Poisoned Food Technique Research Articles

Antifungal efficiency of amla leaves against Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris spicifera

In the present study, have been investigated for antifungal potential against two phytopathogens namely and . Inhibitory potential of methanolic extract of the plant was analyzed by poisoned food technique in which different concentrations of test material were prepared in sterilized potato dextrose agar. Results of the investigation revealed that has potential activity against both the test pathogens with IC value of 1±0.02 mg/mL and 0.95±0.019 mg/mL against and respectively. To conclude, leaves of amla possess potential antifungal activity and may be used as a resource of biocides in pesticide and food industry.

In-vitro evaluation of fungicides against Alternaria burnsii (Uppal, Patel and Kamat) causing blight of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)

The present investigation aimed to determine the per cent growth inhibition of different fungicides against Alternaria burnsii, the causal agent of cumin blight. The study was conducted during 2020-21 at the Experiential Unit of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, SKRAU, Bikaner. Using the poisoned food technique, eleven fungicides were tested at varying concentrations (100, 200, 300, and 500 ppm). After seven days of incubation, the radial growth and per cent growth inhibition of A. burnsii were measured. The results revealed that increasing the fungicide concentration led to greater inhibition of mycelium growth. Among the tested fungicides, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 20% WG exhibited the highest mean inhibition (76.94%), followed by Tebuconazole 2DS (65.09%) and Pyraclostrobin 13.30% + Epoxiconazole 5% SE (58.75%). Notably, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 20% WG at concentrations of 300 ppm and 500 ppm, as well as Tebuconazole 2DS at 500 ppm, demonstrated the highest effectiveness with cent per cent growth inhibition. On the other hand, Chlorothalonil showed the least mean growth inhibition (22.96%). The results demonstrated that as the fungicide concentration increased, there was a corresponding increase in the inhibition of A. burnsii growth. These findings highlight the potential effectiveness of selected fungicides, particularly Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 20% WG and Tebuconazole 2DS for managing cumin blight caused by A. burnsii.

Evaluation of fungicides against stem rot of groundnut caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc under in vitro condition

The efficacy of five test fungicides viz., carboxin 37.5 % + thiram 37.5 %, tebuconazole 25 % EC, mancozeb 75 %WP, penflufen 13.28 % w/w + trifloxystrobin 13.28 % w/w FS and chlorothalonil 75 % WP were tested under in vitro by poisoned food technique against S. rolfsii in groundnut. Among five fungicides, penflufen + trifloxystrobin fungicide were found highly effective at all the concentrations (250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm) tested and inhibited 100.0 % mycelial growth of S. rolfsii in groundnut as compared to control.

Synthetic fungicides for controlling brown leaf spot of rice caused by Bipolaris oryzae

Rice (Oryzae sativa L.) is suffering from several biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, brown leaf spot of rice (BLS) is potentially devastating disease of rice causing the severe yield losses up to 100%. The current study was designed to evaluate most effective synthetic fungicides management strategy towards BLS disease. For this purpose, 12 fungicides were screened out under in vitro conditions and four most effective fungicides were further demonstrated against the targeted pathogen with three different concentrations (100, 150 and 150ppm) by using poisoned food technique. The results revealed that propiconazole and thiophanate methyl showed the strong inhibitory effect against B. oryzae followed by contaf plus and bavistin respectively. The promising fungicides (propiconazole and thiophanate methyl) under lab conditions were further evaluated in vivo against BLS disease by using 3 types of applications i.e. Pre-inoculation, Post-inoculation and after symptoms appearance. Findings showed that, Post-inoculation was found most effective as compared to other applications, furthermore combination of propiconazole and thiophanate methyl showed significant reduction in disease incidence percent as compared to solo applications. The reduction in disease incidence percent in all application methods suggested that these synthetic fungicides could be used against BLS of rice.

