Poisson Effect Research Articles

A new nonlinear 5-parameter beam model accounting for the Poisson effect

In this paper, a new kinematic beam model based on a five-parameter displacement field is proposed in a geometric nonlinear framework. The proposed displacement field enriches the classical Timoshenko beam displacement field with two additional parameters, accounting for the Poisson effect. The equilibrium equations have been derived through a variational approach, and the linearized equations are solved analytically. The adoption of the linear solution as approximation functions for the nonlinear case allows prediction of nonlinear response of problems involving complex geometries with a relatively small computational effort. Several numerical examples of benchmark problems are analyzed, highlighting the characteristic features of the proposed five-parameter model and comparing the results with those obtained using the classical Bernoulli beam model and 3D finite element model. Numerical results show that, although for thin beams the differences in generalized displacement are generally negligible, the proposed model predicts a comparable stress field only when the Poisson ratio is equal to zero. Conversely, the stress field is meaningfully enriched by the new parameters, with significant differences where the Poisson effect is more pronounced.

In-plane elasticity of the re-entrant auxetic hexagonal honeycomb with hollow-circle joint

This work proposed an improved modification on the common re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb (RHH) by replacing the solid junction of the cell walls with a small hollow circle, and thus achieving a novel kind of honeycomb. A simple energy-based approach was adopted to develop theoretical models for predicting the in-plane equivalent elastic moduli of the new honeycomb. Finite element analysis was employed to verify the theoretical models and then the effects of the micro geometrical parameters on the in-plane elastic behaviors were further discussed. The results showed that the new honeycomb possesses an obvious negative Poisson's ratio effect, meanwhile, can achieve higher specific Young's modulus and shear modulus than the RHH. Moreover, the new honeycomb was found to exhibit a more tailored anisotropy than the RHH from the off-axial properties analysis. As a result, the new honeycomb may be an effective substitute for the RHH in application and the new layout can be a good guide for the improved design of auxetic honeycombs.

Multivariate Linear Regression Models to Predict Monomer Poisoning Effect in Ethylene/Polar Monomer Copolymerization Catalyzed by Late Transition Metals

This study combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and multivariate linear regression (MLR) to analyze the monomer poisoning effect in ethylene/polar monomer copolymerization catalyzed by the Brookhart-type catalysts. The calculation results showed that the poisoning effect of polar monomers with relatively electron-deficient functional groups is weaker, such as ethers, and halogens. On the contrary, polar monomers with electron-rich functional groups (carbonyl, carboxyl, and acyl groups) exert a stronger poisoning effect. In addition, three descriptors that significantly affect the poisoning effect have been proposed on the basis of the multiple linear regression model, viz., the chemical shift of the vinyl carbon atom and heteroatom of polar monomer as well as the metal-X distance in the σ-coordination structure. It is expected that these models could guide the development of efficient catalytic copolymerization system in this field.

Influence of the main neutron absorbers poisons coupled to the Point Kinetics model by the Rosenbrock’s method

In this work, the Neutron Point Kinetics equations are solved for six groups of delayed neutron precursors and different types of ramp reactivity, considering the temperature effects by the Rosenbrock’s method, to verify the methodology. Furthermore, the classical model is solved by inserting the effects of the main neutron poisons, considering constant reactivity for a group of precursors. The simulation consists of inserting a negative constant reactivity, simulating a reactor in its shutdown phase. Then, positive constant reactivity is inserted, simulating power resumption in a reactor already poisoned, to analyzing the final behavior of the neutron density. The simulation achieved its goal of simulating the behavior of the neutron poisons, so that the graphs make physical sense as expected. Therefore, it was found that the proposed method overcame the stiffness of the Neutron Point Kinetics model, and also solved a nonlinear problem by the inclusion of temperature and neutron poisons in the system.

