Security In Poland Research Articles

Management of the Fuel Supply Chain and Energy Security in Poland

Management of the Fuel Supply Chain and Energy Security in Poland

The status of municipal government in the sphere of ecological security

AbstractThe article covers the issue of ecological security in Poland with a view to international regulation, the objectives of which are pursued at the municipality level, i.e., the basic unit of local government. It is in local areas and at the source of any threat that a rapid response is often needed to eliminate environmental pollution and its effects. Accordingly, the municipal authorities have been equipped with a number of powers enabling them to take action for environmental safety. It should be assumed as a research hypothesis that, in terms of activities in the sphere of ecological security, a municipal authority is a body that complements the activities of the state resulting from EU obligations and other higher-level local government units and that these activities are aimed at issues closest to individuals. The study is characterised by a legal theory-based approach. The main research method used in the study is the doctrinal method, as well as the method of legal text analysis. It mainly draws on theoretical views presented in legal studies and those offered in case law practice.

The Use of E-Tools in Health Care Management for Social Safety and Security in Poland

The Use of E-Tools in Health Care Management for Social Safety and Security in Poland

Poland as a Player in the Middle East in the First Two Decades of the 20th Century. Selected Military and Non-Military Dilemmas

This article aims to show that Poland’s foreign policy towards the Middle East is important, although not a priority in the pursuit of its interests. However, the significance of the Middle East in the Polish raison d’État has been increasing continuously and this trend will continue. Dilemmas related to the issue of military involvement in the region were among the most important for the Polish ruling class over the last three decades. Of equal importance were implications of the Arab Spring, the refugee crisis and the threats of lone wolf terrorist attacks. Also problematic was the position of Polish authorities regarding Iran, or rather the dilemmas connected with unthinking support for the United States in this matter, and the simultaneous cooling of relations with Tehran and the European Union’s states. The policy towards the Middle East is a derivative of the Euro-Atlantic direction, which has been a matter of priority to Poland. Presenting Poland as a loyal ally as regards policy towards the Middle East is an outcome of Polish elites’ endeavours to ensure security in Poland by strengthening the alliance with the USA and NATO, which are to constitute a security provider against the neo-imperial policy of Russia.

Perception in the USA of the Polish authorities' efforts to strengthen the Polish-American alliance in the 21st century

In the 21st century, the USA has been perceived in Poland as the main external guarantor of security. For this reason, Poland's security policy is clearly pro-American, and the Polish authorities strive for the closest possible allied relations with the USA, both in the multilateral and bilateral dimension. These activities are in line with the concept of an offensive bandwagon, the more so that Poland rarely benefits from its strong support for the USA, going beyond traditional allied commitments within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The aim of the article is to present and analyze the activities of the Polish authorities to strengthen the alliance with the USA in the context of their perception by scientists and experts from the USA. Experts and scientists believe that Polish authorities are legitimately striving to tighten the alliance with the USA, given its role in Europe and the world. However, the Polish-American alliance is clearly asymmetric, and Poland should not count on special treatment from the USA. Nevertheless, the war in Ukraine offers a chance to raise Poland's importance in the European policy of the USA.

Impact of resocialisation on internat security in Poland

The aim of the work is to present the impact of rehabilitation on internal security in Poland. The article focuses on those returning to prison, what crimes they commit most often, in what age range they commit them most often,and what the scale of the return to crime looks like. The important content includes the last section, which presents the withdrawal from crime, focuses on actions that affect the final transformation of prisoners. Refraining from committing torts increases the sense of security among citizens and thus contributesto greater security for the country. The work was written on the basis of legal acts, book sources, articles from collective works, the website of the Prison Service and prison service statistics.

Religious Grammar of the Welfare State in Poland

Religion is one of the factors that determine what welfare state model is chosen by a country. Poland is interesting in this respect because it has a fairly religiously homogenous society that looked for solutions to reconcile free market economy and social security after 1989. This country, where 95% of people are Catholics, opted for a non-obvious economic model that was far removed from Catholic social teaching. However, the Catholic Church continues to play an important role. The goal of this article is to describe the religious grammar of the welfare state in Poland. We analyse three issues that are crucial here: (1) the disagreement between the impact of primary ideologies (Pole–Catholic’s narrative) and secondary ideologies (contemporary socioeconomic trends); (2) the social functioning of the Catholic Church in relation to growing secularisation in Poland (muted vibrancy); (3) the role of the Church in the achievement of goals supporting social security in Poland.

Demographics – Development – Security: The Impact of Negative Demographic Trends on the Security of Poland in the 21st Century

The aim of this article is the characterization of the demographic trends taking place in Poland and the attempt to answer the question: how do they influence the security of the country? The conducted analyses of Statistics Poland and Eurostat data show that over the last few decades in Poland, the intensification and the accumulation of the following negative demographic trends can be observed: 1) a population decline, 2) an increasing number of older people (including so-called double ageing), and 3) changes in the structure of the population age. The above demographic processes determine the new demographic order which will influence almost all areas of the country operation and will permanently change the social context of individuals’ functioning and, in the future, will have an increasing impact on the defence capabilities of the country and the functioning of the armed forces.