Invitro analysis of antifungal effects of botanicals on sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing white mold disease

White mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating fungal plant pathogen that has affected many crop species worldwide. Using chemicals to control the disease has been practiced over the years, whose prolonged application has negatively impacted the environment, thus finding an organic solution is crucial. The analysis quantifies the effect of 5 different local plants that have been proven to have fungicidal properties; Artemisia vulgaris L., Azadirachta indica L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Allium sativum L., and Lantana camara L. Poisoned food technique was used to study the inhibition effect, carried out by inoculating and growing the fungus on PDA media infused with botanical extracts. The data of mycelial mat diameter was recorded till the control plates were fully occupied. The growth-inhibiting capacity was found as 100% by Allium sativum, 28% & 43% by Azadirachta indica, 22.44% & 44% by Zingiber officinale, and 16.33% & 8.55% by Lantana camara at 10% and 20% concentrations respectively. Only a slight difference between the overall inhibition effect of the two concentrations was found with 37.22% inhibition by 20% concentration and 33.38% inhibition by 10% concentration. No inhibition effect was observed from Artemisia vulgaris which could be due to heat neutralization of the active constituent during sterilization. Further research needs to be conducted using the botanical with different sterilization techniques. This in-vitro study identified garlic as a critical antifungal alternative to conventional fungicides. Field experiments need to be done to prove its effectiveness.

Effect of Teucrium polium L extract on E.coli growth by poisoned food technique , disc diffusion and approach of the disc diffusion methods

Escherichia coli is a facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium from the Enterobacteriaceae family that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract. Teucrium polium L is a medicinal plant growing in the western Mediterranean region. Different studies aim to determining the stages at which E. coli growth is more sensitivity to certain concentration of medicinal plant like Alcoholic and aqueous extract of Teucrium polium and their effective concentration based on the zone of inhibitions on plate that previously inoculate with Escherichia coli and the plant extracts and utilized to monitor growth of bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant extracts on E.coli growth.

Ecotoxic effect of agriculture and environmental important bioinoculant effective microorganism (EM) derived metabolites on microbial agro active agents

AbstractEffective microorganism (EM) – a mixture of beneficial microbial formulation are extensively utilized worldwide in agriculture as plant growth promotor and biocontrol agent. Because of their wide spectrum usage, it is necessary to study the non‐target effect against the beneficial organisms used in crop production. Though, the wider applications of EM in agriculture and the environment have revealed, the environmental quality management of EM mainly metabolites‐ biochemical compounds derived from EM have yet to be studied. With this objective, the present study is undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of EM derived metabolites on the selected microbial biofertilizers, biocontrol agents including biopesticidal agents. Metabolites were extracted from the culture‐free broth of EM culture using various solvents and the extracted metabolites were characterized by the gas chromatography‐ mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS). The food poisoning technique was adapted for the screening of toxic effects. Toxic effect of the metabolites derived from the respective solvent was confirmed by measuring the growth of the respective microbial strain's vegetative growth and sporulation efficacy by dual plate assay, dual liquid assay, and spore germination microscopic slide assay. Active principles of the metabolites were readily extracted in all the solvents and the possible presence of bioactive metabolites were characterized by GC‐MS. There was no significant difference between the control and extract recorded. In the case of Rhizobium leguminosarum, the colony diameters of ethyl acetate and acetone extract were 1.6 and 1.8 cm, respectively, as in control (1.8 cm). Similar findings were also recorded for Azospirillum lipoferum, Phosphobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas flurescens. However, growth inhibition including spore germination was recorded in petroleum ether and acetone extract. Further study will be useful to exploit the principles of EM and EM derived metabolites in agriculture and environment without affecting non target beneficial organism.