Effects of ammonia toxicity on the histopathology, detoxification, oxidative stress, and immune response of the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis and the mitigation of γ-aminobutyric acid

In this study, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was examined as an additional supplement to improve the ammonia stress resistance of S. pharaonis. Specifically, we added different doses of GABA (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg) to food, cultivated S. pharaonis in regular seawater for 8 weeks and then in 8.40 mg/L ammonia seawater for 48 h and then investigated the accumulation of ammonia (the hepatic ammonia content), ammonia detoxification process (the urea content), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities), immune response (the serum haemolytic complement (C3) and lysozyme (LYZ) contents), membrane lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) and histopathology of the liver. The results showed that ammonia poisoning could induce ammonia and MDA accumulation and subsequently lead to oxidative stress (decreases in SOD and CAT activities), immunosuppression (reductions in the haemolytic C3 and LYZ content), and histopathological injury in the liver. The application of GABA had a significant effect on alleviating the adverse effect of ammonia poisoning, and 80–100 mg/kg treatment exerted the best effect. This treatment significantly reduced the ammonia and MDA contents, significantly increased the urea content, increased the SOD, CAT, C3 and LYZ activities, reduced the MDA content, suppressed membrane lipid peroxidation, and significantly improved the histopathological injury to the liver. In summary, the results could provide a new method for mitigating liver damage, alleviating the physiological and metabolic disorders caused by ammonia stress in cuttlefish, and provide a theoretical basis for the application of GABA in alleviating ammonia poisoning.

Identification of Lead from Sindur Samples

Sindur powder is often colored with red lead to produce a deep red hue. While many people think that cosmetics are clean, numerous studies have shown that the majority of cosmetics contain heavy metals and other pollutants. The adverse health effects of lead poisoning have been extensively established. A rapid inspection or "search" technique for provisional detection of particles was tried using an X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) lead paint commercially provided testing kit for use by state health authorities. Field sampling techniques, besides prediction values aimed at samples containing 3×105 µg/g lead have all been substantially changed. The above-mentioned measures were 100 percent in the samples containing 3×105 µg/g lead, but the Confidence Intervals (CIs) exhibited a considerable variance. Also, concentration of 5,110 µg/g was not to be clearly detected using any field inspection technique. Colorimetric and semi-quantitative XRF tests successfully detected lead in samples with higher Pb levels (>3×105 µg/g lead), but not in those with lower Pb levels. According to the findings, health department inspectors cannot use screening kit as a quick field test for sindur. In a nutshell, these findings highlight the importance of sindur danger monitoring.

Enlarged tensile strain at edge of flexible substrate due to anticlastic curvature

Understanding the mechanical strain imposed on flexible electronics during bending is an essential consideration for the robust design of devices. In general, the bending behavior of flexible electronics is analyzed such that the cross-sectional mechanical strain distribution is the same along the width direction. However, even though a single curvature is applied to the cross section, the anticlastic curvature occurs along the width owing to the Poisson's ratio effect along the width. In this study, we analyze the effect of the anticlastic curvature on the maximum tensile strain of a flexible substrate because it is critical to the fracture of brittle films on the substrate. The strain distributions at the center and edge of a bent 75 μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate are measured using the microscale digital image correlation (DIC) method. The anticlastic curvature effect on the maximum tensile strain of the bent substrate is analyzed through a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) simulation. Results of DIC analysis and FEM simulation show that the maximum tensile strain at the edge of the substrate is larger than that at the center of the substrate owing to the anticlastic curvature. The enlarged tensile strain at the edge of a flexible substrate is experimentally validated by bending a laser patterned hard-coated PET substrate.

Reducing the risk of death induced by aluminum phosphide poisoning: The new therapies

Numerous people suffer from accidental or deliberate exposure to different pesticides when poisoning with aluminum phosphate (AlP) is increasing in the eastern countries. Aluminum phosphate is a conventional insecticide that quickly reacts with water or the moistures in the atmosphere and produces fatal phosphine gas, which absorbs quickly by the body. Oral consumption or inhalation of AlP leads to excessive reaction of the body such as fatigue, vomiting, fever, palpitation, vasodilatory shock, increasing blood pressure, cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, and death. The garlic smell from the patient's mouth or exhale is one of the methods to recognize the positioning. Due to the lack of individual antidotes, several supportive treatments are required. The present study focused on the available and new therapies that help reduce the effect of AlP poisoning and the mortality rate. The therapies are divided into the antioxidant-related agent and the other agents. The impacts of each agent on the experimental cases are reported.

