Reference Point Research Articles

An empirical study of usage of interest rate swaps among Indian mid-cap corporates

PurposeInterest rate derivatives (IRDs) are the essential components of financial risk management and are used across various industry sectors. The objective is to analyze the differences in approach to managing interest rate risks between the Indian corporates that execute IRDs and the ones that do not.Design/methodology/approachInterest rate fluctuations require Indian corporates to hedge their exposures in foreign currency interest rates. This is all the more true for mid-sized corporates because of their balance sheet exposures. Additionally, they may not have the resources to formulate risk management policies. This paper analyzes data collected from financial statements of a diverse set of companies that use IRD and helps in formulating such a strategy.FindingsThe results indicate significant differences for some of the parameters like information asymmetry and agency cost between users and non-users of IRDs. The study further suggests causality between users of derivatives and parameters like size, growth and debt.Research limitations/implicationsThe study compares users and non-users of IRDs, thereby identifying factors unique to users of IRDs. It also studies causality relations which explain the motivation to do IRDs. Thus, it enables risk managers to use this as a reference point to decide on their strategies.Originality/valueWhile there are multiple studies across geographies and sectors including commercial banks in India on the usage of interest rate swaps, this study focuses on Indian mid-tier corporates. Furthermore, the study distinguishes between users and non-users based on financial parameters, which in turn would provide a framework for decision-hedging strategies.

An Emergency Decision-Making Method for Coal Spontaneous Combustion Based on Improved Prospect Theory

In response to the limited available information during the initial stages of coal spontaneous combustion and the influence of decision makers’ risk preferences on decision-making, this paper proposes an emergency decision-making method for coal spontaneous combustion that integrates grey correlation degree and TOPSIS with an enhanced prospect theory. Firstly, a normalized weighted evaluation matrix is established for the emergency response plan of coal spontaneous combustion, and the entropy method is utilized to determine the weights of various indexes. Then, considering the imperfect rationality of decision makers and their diverse individual risk preferences, they are categorized into three types: risk-seeking type, risk-neutral type, and risk-averse type. The corresponding risk coefficients are determined based on these different types. Positive and negative ideal solutions are taken as reference points, and matrices representing gains and losses are constructed. The grey correlation degree is introduced to calculate both positive and negative prospect values based on these matrices. Moreover, the prospect value for each emergency response plan is calculated, respectively, based on different types of decision makers, and the entropy method is used to assign weights to decision makers according to their respective risk preferences. Consequently, based on these prospect values and the weights, comprehensive prospect values for each emergency response plan are obtained and ranked to identify the optimal one. Finally, in order to validate the effectiveness of our proposed approach, a case study is conducted, and the results obtained from this case study are discussed and compared with those from other methods.

Forecasting Airline Passenger Growth: Comparative Study LSTM VS Prophet VS Neural Prophet

To conduct an exhaustive examination of airline passenger growth prediction methods, this study compares the performance of three distinct strategies: LSTM, Prophet, and Neural Prophet. To forecast passenger volumes accurately, the aviation industry needs robust prediction models due to rising demand. This research evaluates the performance of LSTM, Prophet, and Neural Prophet models in passenger growth forecasting by utilizing historical airline passenger data. A comprehensive examination of these methodologies is conducted via a rigorous comparative analysis, encompassing prediction accuracy, computational efficiency, and adaptability to ever-changing passenger traffic trends. The research methodology consists of various approaches for preprocessing time series data, engineering features, and training models. The findings elucidate the merits and drawbacks of each method, furnishing knowledge regarding their capacity to capture intricate patterns, fluctuations in passenger behavior across seasons, and abrupt shifts. The results of this study enhance comprehension regarding the relative efficacy of LSTM, Prophet, and Neural Prophet in prognosticating the expansion of airline passenger numbers. As a result, professionals and scholars can gain valuable guidance in determining which methodologies are most suitable for precise predictions of forthcoming passenger demand. This comparative study serves as a significant point of reference for enhancing aviation prediction models to optimize the industry's resource allocation, operational planning, and strategic decision-making.