Isolation and In vitro Compatibility of Fungal Antagonists of Mango Anthracnose with Fungicides

The compatibility of antagonists of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Nigrospora spharica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason, Gliocladium roseum Bainier and Aspergillus sp.) in mango, with different fungicides was tested through poisoned food technique. Two systemic fungicides viz., carbendazim (0.1% -1 g/L), hexaconazole (0.05% -1/2 ml/L) and a non-systemic fungicide viz., Sulphur (0.2% - 2g /L) were evaluated for their compatibility with potential antagonists. The antagonist Nigrospora sphaerica (95.56%) and Aspergillus sp. (91.11%) were most compatible with sulphur whereas Gliocladium roseum, was more compatible with Hexaconazol (73.11%). The results of present study are quite encouraging for the eco-friendly management of the mango anthracnose.

Evaluation of different fungicides against afla rot, Aspergillus flavus Link in groundnut

Four systemic, four non-systemic and two combined fungicides at different concentrations were tested in vitro through poison food technique against Aspergillus flavus (Link), a causal organism of afla rot of groundnut. All the fungicides with their respective concentration were found inhibitory to the radial growth of A. flavus. Among all the systemic fungicides the highest growth inhibition of 99.99 per cent was recorded with tebuconazole 25% EC at all concentration (100, 250 and 500 ppm) followed by carbendazim 50% WP at 500 ppm (99.99%), 250 ppm (85.64%) and 100 ppm (82.64%) and hexaconazole 5% EC at 500 ppm (99.99%), 250 ppm (84.75%) and 100 ppm (77.58%). Among non-systemic fungicides, the highest growth inhibition of 90.88, 86.01 and 81.19 per cent were recorded with mancozeb 75% WP at 1500, 1000 and 500 ppm concentration, respectively. Among the combined fungicides, the highest growth inhibition 99.99 per cent was recorded with Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP at concentrations of 1500, 1000 and 500 ppm, respectively.

GC-MS profiling and antifungal activities of Morinda citrifolia L. leaf extract against fungal pathogens of crown rot disease of banana

The increasing demand for organic agricultural products especially among the elite stimulated the search for safe and alternative means of crown rot disease control. Morinda citrifolia is one of the listed medicinal plants among the Polynesian countries. This study documented the phytochemical profile of M. citrifolia using GC-MS and their antifungal activities against crown rot pathogens. The key phytochemical constituents of the extract were Phytol 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Diterpene) (25.96%), Squalene (Triterpene) (15.13%), 1, 3-Propanediol (Polyphenol) (4.68%), Pyran-4-one 4H-, 9 (Flavonoid), and 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol (Vitamins) (5.14%), 2-Cyclohexan-1-one, (Phenol) (2.54%). Fungal pathogens; Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum asianum and Fussarium Longipes isolated from crown rot infected banana fruits during earlier studies were used in this experiment. The poisoned food technique method was adopted in evaluating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extract against the fungal isolates. Results indicated significantly high fungal growth inhibition (P< 0.05) in concentration dependent manner on amended PDA media. 100% pathogen radial growth inhibition in all isolates was recorded at 100 mg/mL concentration. Therefore, findings of this study suggest application of leaf extract of M. citrifolia is a potential safe and alternative control of banana crown rot.

Comparative antifungal Evaluation of Azadirachta indica juss leaf extract against Rhizoctonia solani causing leaf blight of Turmeric

In the present study the aqueous and methanol leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica using different concentrations from 10 to 40% were tested in Vitro by following poisoned food technique against Rhizoctonia solani causing leaf blight of turmeric. The used concentrations of leaves extract were as 0.0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40%. The aqueous Azadirachta indica leaves extract at 30% concentration and methanolic leaves extract at 40% concentration were found to be best in reducing the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani. Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Turmeric. Rhizoctonia solani.

In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of Fungicides against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc) in Mango

Six fungicides were evaluated against the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc) through poison food technique under in vitro conditions and through foliar sprays under field conditions. Under In vitro conditions carbendazim (50%) WP @ 0.1% completely inhibited mycelial growth while carbendazim (12%) + mancozeb (63%) WP @ 0.1% was found most effective in terms of Percent Diseases Index(27.55%), Per cent Disease Control (60%) and maximum yield (122.61 kg/tree) under field conditions.