Історія застосування бойових отруйних речовин у роки Першої світової війни

Бойові отруйні речовини задушливої та подразнюючої дії були першим видом хімічної зброї, що застосована під час Першої світової війни. Основні отруйні речовини (задушливі — газоподібний фосген, рідкий дифосген; подразнюючої дії — хлорпікрин) поширювалися за допомогою газометів. Усі ці сполуки викликали тяжкі ураження органів дихання, шкірних покривів. Усього з квітня 1915 р. по листопад 1918 р. відбулося понад 50 німецьких газобалонних атак. У цей же період проти німецьких військ було здійснено 150 англійських і 20 французьких газопусків. Французькі війська 15 травня 1916 р. застосовували артилерію з сумішшю фосгену з чотирихлористим оловом і трихлористим миш’яком, хлорпікрином, а також суміш синільної кислоти з трихлористим миш’яком, чотирихлористим оловом у хлороформі (форма венсеніту). Хлорціан і синільна кислота — бойові отруйні речовини загальноотруйної дії. Вперше іприт як шкірно-наривна бойова отруйна речовина був застосований 12 липня 1917 р. під м. Іпр (Бельгія) в артилерійських снарядах. Застосування бойових отруйних речовин у Першій світовій війні викликало протест світової громадськості. Після закінчення війни за Версальським мирним договором (1919) Німеччині та її військовим союзникам було заборонено проводити дослідження, розробку і взяття бойових отруйних речовин на озброєння.

Acute Pesticide Poisoning among Mixed-crop Agricultural Workers in Thailand

Since pesticide exposure has acute health effects on agricultural workers and their communities, the research objectives were to describe the factors contributing to acute pesticide poisoning among mixed-crop agricultural workers in Thailand to guide preventive efforts. A cross-sectional survey using a purposive sampling method was conducted among 102 agricultural workers cultivating rice and ornamental plants in Nakhon Nayok province. Each subject was asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, symptoms and potential associated factors. The questionnaire had a reliability coefficient range of 0.68 - 0.73. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with the signs and symptoms of acute health effects from pesticide poisoning. The results showed 56.9 % of the participants to be males with an average age of 51.65 years and 88.2 % to have graduated from primary school. Seventy-eight percent of the participants had experienced acute pesticide poisoning within the month preceding data collection. The most common mild signs of the acute health effects of pesticide poisoning were hot, stinging pain on the skin (56.3 %), nasal irritation (56.3 %) and dry throat (38.8 %). The most common moderate symptoms were nausea/vomiting (11.8 %), muscle fatigue/weakness (15.0 %) and chest pain (15.0 %); some workers experienced the severe acute health effect of unconsciousness (1.3 %). The factors contributing to acute pesticide poisoning were age, years of pesticide use and pesticide poisoning prevention behaviors, all of which were significantly correlated with acute pesticide poisoning among the workers (p < 0.05). The findings indicate a need for promoting safe and healthy practice for the mixed-crop agricultural workers in the community. However, recall bias might have occurred from the ability to recall signs and symptoms of agricultural workers. HIGHLIGHTS Most common signs of the acute health effects of pesticide poisoning among mixed- crop agricultural workers were hot, stinging pain on the skin, nasal irritation, dry throat, nausea/ vomiting, and muscle fatigue. Moreover, some workers experienced the severe acute health effect of unconsciousness Factor related to acute pesticide poisoning included age, years of pesticide use, and especially pesticide poisoning prevention behavior

On the build orientation effect in as-printed and as-sintered bending properties of 17-4PH alloy fabricated by metal fused filament fabrication