Mechanism and Hints Behind the Anchoring Effect in Sales, Auction, and Willingness to Pay

The anchoring effect, a cognitive bias, has substantial implications in various fields, including behavioural economics. It influences individuals' assessments and choices by anchoring them to specific initial values and causing insufficient adjustments. This article explores the anchoring effect's mechanisms and its impact on B2B sales, auctions, and willingness to pay. It also offers guidance for business owners, price-setters, and auctioneers to leverage the anchoring effect to their advantage. In B2B sales, results indicate that when salespeople are informed of higher reference discounts, they tend to offer significantly higher discounts to new customers, which leads to conservatism and cause a systematic distortion in various economic contexts. This demonstrates the positive impact of reference discounts on pricing decisions, driven by a tendency to avoid risk. Auction item sequences influencing bidding outcomes. Auctions featuring more valuable items first yield higher revenues, as buyers anchor their expectations to the initial prices. Sellers can strategically position items to maximize profits, particularly when the initial auction prices are set lower than market expectations. Studies also reveal that Lower anchoring prices may decrease willingness to pay (WTP) while higher initial reference points can lead to higher WTP. Additionally, the use of "up to" in advertising discounts can positively affect WTP due to an asymmetry effect.

Demographic response of osprey within the lower Chesapeake Bay to fluctuations in menhaden stock

Forage fish support the largest fisheries in the world and play a vital role in marine food webs by transferring energy from plankton to consumers within higher trophic levels. Growing commercial demand for these species and concern for the impact of over harvest on predator populations has driven a paradigm shift in management objectives from maximizing economic return to the establishment of ecosystem-based limits on harvest rates. How well current harvest policy supports noncommercial species like piscivorous birds remains poorly understood. We investigated the relationship between osprey breeding performance within the lower Chesapeake Bay and a menhaden stock index during a period (1974-2021) when the menhaden index fluctuated over 35-fold. Reproductive rate (young/pair/year), brood provisioning (fish/10-h) and the proportion of menhaden in the diet all declined during the study period. Indicators of food stress including brood reduction and nest failure increased during the study period. The population transitioned from reproductive surplus (demographic source) to reproductive deficit (demographic sink). A significant relationship between reproductive rate and the menhaden index suggests that osprey population viability requires that the menhaden stock be restored to 1980s levels. Current ecological reference points based on the food requirements of predatory fish are unlikely to protect the osprey population. We suggest the establishment of menhaden or reproductive thresholds designed to allow osprey to meet demographic targets (1.15 young/pair/year).

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Dietary Salt Intake Among Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University.

Background Since the beginning of the century, dietary patterns have been changing rapidly due to evolving lifestyles, restaurants that cater to dietary restrictions, etc. As a result, populations started consuming a large amount of salt in their diets. Years of research have found that high salt intake is strongly related to many serious health problems like hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This study's objective is to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dietary salt intake among medical students at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and to identify barriers and concerns related to optimum dietary sodium intake. Method A cross-sectional study done at KAU among 310 students using an online questionnaire included items to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dietary salt intake. There were 24 questions to assess knowledge, six questions to assess attitude, and eight questions to assess practice. Results The mean age of the participants was 21.52 ± 1.94 years; 180 of the 57.5% were female. A score of "1" was given to the right answer for knowledge, positive attitude, and correct practice. The mean knowledge, attitudes, and practices scores were 16.99 ± 3.8, 3.03 ± 1.46, and 2.13 ± 1.34, respectively. The percentage of poor, fair, and good knowledge levels regarding dietary salt intake among studied students was 72:23%, 210:67.1%, and 31:9.9%. While the prevalence of negative, fair, and positive attitudes was 111:35.5%, 141:45%, and 161:9.5%. As for practice level, none of the students had good practice, while 263:84% and 50:16% had poor and fair practice, respectively. Conclusion In conclusion, the majority of students were aware that a high-salt diet can result in serious health issues. They were also uncertain of whether their salt intake was extremely high or not, which is consistent with thefact that they were ignorant of the daily salt intake guidelines. The findings in our study can stand as a reference point for salt-related knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) studies to help further future research in Saudi Arabia and other countries. Multi-sector coordination between the food suppliers, health agencies, and government is necessary to increase public awareness, decrease the salt content of food, and lower individual salt consumption in Saudi Arabia.

