Polarization Correlation Research Articles

Modelling hydrogen deblending from natural gas using Pd-based dense metallic membranes with an empirical polarization model

Low carbon hydrogen can be produced using excess of electric power and further stored into the existing natural gas grid. Deblending processes are required at the end-users side. However, conventional technologies such as adsorption methods can be complex, especially at the small scales, making the investment not convenient. Membrane technology is gaining interest. In scientific literature, Pd-based dense metallic membranes were already identified as a potential solution to separate high purity hydrogen. They can also be coupled with electrochemical hydrogen pump and TSA. However, Pd-based membrane potentiality had not yet been deeply investigated. In this article, a new empirical correlation for concentration polarization losses is found. Thanks to its simplicity and flexibility, it is used to show how an appropriate design of the separation modules can lead to outperform benchmark performance. Different scenarios, with blending at 5%, 10% and 20% and at low (8 bar), mid (40 bar) and high (66 bar) grid pressure are studied to separate 25 kg/day of pure hydrogen. Separation costs obtained with 10% hydrogen blending are below 4.44 €/kg even at low pressure, outperforming benchmark estimations using PSA, that resulted 7.64 €/kg. Polarization correlation is recommended to further improve module design in H2 deblending.

Underwater polarization de-scattering imaging independent of target-free regions

Underwater optical imaging technology presents broad application prospects in fields such as marine resource exploration, underwater ecological environment monitoring, and seabed topography detection. The technology employs the polarization characteristics of light, particularly those of the background and target, to achieve a clear image. However, the traditional methods rely on target-free regions to compute the backscattered light information, which is infrequently present in the actual scene captured by the camera. Then the full-space resolution of target information light and backscattered light information are required. At this time, the traditional methods may be difficult to adapt in practical application.<br>In this paper, an underwater polarization de-scattering method independent of target-free regions is proposed by combining active polarization imaging and transmittance de-scattering model. Initially, the total light intensity within the camera's field of view is decomposed into its polarized and unpolarized components. By removing the backscattered light with polarized and unpolarized information from the total light intensity, a clear underwater target can be obtained. Based on the active polarization imaging model, the backscattered light with polarization information is calculated, in which the polarization angle of the backscattered light is considered as zero in the full-space. Thus, the polarization degree of the target information light occupying the camera's entire field of view can be derived. According to the polarization correlation, the polarization degree of the backscattered light can be characterized, and the intensity of the backscattered light with polarization information in the camera's entire field of view can also be obtained. Then the unpolarized component is calculated using the minimum intensity image with Stokes vector transformation. Finally, the underwater scene is obtained by combining the transmittance de-scattering principle and introducing adjustment parameters.<br>Experimental and real-world underwater imaging results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively remove the majority of the backscattered light and improve the image contrast and entropy, irrespective of the presence of target-free regions. Additionally, it offers a certain rate advantage, which can facilitate the real-time complex underwater imaging technology.

Measurements of polarization and spin correlation and observation of entanglement in top quark pairs using lepton+jets events from proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV

Measurements of the polarization and spin correlation in top quark pairs (tt¯) are presented using events with a single electron or muon and jets in the final state. The measurements are based on proton-proton collision data from the LHC at s=13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1. All coefficients of the polarization vectors and the spin correlation matrix are extracted simultaneously by performing a binned likelihood fit to the data. The measurement is performed inclusively and in bins of additional observables, such as the mass of the tt¯ system and the top quark scattering angle in the tt¯ rest frame. The measured polarization and spin correlation are in agreement with the standard model. From the measured spin correlation, conclusions on the tt¯ spin entanglement are drawn by applying the Peres-Horodecki criterion. The standard model predicts entangled spins for tt¯ states at the production threshold and at high masses of the tt¯ system. Entanglement is observed for the first time in events at high tt¯ mass, where a large fraction of the tt¯ decays are spacelike separated, with an expected and observed significance of above 5 standard deviations. © 2024 CERN, for the CMS Collaboration 2024 CERN

The interplay between liquid–liquid and ferroelectric phase transitions in supercooled water