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to systematically investigate the influence of build orientation on the anisotropic as-printed and as-sintered bending properties of 17-4PH stainless steel fabricated by metal fused filament fabrication (MFFF).Design/methodology/approachThe bending properties of 17-4PH alloy fabricated by low-cost additive manufacturing (MFFF) using three build orientations (the Flat, On-edge and Upright orientations) are examined at both as-printed and as-sintered states.FindingsUnlike tensile testing where the Flat and On-edge orientations provide similar as-sintered tensile properties, the On-edge orientation produces a significantly higher bending strain with a lower bending strength than the Flat orientation. This arises from the printed layer sliding due to the Poisson's effect, which is only observed in the On-edge orientation together with the alternated layers of highly deformed and shifted voids. The bending properties show that the Upright orientation exhibits the lowest bending properties and limited plasticity due to the layer delamination.Originality/valueThis study is the first work to study the effect of build orientation on the flexural properties for MFFF. This work gives insight information into anisotropy in flexural mode for MFFF part design.

Lantana camara: Poisonous Species and a Potential Browse Species for Goats in Southern Africa—A Review

Among the possible impacts of plant invaders on South African biodiversity, water supplies, and rangeland production, Lantana camara is ranked the highest in terms of its environmental impact. Globally, L. camara is regarded as one of the most ecologically and economically destructive invasive alien plants. The spread of L. camara affects the environment and threatens livestock productivity due to its toxicity to animals (especial cattle and sheep) in most semi-arid areas of South Africa. Lantana camara is known to have high concentrations of nutrients that are beneficial to livestock, but most previous research has concentrated on its toxicity. To enrich our knowledge on its nutritive value, further research has to evaluate its dietary impact on the growth and health of different ruminant livestock species, particularly goats. This review evaluates L. camara as a potential browse species for goats in southern Africa, and its adverse effects on goats and other ruminant livestock are also presented. The review describes L. camara and its distribution globally, its poisonous effect to livestock, and potential use as an alternative forage to browsing animals such as goats, which have proved resistant to its harmful traits. The high crude protein content, low fibre and adequate macro-minerals for small ruminants makes L. camara a good ruminant protein supplement in semi-arid areas. In addition to other biological control strategies, the prospects of using goats as a biological management tool is discussed. The research will contribute to the understanding of the control measures of L. camara while improving the productivity of small stock, especially goats. This means that a balanced understanding of its nutritional value as a source of protein and its negative impact on the environment should be considered in developing mitigation strategies to arrest its spread. We, therefore, recommend the use of goats in the control of L. camara; however, further studies are needed to limit its toxic effects, and thus improve its value.

Identification of poisonous plants and their solutions for traditional livestock in Bojonegoro District, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Pratama AM, Herawati O, Nuranisa NR, Hanifah N, Wijayanti AD, Rahmatullah S, Nurani E, Budiyanto A. 2021. Identification of poisonous plants and their solutions for traditional livestock in Bojonegoro District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 446-452. Local farmers in Bojonegoro District use plants as the main food source and to treat several diseases for their livestock. However, they also comprise a large variety of poisonous plants known by a secondary chemical compound that causes death in the livestock. This study aims to identify the potentially poisonous plants to livestock and their veterinary importance. The study was conducted by interviewing local farmers as we require data as a source of information to provide an overview of their knowledge and experience about poisonous plants that can endanger livestock health. Respondents consisted of 40 local farmers from more than 20 livestock groups in Bojonegoro District. Data were analyzed by Frequency of Citation (Fic), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Frequency of Plant Part (FPP), Symptoms of Poisonous Plants Frequency (SPPF), Livestock Affected Frequency (LAF). A total of nine plants were identified and documented to have poisonous effects on livestock animals, namely leaf of lophatheri (Lophatherum gracile), leaf and tuber skin of cassava (Manihot esculenta), leaf of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), leaf of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), leaf of Chinese albizia (Albizia chinensis), leaf of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), leaf of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), rotten fruit of (jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus), and leaf of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Leaf of Lophatherum gracile was the most poisonous plant part for livestock. Furthermore, the leaves of plants are frequently poisonous. Bloating, hypersalivation, frothy mouth, death, and inappetence were among the frequently manifested signs by poisoned livestock. Moreover, this study showed that ruminants species were the most susceptible to poisoned animals. Improper handling of plants for animal feed is thought to trigger poisoning. Therefore a proper feeding preparation is needed before being given as forage. Although those plants can cause toxic effects on livestock, they have tremendous potential to become herbal medicine with the proper formulation.