Biofungicide potential of wood vinegar against anthracnose of bell pepper (Capsicum anuum L.) caused by Colletotrichum spp.

Bell pepper is an essential food ingredient used for home consumption, catering and in the food industry. However, bell pepper's shelf-life is reduced due to anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp. Control measures using wood vinegar as an alternative to commercial fungicides are explored to control bell pepper anthracnose. The study evaluated the efficacy of different concentrations of wood vinegar - 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and, 5% against bell pepper anthracnose, laid out in a completely randomized design with triplicates. Spore germination assay and poisoned food technique revealed that 3% was the lowest concentration to completely inhibit the germination of conidia, while at 2%, the colony diameter and sporulation of Colletotrichum spp. was significantly reduced compared to the untreated control. In addition, treated fruits with 3% wood vinegar showed a significant decrease in disease incidence and lower disease severity ratings comparable with 0.0625% benomyl for both protective and eradicative treatments. The eradicative treatment was more effective than the protective treatment. Thus, wood vinegar was shown to have strong antifungal activity against Colletotrichum spp.

Management of Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) of Fenugreek in Rajasthan

Background: Charcoal rot of fenugreek caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is destructive disease of all fenugreek growing areas of Rajasthan, The disease is wide occurrence in sandy soil of Rajasthan, where the climatic conditions are dry and temperature remains high. Under severe infestation it cause 35.00-42.56% losses in yield. In the present investigation, our main emphasis was to find out some new fungicides alone and combination with bio-agent for management of charcoal rot of fenugreek. Methods: Eight fungicides viz., captan 70%+ hexaconazole 5% WP, azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenaconazole 1.4% SC, chlorothalonil 75% WP, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG, carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WP, copper oxychloride 50% WP and captan 70% WP were tested at different concentration of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm against M. phaseolina using Poisoned Food Technique in vitro. The in vivo study was taken to evaluate the effect of one fungal and one bacterial bio-agent viz., T. harzianum, P. fluorescens was applied as seed treatment, soil dressing and soil application @ 5+5g/kg and @ 10 kg/ha respectively and fungicides viz., tebuconazole 50%+ trifloxystrobin 25% @ 1.5 g/kg, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% @ 2 g/kg and azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenaconazole 11.4% 2 ml/kg seed were used in different treatments. The experiment was conducted at Experimental farm COA, SKRAU, Bikaner during Rabi 2020-21 on most popular cv. Rmt-305 in RBD design with the application of seed treatment, soil dressing and foliar spray of different fungicides with bioagents at different concentrations against Charcoal Rot disease and compared with an untreated control. Result: Among all the tested fungicides used in the present investigation, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG found most effective in controlling the mycelium growth of pathogen. In field condition, it gave maximum disease control (85.72%) with highest grain yield (19.83 q/ha) when applied as seed treatment with tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 1.5 g/kg seed + soil application of T. harzianum @ 10 kg/ha + SD with tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG. These treatments can provide an effective management of charcoal rot disease for fenugreek cultivators.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Nano-Fungicides on Mycelial Radial Growth of Phytophthora infestans