The distinctive characteristics of water, evident in its thermodynamic anomalies, have implications across disciplines from biology to geophysics. Considered a valid hypothesis to rationalize its unique properties, a liquid-liquid phase transition in water below the freezing point, in the so-called supercooled regime, has nowadays been observed in several molecular dynamics simulations and is being actively researched experimentally. The hypothesis of ferroelectric phase transition in supercooled water can be traced back to 1977, due to Stillinger. In this work, we highlight intriguing and far-reaching implications of water: The ferroelectric and liquid-liquid phase transitions can be designed as two facets of the same underlying phenomenon. Our results are based on the analysis of extensive molecular dynamics simulations and are explained in the context of a classical density functional theory in mean-field approximation valid for a polar liquid, where dipolar interaction is treated perturbatively. The theory underpins the potential role of ferroelectricity in promoting the liquid-liquid phase transition, being the density-polarization coupling inherent in the dipolar interaction potential. The existence of ferroelectric order in supercooled low-density liquid water is confirmed by the observation in molecular dynamics simulations of collective modes in space-time polarization correlation functions, traceable to spontaneous breaking of continuous rotational symmetry. Our work sheds light on water's supercooled behavior and opens the door to experimental investigations of the static and dynamic behavior of water's polarization.

Construction of a Prognostic Model for Mitochondria and Macrophage Polarization Correlation in Glioma Based on Single-Cell and Transcriptome Sequencing.

Numerous diseases are associated with the interplay of mitochondrial and macrophage polarization. However, the correlation of mitochondria-related genes (MRGs) and macrophage polarization-related genes (MPRGs) with the prognosis of glioma remains unclear. This study aimed to examine this relationship based on bioinformatic analysis. Glioma-related datasets (TCGA-GBMLGG, mRNA-seq-325, mRNA-seq-693, GSE16011, GSE4290, and GSE138794) were included in this study. The intersection genes were obtained by overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from differential expression analysis in GSE16011, key module genes from WGCNA, and MRGs. Subsequently, the intersection genes were further screened to obtain prognostic genes. Following this, a risk model was developed and verified. After that, independent prognostic factors were identified, followed by the construction of a nomogram and subsequent evaluation of its predictive ability. Furthermore, immune microenvironment analysis and expression validation were implemented. The GSE138794 dataset was utilized to evaluate the expression of prognostic genes at a cellular level, followed by conducting an analysis on cell-to-cell communication. Finally, the results were validated in different datasets and tissue samples from patients. ECI2, MCCC2, OXCT1, SUCLG2, and CPT2 were identified as prognostic genes for glioma. The risk model constructed based on these genes in TCGA-GBMLGG demonstrated certain accuracy in predicting the occurrence of glioma. Additionally, the nomogram constructed based on risk score and grade exhibited strong performance in predicting patient survival. Significant differences were observed in the proportion of 27 immune cell types (e.g., activated B cells and macrophages) and the expression of 32 immune checkpoints (e.g., CD70, CD200, and CD48) between the two risk groups. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that CPT2, ECI2, and SUCLG2 were highly expressed in oligodendrocytes, neural progenitor cells, and BMDMs, respectively. The results of cell-cell communication analysis revealed that both oligodendrocytes and BMDMs exhibited a substantial number of interactions with high strength. This study revealed five genes associated with the prognosis of glioma (ECI2, MCCC2, OXCT1, SUCLG2, and CPT2), providing novel insights into individualized treatment and prognosis.

Dynamic permittivity of confined water under a static background field.

Molecular and collective reorientations in interfacial water are by-and-large decelerated near surfaces subjected to outgoing electric fields (pointing from surface to liquid, i.e., when the surface carries positive charge). In incoming fields at negatively charged surfaces, these rates show a nonmonotonic dependence on field strength where fastest reorientations are observed when the field alignment barely offsets the polarizing effects due to interfacial hydrogen bonding. This extremum coincides with a peak of local static permittivity. We use molecular dynamics simulations to explore the impact of background static field on high frequency AC permittivity in hydration water under an electric field mimicking the conditions inside a capacitor where one of the confinement walls is subject to an outgoing field and the other one to an incoming field. At strong static fields, the absorption peak undergoes a monotonic blue shift upon increasing field strength in both hydration layers. At intermediate fields, however, the hydration region at the wall under an incoming field (the negative capacitor plate) features a red shift coinciding with maximal static-permittivity and reorientation-rate. The shift is mostly determined by the variation of the inverse static dielectric constant as proposed for mono-exponentially decaying polarization correlations. Conversely, hydration water at the opposite (positively charged) surface features a monotonic blue shift consistent with conventional saturation. The sensitivity of absorption peaks on the field suggests that surface charge densities could be deduced from sub-THz dielectric spectroscopy experiments in porous materials when interfaces accommodate a major fraction of water contained in the system.