Sustainable development and security of Poland in the context of Russian military aggression against Ukraine

Sustainable development and security of Poland in the context of Russian military aggression against Ukraine

Analysis of Poland’s energy security in comparison with the other European Union countries with the use of selected economic indicators of energy security

Purpose – The aim of the article is to analyze the level of Poland’s energy security in comparison with the other European Union countries. Research method – The study was based on an index analysis with the use of selected economic indicators of the level of energy security. Results – The highest level of energy security, taking into account selected indicators, occurs in countries such as Sweden, Finland, and Estonia, and the lowest in Malta, Belgium, and Luxembourg. As regards Poland, it is characterized by a high degree of import independence, which may indicate a high level of energy security. Poland has also a higher share of RES in final energy consumption than the EU average. However, when analyzing the energy intensity of the economy, it should be noted that Poland has one of the highest levels in this respect. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The literature on the subject is dominated by descriptions and characteristics of various methods of assessing the state of energy security of the country (including quantitative methods). At the same time, there is a noticeable lack of analysis of the level of energy security in Poland with the use of economic indicators. The research undertaken in the article thus deepens the analyses carried out so far and will be the basis for further considerations on the economic aspect of Poland’s energy security.

Współpraca regionalna a bezpieczeństwo militarne Polski

Each state, through participation in international relations, constantly strives to ensure and then maintain an appropriate level of security. Functioning in the environment of other countries, it must pursue many interests, thanks to which it guarantees its survival, but at the same time ensures comprehensive development. The security of citizens of each state depends on many factors, including geopolitical and military conditions. One of the most important factors guaranteeing both the stability of the state’s constitutional order and the protection of its democratic values is political security. Ensuring it requires maintaining state structures in constant readiness in order to take up challenges, reduce threats and take advantage of opportunities in the political aspect. Closely related to this factor is military security, which concerns the relations between the state and the international environment, in which the military factor plays an important role. This requires maintaining the state’s own military capacity as optimal as possible and participating in adequate military alliances to prevent threats. The security of Poland and the region is usually perceived in the context of our participation in the most important international organizations, such as: the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). However regional initiatives are equally important. The aim of the article is to analyze selected regional initiatives and their impact on ensuring Poland’s military security.

Assistance to Refugees from Ukraine in Ensuring a Dignified Stay and Security in Poland by LocalGovernment Units in Legal Regulations

Assistance to Refugees from Ukraine in Ensuring a Dignified Stay and Security in Poland by LocalGovernment Units in Legal Regulations

The Penitentiary System in Ensuring Security in Poland

The Penitentiary System in Ensuring Security in Poland

Paradigm of philosophy of security in Poland through the prism of pandemic and socio-political changes: analysis of problem origin and risks of spreading attention focus

The purpose of the article is to describe the paradigm of philosophy of security in Poland as well as to analyse its pandemic and socio-political changes. The objectives include: establishment of approaches to philosophical interpretation of security; philosophical analysis of threats in the Polish community; conducting a survey among Polish households to study public opinion on the problem; description of the principles of further sustainable development. Within the framework of our research, a number of philosophical, historical, sociological works devoted to the problem were analysed and 40 articles that were published during the recent five years as they show the most recent data and help to formulate objectively and accurately research statements were selected. This research applied the mixed-methods approach, and both quantitative and qualitative data was collected through descriptive and experimental survey. The research was conducted in three stages: preliminary (June-September, 2020), main (between 2020 and 2022), and final (October-November, 2022). The experimental survey involved 346 Polish households nationwide. The data revealed the understanding of security among the Polish residents and helped draw the paradigm on the basis of public opinion. The results showed that security is interpreted through traditional and modern theories using ontological, gnoseological, axiological, praxeological, methodological, and anthropological approaches. Also, security is translated from the objective and subjective aspects. The definitions of security can be divided into four groups on the basis of similar characteristics. The Polish understanding of security is based on the concept that security is the highest, absolute, and eternal value for humanity. The components of national security of Poland are internal, external and international. The paradigm of philosophy of security in Poland is realised in macro-, mezzo-, and microlevel on the basis of principles of sustainable development considering pandemic and socio-political changes in Poland. The paradigm can be used to build secure environment in the country.

POLISH-AMERICAN ALLIANCE DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF DONALD TRUMP IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF OFFENSIVE BANDWAGONING

The aim of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the Polish-American alliance during the presidency of Donald Trump in the perspective of the concept of offensive bandwagoning. In Poland, the United States is invariably perceived as the main external guarantor of security. For this reason, Poland's security policy is clearly pro-American. The Polish authorities from the Law and Justice party and the US administration of President Donald Trump were brought together by many factors, including ideological closeness, disputes with Western European political elites, relativizing the principles of the rule of law and democracy, and a similar view of the geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe. I argue that in recent years the Polish-American alliance was deepened, but at the same time the asymmetry in relations between the states increased. Even more than usual, symptoms of clientelism were noticeable in Poland's security policy towards the US, which was a consequence of the implementation of the offensive bandwagoning concept. I also argue that the tightening of Polish-American alliance was detrimental to the cohesion and solidarity in NATO and the EU, which was against the basic interests of Poland's security. During the research, the method of text source analysis was used. The research could support decision-makers in developing the basic principles of Poland's security policy towards the United States.