Evaluation of the differences in the localization of the lingula mandibulae according to pubertal development in children: A new anthropological and forensic approach

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate changes in lingula mandibulae localization before and after puberty and sex differences. Design288 panoramic radiographs evaluated retrospectively were divided into four groups according to pubertal development: under and over 10 years old for females and under and over 11 years old for males. Four anatomic sites were used as reference points: (a) the anterior border of the ramus; (b) the posterior border of the ramus; (c) the deepest point of mandibular notch; and (d) the angulus mandibulae. The ratio of the distances from the lingula mandibulae to points (a) and (b) and the ratio of the distances from the lingula mandibulae to points (c) and (d) were determined. Two-way ANOVA was performed to assess differences between subgroups based on sex and puberty, and a Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed for multiple comparisons. ResultsPuberty and sex has a significant interaction effect on the vertical location of the lingula mandibulae. Postpubertal lingula mandibulae is positioned proportionally more anteriorly by prepubertal localization. In addition, the lingula mandibulae is situated more posteriorly in females compared to males. A significant interaction effect of puberty and sex was observed in relation to the vertical positioning of the lingula mandibulae. ConclusionsThe spatial localization of the lingula mandibulae and its spatial displacement with age can be used both in estimating sex and the onset of puberty. Changes in the localization of lingula mandibulae according to pubertal development and sex can be used in forensic and anthropological contexts.

Prospect equality: A force of redistribution

AbstractRecent evidence demonstrates that the perceived, not the actual, level of income inequality influences the redistribution policy. The perception of inequality, as conceptualized in this paper, is closely related to both objective inequality and prospect equality. An axiomatic system of individual preferences is suggested and demonstrated to characterize an index of perceived inequality. Prospect equality reflects the individual ideal level of equality, and it serves as a reference point for perception. I adopt the proposed notion to study voting on redistribution. I theoretically identify the conditions under which a more equal society will demand redistribution while a less equal society blocks redistribution. These insights help explain the redistribution puzzle observed across nations.

Fine-grained grid computing model for Wi-Fi indoor localization in complex environments

The fingerprinting-based approach using the wireless local area network (WLAN) is widely used for indoor localization. However, the construction of the fingerprint database is quite time-consuming. Especially when the position of the access point (AP) or wall changes, updating the fingerprint database in real-time is difficult. An appropriate indoor localization approach, which has a low implementation cost, excellent real-time performance, and high localization accuracy and fully considers complex indoor environment factors, is preferred in location-based services (LBSs) applications. In this paper, we proposed a fine-grained grid computing (FGGC) model to achieve decimeter-level localization accuracy. Reference points (RPs) are generated in the grid by the FGGC model. Then, the received signal strength (RSS) values at each RP are calculated with the attenuation factors, such as the frequency band, three-dimensional propagation distance, and walls in complex environments. As a result, the fingerprint database can be established automatically without manual measurement, and the efficiency and cost that the FGGC model takes for the fingerprint database are superior to previous methods. The proposed indoor localization approach, which estimates the position step by step from the approximate grid location to the fine-grained location, can achieve higher real-time performance and localization accuracy simultaneously. The mean error of the proposed model is 0.36 ​m, far lower than that of previous approaches. Thus, the proposed model is feasible to improve the efficiency and accuracy of Wi-Fi indoor localization. It also shows high-accuracy performance with a fast running speed even under a large-size grid. The results indicate that the proposed method can also be suitable for precise marketing, indoor navigation, and emergency rescue.

A proof of concept study on reliability assessment of different metal foil length based piezoelectric sensor for electromechanical impedance techniques

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches gained popularity in structural health monitoring (SHM) for its sensing and cost effective. However, a robust installation of PZT patches is challenging due to the often-complex geometry and non-accessibility of structural parts. For tubular structures, the curved surface can compromise the perfect bonding of PZT patches. To alleviate the above-mentioned challenges, the non-bonded and reusable configuration of sensor received considerable interest in the field of SHM. However, ensuring the repeatability and reproducibility of Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI) measurements is crucial to establish the reliability of these techniques. This work investigated the repeatability and reproducibility measures for one of non-bonded configuration of PZT patch i.e., Metal Foil Based Piezo Sensor (MFBPS). In addition, the concept, application, and suitability of MFBPS for impedance-based monitoring technique of Civil infrastructure are critically discussed. This study evaluates the effect of length of MFBPS on piezo coupled admittance signature. Also, this study evaluates repeatability and reproducibility of EMI measurements via statistical tools such as ANOVA and Gage R&R analysis. The statistical index CCDM was used to quantify the deviations of impedance signals. The overall result shows that the repeatability of the EMI measurements improves with a metal foil length of 500 mm. Overall, this investigation offers a useful point of reference for professionals and scholars to ensure the reliability of MFBPS for EMI techniques, a variant of piezoelectric sensor for SHM applications.