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) popularly known as the “King of Vegetables” is a starchy, tuberous crop, that belongs to the family Solanaceae. Potatoes play an important role in the daily human diet because they are a copious source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and micronutrient. The potato is a basically temperate crop, but it grows under a wide range of climatic conditions. Potato crop is generally affected by different types of biotic and abiotic diseases. Among all diseases, Late blight of potato, caused by the Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Barry is one of the most devastating diseases of potato worldwide. In India, the losses caused by the disease are 10-20% in Uttar Pradesh, 10-15% in West Bengal and Punjab, 10-15% in Karnataka and Uttrakhand also have been reported during 2013-14. The management of the disease can be done through cultural, mechanical, use of the resistant variety, biological and chemical, etc. The efficacy of current strategies for the management of disease is limited. Considering the destructive nature of pathogen and lack of efficient control measures, the development of alternative or complementary approaches for the management of this disease is highly desirable. However reported use of the same chemicals may raise resistant strain among the pathogens. Therefore, the use of Nano-fungicidal control of spot blotch disease cannot be overstated. However, the disease can be managed with various nanofungicides under in vitro conditions assessed for their efficacy against the disease. The effect of four nanofungicides i.e., Agritec nanofungicide, Silver nanofungicide, Selenium nanofungicide and Nickel nanofungicide against P. infestance was evaluated at different concentrations (50, 75 and 100 ppm) by poison food technique. The in vitro experiment revealed a noticeable reduction in the radial mycelial growth of P. infestance as the concentration of nanofungicides increased. Specifically, at 7 days after inoculation (DAI), the following nanofungicides at a concentration of 100 ppm exhibited the highest levels of mycelial growth inhibition when compared to the control: Silver nanofungicide (72.45%), Agritec nanofungicide (70.21%), Selenium nanofungicide (68.77%), and Nickel nanofungicide (64.65%).

Molecular docking studies of principal components and in vitro inhibitory activities of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor indicus

BackgroundEssential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis (REO) is endowed with innumerable pharmacological biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and immunostimulant hence used as complementary and traditional medicine worldwide. This study aimed at molecular docking studies of principal components and in vitro inhibitory activities of REO against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor indicus. MethodsThis was followed by molecular docking of major bioactive compounds from REO against fungal enzymes involved in riboflavin synthesis pathway and cell wall synthesis as pertinent sites for drug designing against spp of the Aspergillus and Mucor genera. Finally, in vitro confirmation was conducted to determine the antifungal potential of REO using food poisoning technique. ResultsDrug-likeness and toxicity profile of REO components were also calculated. GC-FID analyses revealed the presence of diverse phytocomponents including cis-3-hexanol (18 %), vertocitral C (16 %), camphene (9 %), α-pinene (8 %), humulene oxide (7.6 %), α-caryophyllene (6.6 %), cumenol (4.4 %), 1,8-cineole (4.1 %), β-caryophyllene (3.8 %) as major components in REO, hence used for docking analysis. For the most predominating phytochemicals present in the REO molecular docking analysis revealed active binding of all bioactive compounds to all targets involved in riboflavin synthesis pathway and cell wall synthesis fungal enzymes. All the ligands obeyed the LIPINSKY rule and exhibited adequate bioactivity. Wet-lab confirmation was achieved against three fungal strains Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor indicus. Wet lab results indicated that REO were able to inhibit fungal growth of these fungal spp, thus indicating its role as effective antifungal drug. ConclusionsThese results support the fungicidal abilities of REO essential oil as potential substitutes for artificial antifungals.

Effectiveness of Fungicides against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Causing Anthracnose of Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Background: Anthracnose is currently a severe threat to green gram cultivation in India. In vitro bioassay and glasshouse studies were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of different fungicides against Collectotrichum lindemuthianum. Methods: The current investigation was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat in 2020-21. The poison food technique assessed the efficacy of systemic, non-systemic and combination fungicides against C. lindemuthianum. The management study was also carried out from the best-performing bioassay treatments and evaluated in the glasshouse. Result: At 500 ppm, carbendazim 50 WP and propiconazole 25 EC inhibited 100% of mycelial growth out of six systemic fungicides tested while in non-systemic fungicides, mancozeb 75 WP and chlorothalonil 75 WP inhibited the test pathogen the most at 2500 ppm. Among the combi-fungicides tested at 500 ppm, carbendazim (12%) + mancozeb (63%) 75 WP and captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% 75 WP inhibited pathogen mycelial growth the most significantly more than the untreated control. In glasshouse studies, the lowest disease index was found in two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP @ 1.0 g/l, propiconazole 25 EC @ 2.0 ml/l and captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% @ 0.6 g/l spaced 15 days apart. On the other hand, seed treatment of carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% @ 3.0 g/kg seed and mancozeb 75 WP @ 3.0 g/kg seed had the lowest disease index compared to control.