Measurement of ejection velocity of rock fragments under dynamic compression and insight into energy partitioning

High-speed three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) technique was utilised to examine the ejection velocity characteristics of rock fragment in dynamic compression tests . The fragment velocity components of fragment were extracted from velocity fields distributed within the fragment area. By identifying the peak resultant velocity, the initial fragment ejection velocity was determined. The kinetic energy of fragments was evaluated with the initial ejection velocity and the mass of the fragments in each size group. Results show that the fragment movement is successively accelerated by stress-wave propagation, crack opening and Poisson's effect which contribute to the axial, circumferential and radial velocity component of fragment, respectively. The variance in circumferential velocity of two neighbouring fragment areas indicates the formation of fragments. The peak value of radial velocity , which is the chief component in ejection velocity reveals the time when ejection taking place. The initial ejection velocity of fragment gradually decreases with increasing size, but increases significantly as strain rate increases . The kinetic energy of fragments ejection comprises 12%∼24% of absorbed energy at strain rate of 69∼100 s -1 , and the percentage further increases with increasing strain rates. Ignoring the kinetic energy of fragments will lead to overestimation of dissipated energy consumed by rock fragmentation in dynamic compression. • High-speed 3D-DIC was applied to identify three-dimensional velocity patterns of rock fragments under dynamic compression. • Strain recovery, fragment formation and ejection were revealed by velocity components of fragments, respectively. • Ejection velocity of fragment gradually decreases with increasing size, but increases significantly as strain rate increases. • Kinetic energy of fragments ejection takes more than 20% of absorbed energy with the strain rate above 85 s -1 .

The powerful Solanaceae: Food and nutraceutical applications in a sustainable world.

The Solanaceae family is considered one of the most important families among plant species because, on one hand encompasses many staple food crops of the human diet while, on the other hand, it includes species rich in powerful secondary metabolites that could be valorized in medicine or drug formulation as well as nutraceuticals and food supplements. The main genera are Solanum, Capsicum, Physalis, and Lycium which comprise several important cultivated crops (e.g., tomato, pepper, eggplant, tomatillo, and goji berry), as well as genera notable for species with several pharmaceutical properties (e.g., Datura, Nicotiana, Atropa, Mandragora, etc.). This chapter discusses the nutritional value of the most important Solanaceae species commonly used for their edible fruit, as well as those used in the development of functional foods, food supplements, and nutraceuticals due to their bioactive constituents. The toxic and poisonous effects are also discussed aiming to highlight possible detrimental consequences due to irrational use. Finally, considering the high amount of waste and by-products generated through the value chain of the main crops, the sustainable management practices implemented so far are presented with the aim to increase the added-value of these crops.

Sulphur poisoning, water vapour and nitrogen dilution effects on copper-based catalyst dynamics, stability and deactivation during CO2 reduction reactions to methanol

A model of methanol synthesis catalyst deactivation dependent on pressure, temperature and composition was developed to enable flexible process optimization in the era of the variable renewable supplies.