A multi-stage anticipated surprise model with dynamic expectation for economic decision-making

There are many modeling works that aim to explain people’s behaviors that violate classical economic theories. However, these models often do not take into full account the multi-stage nature of real-life problems and people’s tendency in solving complicated problems sequentially. In this work, we propose a descriptive decision-making model for multi-stage problems with perceived post-decision information. In the model, decisions are chosen based on an entity which we call the ‘anticipated surprise’. The reference point is determined by the expected value of the possible outcomes, which we assume to be dynamically changing during the mental simulation of a sequence of events. We illustrate how our formalism can help us understand prominent economic paradoxes and gambling behaviors that involve multi-stage or sequential planning. We also discuss how neuroscience findings, like prediction error signals and introspective neuronal replay, as well as psychological theories like affective forecasting, are related to the features in our model. This provides hints for future experiments to investigate the role of these entities in decision-making.

Research on the Measurement of Digital Economy Development Level Based on the Entropy Weight Model and TOPSIS Method --Taking Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as an Example

The rapid advancements in digital technology have brought about significant changes across the globe. However, remote regions face distinct challenges in developing their digital economies, influenced by factors such as geography, economics, and technology. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is an exemplar of such remote areas in China. This research paper utilizes the region as a case study, gathering data from prefecture-level cities within Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region between 2011 and 2019. Through the implementation of an index system, the Entropy Weight Model and TOPSIS Method were utilized to evaluate the digital economy index and examine potential development pathways. The findings indicate that the digital economy in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is presently in a developmental stage, but there are concerns regarding sluggish growth, an unbalanced economic structure, and a digital divide. These results can offer a scientific foundation for local economic expansion and serve as a point of reference for devising strategies to promote digital economy development in remote regions.

Cone-Beam Computerized Tomography Evaluation of the Relationship between Orthodontic Vertical Direction Parameters and the Distance from the Apex of the Upper Central Tooth to the Nasal Floor and Anterior Nasal Spine.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the vertical cephalometric values and the distance from the apex tip of the upper central tooth (U1A) to the anterior nasal spine (ANS) and nasal floor (NF) using cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT). One hundred and twenty-two patients who applied to the Department of Orthodontics between January 2011 and June 2019 were included. The distances between the U1A and the NF and ANS were measured using CBCT. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0.05. Of the 122 individuals, 73.8% (n = 90) were female and 26.2% (n = 32) were male, with a mean age of 22.8 ± 3.3 years. A statistically significant moderate positive correlation was found between the mean NF-U1A values and the N-Me, ANS-Me, ANS-Gn, S-Go, and N-ANS measurements (p < 0.01). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the mean ANS-U1A values and the Ar-Go-Me, total posterior angles, N-Me, SN/GoGn and Y-axis angle, ANS-Me, and ANS-Gn measurements (p < 0.01). The distance from the U1A to the ANS and NF was related to the orthodontic vertical direction parameters. The ANS-U1A and NF-U1A distances can serve as reference points for identifying the orthodontic vertical growth pattern from CBCT scans.

A multilevel factor analysis of the short form of the Centrality of Event Scale.

The Centrality of Event Scale (CES) has frequently been used to measure the degree to which positive and negative life events are perceived central to a person's identity and life story; and previous research suggests that individuals rate their most positive memory as more central compared to their most negative one. When comparing the centrality of two (or more) memories within individuals, one needs to ensure that the CES (or its short form) is equally valid for different types of events (i.e., positive and negative) as well as on different levels of analyses (i.e., on the between-person and the within-person level), pointing to the issue of measurement invariance. Three-hundred sixty-five adults (18-89 years of age) reported up to ten positive and up to ten negative autobiographical memories. For each memory reported, participants completed the seven-item short form of the CES, which measures three different components of centrality: Events can form a central component of identity (two items), a turning point in the life story (three items), and a reference point for everyday inferences (two items). Based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we found a two-factor structure (Self-Perception and Life-Course) to fit the data best at both levels of analyses and for both positive and negative events. Strict measurement invariance could be applied for positive and negative events at between-person level and at within-person level. The two factors, which measure the impact of an event on either a person's self-perception or their (future) life course, were rated higher for positive compared to negative memories. This difference, however, was stronger for the self-perception factor. The present study provides a first examination of the factorial structure of the CES short form on two levels (within and between persons) as well as for two types of life events (positive and negative). Whereas, a unidimensional scale might be sufficient to measure the centrality of stressful or traumatic life events, a more fine-graded measure seems better suited to understand the different roles of positive and negative life events for a person's identity and life story.