The Importance of Safety in Contemporary Consumer Behaviour in the Tourism Market

Until recently, the tourism industry was treated as the most dynamically developing sector of the economy. Tourism affects the national economies of many countries in the world by creating new jobs and stimulating GDP. However, the tourism sector has been hit hard by restrictions on the movement of tourists in the wake of the COVID-19 health crisis. The coronavirus outbreak has negatively impacted the travel industry around the world. Another phenomenon that weakens the tourism industry, mainly in the region of Central and Eastern Europe, is Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which causes concern among consumers of the tourism market. Already in the first days of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, tourists from Western Europe and the USA were looking for information on security in Poland. In addition, the war in Ukraine may also lead to a decline in demand for tourism services in the country. Fear wins, and the tourism industry is threatened with a crisis, now when it was just beginning to recover from its COVID debts. The aim of the article is to analyze the role of safety in contemporary consumer behaviour in the tourism market. The work is both theoretical and practical.

STOSOWANIE RODO W ZAKRESIE SZTUCZNEJ INTELIGENCJI I WYNIKAJĄCE Z TEGO ZAGROŻENIA DLA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA INFORMACYJNEGO PAŃSTWA

Both national security and information security are closely associated with and connected to the emerging field of artificial intelligence. In this regard, following the presumed axioms of the anticipated proliferation of AI systems within modern society and its expected widespread implementation in vital public and private institutions and furthermore the extensive application of AI systems within personal data processing, possible threats to national and information security within the European Union - with an emphasis on Poland and the Polish legal system – are explored. On the basis of an overview of the theoretical basis of the concepts of national and information security and artificial intelligence, the emergence of AI within personal data processing in the context of the GDPR legal framework is discussed. At least one potential conflict between the implications of the hypothetical scenario of the emergence of the so-called strong form of artificial intelligence and both the Polish data privacy legal framework (based, inter alia, on the GDPR) and the Polish information security is being identified in this context. The academic article draws the conclusion that the emergence of so-called “strong AI” may lead to a number of real and probable threats to the system of personal data protection and information security in Poland (and possibly in other EU Member States as well). The paper finally concludes by outlining and discussing the negative impact of the identified conflict, in particular on Polish information security, and calls for efforts to address these issues in future studies in the academic literature.

PROTECTION OF CYBERSPACE IN POLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC – THE ROLE OF SECRET SERVICES

Secret services are the key elements in the field of cyber security in Poland. Two of the national CSIRTs (Computer Security Incident Response Teams), i.e. CSIRT GOV and CSIRT MON are run by the following services: the Internal Security Agency and Military Counterintelligence Service. In the Czech Republic, CSIRTs/CERTs at the national level are operated by civilian entities and coordination in the event of a threat is the responsibility of the civilian National Cyber and Information Security Agency (NUKIB). The Polish Act on the National Cyber Security System does not provide for parliamentary control of the activities of national CSIRTs. In the Czech Republic, a special standing committee was established to control the activities of NUKIB. Fundamental differences in the structure of the cyberspace protection system in Poland and the Czech Republic may result from the adoption of different priorities in terms of values by political actors.

Selected issues of police practice in the area of internal security

The aim of the article is to present selected utilitarian aspects of the activities of state authorities which, while carrying out statutory tasks – often cooperating with each other, bear responsibility for ensuring internal security at a socially acceptable level. The main research problem is selected strategic undertakings implemented by the Police with a view to increasing effectiveness in combating actual and potential threats. Detailed problems are selected methods of measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of activities conducted, as well as the influence of the National Security Threat Map on shaping opinions in the field of the sense of safety. This new interactive tool not only enables anonymous reporting of threats identified by residents but also provides an opportunity for verifying the actions taken. The article discusses selective issues related to the development of the Report on the state of security in Poland, which by definition should reflect the actual level of security in the country.

Energy Security in Poland: Where the Energy Sector Falls Short and Where It Can Go

In the aftermath of World War II, Poland rebuilt its energy sector through the use of fossil fuels, thus establishing a dependence on coal power. This reliance has slowed its transition to environmentally friendly energy sources, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions. These characteristics of Poland’s energy sector serve as a roadblock to diversifying the nation’s energy sources and have subsequently resulted in its average energy security and poor environmental sustainability rankings in the top 25 largest on the 2020 International Index of Energy Security Risk. This ranking highlights the areas of improvement necessary for the nation to achieve greater energy security. This paper outlines Poland’s current energy security status and provides policy recommendations that the nation’s federal government can employ to improve overall energy security by diversifying their energy sources and improving the environmental impact of the energy sector.