Multifunctionality in vanadium dioxide-integrated metamaterials for switching between dual-band perfect absorption and asymmetric transmission

In this work, we present a theoretical proposal for an actively tunable metamaterial design that integrates vanadium dioxide (VO2). This VO2-integrated design demonstrates the ability to switch between dual-band perfect absorption and asymmetric transmission (AT) functionalities in the near-infrared and mid-infrared spectral ranges. By utilizing the unique properties of VO2, our proposed device achieves broadband absorption across approximately 2.47 μm with polarization independence when VO2 is in its metallic state. Furthermore, it exhibits narrowband absorption with polarization correlation, reaching a linear dichroism value of approximately 0.704. On the other hand, when VO2 is in its insulating state, the metamaterial structure realizes AT of 0.418 for circularly polarized light. We provide physical insight into the operating mechanisms through impedance matching analysis and electric field distributions. The integration of VO2 in this dynamically tunable, multifunctional metamaterial design offers a novel approach to developing reconfigurable nanophotonic and nanosystem technologies.

Power-law correlation in the homogeneous disordered state of anisotropically self-propelled systems

Self-propelled particles display unique collective phenomena, due to the intrinsic coupling of density and polarity. For instance, the giant number fluctuation appears in the orientationally ordered state, and the motility-induced phase separation appears in systems with repulsion. Effects of strong noise typically lead to a homogeneous disordered state, in which the coupling of density and polarity can still play a significant role. Here we study universal properties of the homogeneous disordered state in two-dimensional systems with uniaxially anisotropic self-propulsion. Using hydrodynamic arguments, we propose that the density correlation and polarity correlation generically exhibit power-law decay with distinct exponents (−2 and −4, respectively) through the coupling of density and polarity. Simulations of self-propelled lattice gas models indeed show the predicted power-law correlations, regardless of whether the interaction type is repulsion or alignment. Further, by mapping the model to a two-component boson system and employing non-Hermitian perturbation theory, we obtain the analytical expression for the structure factors, the Fourier transform of the correlation functions. This reveals that even the first order of the interaction strength induces the power-law correlations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Polarization analysis of two baryons with various spin combinations produced in electron-positron annihilation

We develop a systematic approach to analyze polarization correlations of two baryons B1B¯2 produced in the electron-positron annihilation process. With spin density matrices for arbitrary spin particles established in the standard, the Cartesian, and the helicity forms, we provide analyses of polarization correlations for two baryons with various spin combinations. This framework can be applied to determine the spin and the parity of excited baryons, and therefore offers opportunities for the investigation of baryon spectrum and transition form factors in present and future electron-positron annihilation experiments. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Magnetic skin effect in Pb(Fe _{1/2}$ Nb _{1/2}$ )O3

Relaxor-ferroelectrics display exceptional dielectric properties resulting from the underlying random dipolar fields induced by strong chemical inhomogeneity. An unusual structural aspect of relaxors is a skin-effect where the near-surface region in single crystals exhibit structures and critical phenomena that differ from the bulk. Relaxors are unique in that this skin effect extends over a macroscopic lengthscale of ∼100 μm whereas usual surface layers only extend over a few unit cells (or ∼nm). We present a muon spectroscopy study of Pb(Fe _{1/2} Nb _{1/2} )O3 (PFN) which displays ferroelectric order, including many relaxor-like dielectric properties such as a frequency broadened dielectric response, and antiferromagnetism with spatially short-range polar correlations and hence can be termed a multiferroic. In terms of the magnetic behavior determined by the Fe3+ ( S=5/2 , L ≈ 0) ions, PFN has been characterized as a unique example of a ‘cluster spin-glass’. We use variable momentum muon spectroscopy to study the depth dependence of the slow magnetic relaxations in a large 1 cm3 crystal of PFN. Zero-field positive muon spin relaxation is parameterized using a stretched exponential, indicative of a distribution of relaxation rates of the Fe3+ spins. This bandwidth of frequencies changes as a function of muon momentum, indicative of a change in the Fe3+ relaxation rates as a function of muon implantation depth in our single crystal. Using negative muon elemental analysis, we find small-to-no measurable change in the Fe3+/Nb5+ concentration with depth implying that chemical concentration alone cannot account for the change in the relaxational dynamics. PFN displays an analogous magnetic skin effect reported to exist in the structural properties of relaxor-ferroelectrics.