Antifungal Potential and Chemical Composition of Chamaecyparis formosensis and Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana Essential Oils in Liquid and Vapor Phases Against 4 Fungal Species

Background Only a few studies have investigated the bioactivity of the essential oils (EOs) of Chamaecyparis formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana, which are endemic to Taiwan. The wood and leaf EOs extracted from C. obtusa var. formosana had anti-inflammatory and antitermitic effects, respectively, and the twig EO extracted from C. formosensis inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis funerea, and Ganoderma australe. Methods A poisoned food technique was used to evaluate the antifungal effects of wood and leaf EOs extracted from C. formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana on brown rot fungus, white rot fungus, and mold. A phytatray chamber assay was conducted to investigate the antifungal activities of the EOs in the vapor phase. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine the chemical constituents of both EOs. Results The leaf EO extracted from C. formosensis primarily contained monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas the leaf EO extracted from C. obtusa var. formosana primarily contained monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The wood EOs extracted from C. formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana primarily contained sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. These results indicated that the wood EOs had higher antifungal activity in the liquid phase, whereas the leaf EOs had higher antifungal activity in the vapor phase. Conclusion Wood EOs extracted from C. formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana have strong antifungal effects against Gloeophyllum trabeum, Lenzites betulina, Trametes versicolor, and Trichoderma sp. Compared with wood EOs, leaf EOs have a greater inhibitory effect on mycelial growth in the vapor phase. In both the liquid and vapor phases, the EOs extracted from C. formosensis and C. obtusa var. formosana serve as effective antifungal agents against pathogenic fungi. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antifungal activities of EOs in different phases and explore their potential applications.

Postharvest mycobial contaminants of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and their management using plant essential oils

Being highly perishable, mushrooms’ quality and shelf life is affected by various factors during postharvest conditions, among which fungal contamination is the main cause. The goal of this study is to identify and manage fungal contaminants present in mushrooms during postharvest conditions. A total of 23 fungi were isolated as contaminants from the samples of Agaricus bisporus collected from three major vegetable markets in Kathmandu city, Nepal. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Rhizopus stolonifer were found to be the most frequent fungal contaminants. These were treated with various concentrations of essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum tamala, Mentha spicata, Zanthoxylum armatum, and Eucalyptus citriodora using poisoned food technique. Significant (p<0.05) inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination was found in all testedfungi by all EOs. A strong inhibitory action of M. spicata oil was recorded against A. flavus and R. stolonifer while, A. niger was best controlled by C. tamala oil at the concentration of 20 µl/ml. These results suggest that EOs of three tested plants could be a good alternative to control fungal contaminants and extend the shelf life of Agaricus bisporus in postharvest conditions.

Exploring the impact of cyclic lipopeptides from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> NBAIR-BSWG1 through <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in planta</i>, studies against <i>Sclerotium rolfsii</i>

Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium known for its antagonistic attributes, particularly through the production of various secondary metabolites, including lipopeptides. In this study, we investigated the antagonistic capabilities of B. subtilis strain NBAIR-BSWG1 with a focus on assessing the efficacy of NBAIR-BSWG1 in combatting Sclerotium rolfsii. Our findings demonstrated substantial inhibitory effects, with 82.73% to 100% reduction in S. rolfsii growth when exposed to NBAIR-BSWG1 at concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 µL/mL in poison food technique. In dual culture assay, NBAIR-BSWG1 exhibited a significant 55.50% inhibition of S. rolfsii. Moreover, pot experiments revealed a promising 26% reduction in disease incidence. This study underscores the significant role of NBAIR-BSWG1 in controlling S. rolfsii, holding substantial potential for developing effective formulations aimed at mitigating the southern blight of tomatoes.