sea bridge.

Trunk-Inspired SWCNT-Based Wrinkled Films for Highly-Stretchable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Wearable Thermotherapy

HighlightsElephant trunk-inspired anisotropic wrinkling structures were formed on a sandwich-like conductive film through a controlled shrinking method.The wrinkled conductive network could withstand up to 200% tensile strain and exhibits a strain-enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness when stretching parallel to the electric field polarization direction.