High-efficiency polarization-selective two-dimensional diffraction gratings based on silver cuboid arrays

A two-dimensional (2D) diffraction grating based on silver cuboid arrays is demonstrated. With the structural optimization by three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain method, the proposed grating exhibits favorable polarization selectivity. At wavelength 1550 nm, high diffraction efficiency and polarization correlation can be realized in the case of two-port output ((0, ±1) or (±1, 0)) under TE polarization, as well as five-port output ((0, 0), (0, ±1) and (±1, 0)) under TM polarization. Under the two-port output state, the diffraction efficiency is nearly 48% with the extinction ratio of 16.44 dB and insertion loss of 0.20 dB. Under the five-port output status, the efficiency is larger than 19% for each diffraction order, meanwhile, the total efficiency and uniformity are 97% and 0.58%, respectively. The proposed grating with positive implications has good potentials in polarization multiplexing and polarization-correlated grating interferometry.

Revealing the phase transition scenario in antiferroelectric thin films by x-ray diffuse scattering

There is no consensus among researchers regarding how phase transitions occur in antiferroelectric (AFE) epitaxial heterostructures, in particular, in heterostructures based on model AFE lead zirconate. The questions about the number of phase transitions in such films and by what mechanism they occur remain controversial. This paper presents a look at the phase transition scenario in two types of epitaxial heterostructures: PbZrO3/Ba[La–Sn]O3/MgO (001) thin films with thicknesses from 25 to 1000 nm and PbZrO3/SrRuO3/SrTiO3 (001) thin film 100 nm thick using the diffuse x-ray scattering in the grazing incidence setup. We register the characteristic butterfly-shaped diffuse scattering (DS) intensity distribution in the HK pseudocubic planes, which corresponds to the anisotropic ferroelectric soft mode. No incommensurate soft mode was observed in the cuts of reciprocal space parallel to the film surface by diffuse scattering. We reproduce the shape of DS distribution at different temperatures by the model based on the dielectric stiffness and the electric polarization correlation tensor in the cubic approximation. Such modeling allows not only to characterize the DS parameters from the challengingly low signal-to-background data set, but also to extract experimentally the sensitivity of the materials with respect to inhomogeneous polarization. While the observed temperature evolution of DS is consistent with the dielectric measurements, the correlation between the DS and the phase transition sequence observed by superstructure reflections is yet to be understood better.

A temporal difference matrix for historical cumulative change detection in time series PolSAR data

To detect historical cumulative changes in land cover, this study introduces a novel time series PolSAR change detection method. The objective is to address the inefficiency of traditional detection methods that use multiple pairwise comparisons, as well as to alleviate false positives and false negatives caused by the insufficient utilization of polarization and spatial context information in previous methods. The proposed method initially constructs a temporal difference matrix for time series PolSAR images and computes the difference image (DI) using the maximum eigenvalue of this matrix to depict the cumulative changes over time. Subsequently, the DI is segmented using an MRF-based image segmentation method with a limited amount of supervised information, yielding the cumulative change binary map. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated using three time series datasets covering different scenes acquired by different sensors, namely GaoFen3, Radarsat2 and Sentinel-1. The experimental results demonstrate that the method effectively characterizes cumulative changes in the time series while simultaneously considering disparities in radar backscatter intensity and polarization correlation. As a result, it significantly reduces erroneous and missed change detections and surpasses the existing methods by achieving the highest Recall, F1-score, IOU, Kappa, and overall accuracy. Furthermore, the DI calculation method serves as a versatile change descriptor applicable not only for capturing cumulative changes in time series but also for describing changes between dual temporal images.

A molecular perspective on the emergence of long-range polar order from an isotropic fluid

The ferroelectric nematic phase (NF) has quickly become the most studied system in liquid crystal research. In this work, we investigate the origin of such polar structure by studying a compound for which the NF phase directly follows the isotropic liquid phase on cooling, making it a particularly interesting system. Our experimental results evidence the presence of polar correlations already in the high-temperature phase, in which ferroelectric order can be induced under a sufficiently strong electric field. In the NF phase, molecular dynamics and polar correlations are investigated through detailed dynamic dielectric measurements, while second harmonic generation experiments evidence a large value of the main coefficient of the second order dielectric susceptibility tensor. Lastly, experimentally determined parameters are employed for calculations based on a recently proposed theoretical model for the stability of the NF phase. The obtained results suggest that the parallel alignment of dipoles is driven by a subtle interplay between electrostatic and excluded volume interactions.