Toxicological situation in Omsk according to the analysis of indicators of hospitalization in the morbidity of the population caused by acute poisoning and toxic effects for 2015-2021

Toxicological situation in Omsk according to the analysis of indicators of hospitalization in the morbidity of the population caused by acute poisoning and toxic effects for 2015-2021

Therapeutic Properties of Datura Stramonium (D. Stramonium) and its Medico Legal Aspect

Various diseases can be treated and managed with plants, and they have been utilized in many nations to cure a variety of disease situations. Plants have therapeutic potential because of their bioactive phytochemical components, which have specific physiological effects on living things. Many therapeutic plants include chemical components that, when ingested in large doses, may have adverse effects on individuals. Despite having medical properties, plants with high concentrations of alkaloids could become poisonous. One of the well-known folk medicines with widespread use is Datura, a member of the Solanaceae family, also known as Jimson weed and as "Jaozmasel" in Arabic. Chemical analysis of this plant revealed its components as alkaloids, carbohydrates, and proteins, among which alkaloids including scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine are the main active ingredients that exhibit various activities, such as anti-asthmatic. In addition to being used medicinally, Datura is one of the most abused plants in the world due to its widespread availability, particularly in Africa, Southeast Asia, and India, where it is primarily used for spiritual or religious purposes and has a much higher rate of negative reports than other psychoactive substances. When used excessively or abused, it can have poisonous side effects including delirium, mydriasis, mental disorientation, psychosis, and even violent conduct. In this review, various decorative appeal of the medicinal value of Datura has been mentioned along with its medico legal importance.

Evaluation of tea tree oil formulations contact and stomach toxicity against the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1883) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The insecticidal potential of tea tree oil formulations was tested for contact and stomach poison toxicities against various stages of the Spodoptera littoralis ((Boisduval, 1883) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae under laboratory conditions. The study was carried out at Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Agriculture between 2020 and 2021. In the contact toxicity test, the formulations were tested at different stages of larvae by topical application. Among the tested formulations, TTO (100%), F14 (91.72%), and F15 (89.20%) formulations caused the highest mortality in the S. littoralis 3rd stage larvae after 72 h. Dose-response bioassay with the most promising formulations (TTO, F14 and F15) revealed that LD50 values were 0.016, 0.046, and 0.076 μg/larvae for TTO, F14, and F15, respectively. The stomach poison effects of the formulations were tested by applying a 0.16 μg/cm$^{2}$ dose to lettuce leaf discs. The F17 and F18 formulations produced the highest mortality with mortality rates of 75% and 65% after 10 days of incubation, respectively. The calculated LC$_{50}$ values for these formulations were 0.027 and 0.042 μg/cm$^{2}$ for F17 and F18 formulations after 10 days of incubation, respectively. These results revealed that tea tree oil and its main components containing formulations have the potential in controlling this destructive lepidopteran pest species.

Experimental investigation on disturbance effect during coalbed methane production

To understand the interlayer change characteristics during coalbed methane (CBM) production from a multilayer superimposed gas-bearing system (MSGS), a large-scale coupled CBM production test device involving multiple fields was developed in the present study and a four-layer superimposed gas-bearing system was simulated. Based on the response characteristics of the deformation and pressure fields during CBM production, the interlayer change characteristics were analyzed. Results show that the reservoir pressure change involves multiple stages, and these changes decrease the pressure in production layers significantly. Changes in other layers are enhanced with proximity to the production layer, and the decrease in reservoir pressure causes shrinking and deformation of the coal body. Owing to the Poisson effect, the adjacent layer deforms by expansion, and this gradually decreases pressure in the layer. A sensitivity coefficient k and a deformation rate λ are used to analyze the sensitivity of the other layers to changes in the production layer and the associated damage. The k increases linearly with production time, and both k and λ increase with proximity to the production layer. The present study demonstrates that for CBM production from an MSGS, the deformation and reservoir pressure evolution data are suitable for determining the production effect characteristics of a coal seam. Targeted protection measures can thus be introduced in adjacent layers to ensure safe and efficient CBM production. • A multilayer superposed gas-bearing system (MSGS) was composed of four coal seams with individual initial reservoir pressures of 1.0 MPa, 1.4 MPa, 1.8 MPa, and 2.2 MPa. • Large-scale physical simulations of CBM production in MSGS were conducted. • The deformation law of coal body during CBM production in MSGS was obtained. • The deformation sensitivity coefficient k and permeability damage rate λ for quantitative analysis of coal deformation were proposed.