Imaging performance prediction of a hypersonic target in a geosynchronous orbit based on multi-dimensional information correlation of radiation, multi-spectral, and polarization

Hypersonic target detection based on infrared intensity characteristics is easily disturbed by sea surface and cloud flares when detected by space-based optical systems, which results in a low detection rate, high false alarm, and difficulty in stable detection. This paper explores a method to improve target detection performance based on the correlation of infrared radiation, multi-spectral and polarization. Firstly, the comprehensive factors that influence complex ambient illumination, atmospheric transmission, and clutter background on spectral-polarization characteristics of hypersonic targets are analyzed. Based on the global radiation scattering theory, the temperature distribution model of the hypersonic target is established by using FLUENT. The polarization emission and pBRDF model of the target is established, and the radiation polarization transfer model is generated. Secondly, the sea surface temperature distribution is obtained by inversion of Landsat8 remote sensing data. The radiation polarization transfer model of the sea surface is established based on the Cox-Munk model combined with pBRDF and the polarization emission model. Thirdly, the polarization scattering effect of atmospheric particles on the upward radiation of the interaction of the target with the sunlight is considered comprehensively, and the 6SV radiative transfer model is used to calculate the polarization effect of atmospheric particles on the upward radiation transmission of the target and the background. Then, combined with the point diffusion of the optical system and the photoelectric conversion of the detector, the multi-dimensional full-chain imaging prediction model of the hypersonic target-sea background-ambient atmosphere-optical system-detector is established. The imaging characteristics and detection performance of the target in different imaging dimensions are simulated and analyzed with the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). The research shows that in the direction of reflected sunlight from the sea surface, the sea surface glare is suppressed and the target is highlighted through a target detection method of multi-dimensional information. This method has better detection results than the infrared multi-spectral detection method.

Characteristics of jet noise: A synthesis

It is a distinct privilege to produce this article to honor Professor Tam, the foremost authority on jet aeroacoustics. The fundamental characteristics of jet noise have been studied for 70 years, since the pioneering work of Lighthill in the 1950s. The acoustic analogy, with many variants, has served as the leading theory for nearly 50 years. Many leading researchers in the 1970s formulated theories to interpret the measured trends from subsonic and supersonic jets, using acoustic analogy and flow features as the framework. Quadrupoles, dipoles and monopoles were believed to constitute the sources of noise. The discovery of large-scale organized structures in free shear layers and jets sparked a different avenue of thinking about their importance for noise generation. Tam was the first to clearly demonstrate that these structures are efficient generators of noise and constitute the dominant noise sources, especially in the downstream direction. Now, two schools of thought emerged on the sources of jet noise. Experimental measurements showed that the mean flow as well as the turbulence statistics exhibit a self-similarity in the mixing layer and another similarity in the fully developed jet. Based on these observations, Tam proposed that since noise is generated by the turbulence of the jet, the noise spectra generated by fine-scale and large-scale turbulence should also exhibit self-similarity. By examining a large set of supersonic jet noise data acquired at NASA Langley, Tam offered evidence that the turbulent mixing noise of high-speed jets does consist of two independent self-similar components. In this paper, experimental evidence is compiled from an extensive database that quantifies the effect of several parameters that affect jet spectra. A new scaling method is developed and extended to noise predictions for realistic dual-stream nozzle geometries. The objectives of this paper are to serve as a synthesis of noise characteristics and to focus on application to real-world problems. Results from five different experimental measurements are examined: (1) farfield spectral characteristics; (2) azimuthal and polar correlations in the farfield; (3) correlations of jet turbulence fluctuations and farfield sound; (4) measurement of source distributions with an elliptic mirror; and (5) space-time correlation measurements in the nearfield with a cage array, and nearfield-farfield correlations. Two distinctly different trends are observed in the angular ranges of 50° – ∼120° and ∼120° – 165° for all the parameters investigated with the above five approaches. The salient observations are mutually supporting, and the cumulative weight lends credence to the proposition that there are two distinct sources of turbulent mixing noise.

Evaluation of Wildfire Plume Injection Heights Estimated from Operational Weather Radar Observations Using Airborne Lidar Retrievals

AbstractThe vertical distribution of wildfire smoke aerosols is important in determining its environmental impacts but existing observations of smoke heights generally do not possess the temporal resolution required to fully resolve the diurnal behavior of wildfire smoke injection. We use Weather Surveillance Radar‐1988 Doppler (WSR‐88D) dual polarization data to estimate injection heights of Biomass Burning Debris (BBD) generated by fires. We detect BBD as a surrogate for smoke aerosols, which are often collocated with BBD near the fire but are not within the size range detectable by these radars. Injection heights of BBD are derived for 2–10 August 2019, using WSR‐88D reflectivity (Z ≥ 10 dBZ) and dual polarization correlation coefficients (0.2 < C.C < 0.9) to study the Williams Flats fire. Results show the expected diurnal cycles with maximum injection heights present during the late afternoon period when the fire's intensity and convective mixing are maximized. WSR‐88D and airborne lidar injection height comparisons reveal that this method is sensitive to outliers and generally overpredicts maximum heights by 40%, though mean and median heights are better captured (<20% mean error). WSR‐88D heights between the 75th and 90th percentile seem to accurately represent the maximum heights, with the exception of heights estimated during the occurrence of a pyro‐cumulonimbus. Location specific mapping of WSR‐88D and lidar injection heights reveal that they diverge further away from the fire as expected due to BBD settling. Most importantly, WSR‐88D‐derived injection height estimates provide near continuous smoke height information, allowing for the study of diurnal variability of smoke injections.

Large-size 19-channel monolithic silicalite-1 membranes for butane separation: Separation performance and quantification of concentration polarization

Developing an energy-saving membrane technology is important for the separation of hydrocarbon isomers. For the first time, separation performance of large-size 19-channel monolithic silicalite-1 membranes and the correlation of the performance with concentration polarization index were reported for separating industrial n-/i-butane (n-/i-C4) mixtures. The effective membrane area of each element was up to 0.1 square meters. Four membranes showed average n-C4 permeance and n-/i-C4 separation factor of (3.8 ± 0.1) × 10-8 mol/(m2 s Pa) and 27.5 ± 0.58 at 333 K, respectively. The impact of operating parameters and concentration polarization on separation performance of the typical monolithic membrane were investigated. Two solutions were proposed to reduce the influence of concentration polarization. The correlation of separation performance and concentration polarization can be used for performance prediction. The large-size silicalite-1 membranes exhibited long-term stability in the separation of butane isomers.

Sensitivity of polarizations and spin correlations of Z boson to anomalous neutral triple gauge couplings at lepton collider with polarized beams

We investigate the effects of anomalous neutral triple gauge couplings in ZZ and Zγ production processes, followed by the leptonic decay of the Z boson, at a lepton collider with center-of-mass energy s=250 GeV and polarized beams. We use an effective Lagrangian formalism to parametrize the anomalous couplings in terms of dimension-8 operators cB˜W, cBW, cWW, and cBB, and study the sensitivity of observables such as cross section, polarization, and spin correlation as functions of these couplings. We perform a Bayesian statistical analysis using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to determine simultaneous limits on the anomalous couplings, taking into account various luminosities L∈{0.1 ab−1,0.3 ab−1,1 ab−1,3 ab−1,10 ab−1} and systematic uncertainties. We find that polarization and spin correlation observables significantly enhance the sensitivity to anomalous couplings, providing stringent constraints on these couplings. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Prospects for measuring quark polarization and spin correlations in \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$b\\overline{b }$$\\end{document} and \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$c\\overline{c }$$\\end{document} samples at the LHC

Polarization and spin correlations have been studied in detail for top quarks at the LHC, but have been explored very little for the other flavors of quarks. In this paper we consider the processes pp → \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$q\\overline{q }$$\\end{document} with q = b, c or s. Utilizing the partial preservation of the quark’s spin information in baryons in the jet produced by the quark, we examine possible analysis strategies for ATLAS and CMS to measure the quark polarization and spin correlations. We find polarization measurements for the b and c quarks to be feasible, even with the currently available datasets. Spin correlation measurements for \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$b\\overline{b }$$\\end{document} are possible using the CMS Run 2 parked data, while such measurements for \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$c\\overline{c }$$\\end{document} will become possible with higher integrated luminosity. For the s quark, we find the measurements to be challenging with the standard triggers. We also provide leading-order QCD predictions for the polarization and spin correlations expected in the \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$b\\overline{b }$$\\end{document} and \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$c\\overline{c }$$\\end{document} samples with the cuts envisioned for the above analyses. Apart from establishing experimentally the existence of spin correlations in \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$b\\overline{b }$$\\end{document} and \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$c\\overline{c }$$\\end{document} systems produced in pp collisions, the proposed measurements can provide new information on the polarization transfer from quarks to baryons and might even be sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model.