What wages do people expect for vocational and academic education backgrounds in Switzerland?

Correctly anticipating the earnings for different education profiles is pivotal in making informed education decisions. In this paper, leveraging unique survey data, we study the wage expectations for academic and vocational education backgrounds in Switzerland. Personal reference points matter in forming these wage expectations as we find significant heterogeneity in their distributions by gender, age, socioeconomic status, region of residence, and migration background. Asymmetries exist between beliefs for academic and vocational backgrounds since relative differences in wage expectations also vary by respondents’ characteristics. These heterogeneities are vital for education policy because our analyses show that the wage expectations are associated with preferences for specific educational tracks for the own (hypothetical) child. If education decisions are ill-informed, this possibly leads to educational mismatches and related adverse effects later in life.

Clinical and Anatomical Variation During Assessment of Maximum Glottic Angle.

Quantitative measurement and analysis of glottic abduction is used to assess laryngeal function and success of interventions; however, the consistency of measurement over time has not been established. This study assesses the consistency of glottic abduction measurements across visits in healthy patients and anatomic factors impacting these measurements. Review of patients with two sequential flexible stroboscopic exams over seven months from 2019-2022. Images of maximal glottic abduction were captured and uploaded into and measured with ImageJ. Cadaver heads were used to assess the impact of visualization angles on glottic measurements with a monofilament inserted into the supraglottis of each cadaver as a point of reference. Comparisons were done with a paired T-test, T-test, or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. Fifty-nine patients and twenty-six cadaveric exams were included. Absolute change in maximum glottic abduction angle (MGAA) was 6.90° (95% CI [5.36°, 8.42°]; p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in change in MGAA by gender or age. Twenty percent of patients had a change of at least 25% in their MGAA between visits. Absolute differences in glottic angle between nasal side for cadaveric measurements was 4.77 ± 4.59° (p < 0.005)-2.22° less than the change in MGAA seen over time (p = 0.185). Maximal glottic abduction angles varied significantly between visits. Factors considered to be contributing to the differences include different viewing windows between examinations due to the position and angulation of the laryngoscope and changes in patient positioning, intra- and inter-rater variations in measurement, and patient effort. N/a Laryngoscope, 134:2793-2798, 2024.

Directional region-based feature point matching algorithm based on SURF.

Feature point matching is one of the fundamental tasks in binocular vision. It directly affects the accuracy and quality of 3D reconstruction. This study proposes a directional region-based feature point matching algorithm based on the SURF algorithm to improve the accuracy of feature point matching. First, same-name points are selected as the matching reference points in the left and right images. Then, the SURF algorithm is used to extract feature points and construct the SURF feature point descriptors. During the matching process, the location relationship between the query feature point and the reference point in the left image is directed to determine the corresponding matching region in the right image. Then, the matching is completed within this region based on Euclidean distance. Finally, the grid-based motion statistics algorithm is used to eliminate mismatches. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can substantially improve the matching accuracy and the number of valid matched points, particularly in the presence of a large amount of noise and interference. It also exhibits good robustness and stability.

On recursive partitioning to refine coordinate rotation in Eddy covariance applications

While the use of three-dimensional sonic anemometers for eddy covariance is well established, there remain questions about its deployment and consequent data analysis. Convention has largely accepted that coordinates must be rotated so that the corrected transverse and vertical mean velocities become zero. In non-ideal terrain, a planar fit coordinate rotation is widely accepted. However, if the coordinate system changes through time, such as in a rapidly growing maize canopy, or is affected by the local topography, finding temporally and directionally stable regions for a reference point is crucial for flux estimation. A model-based recursive partitioning (MOB) algorithm is proposed to answer this problem. The algorithm creates individual wind sectors and accounts for temporal or spatially dependent variables that may affect planar fits. A cross-validation fitting procedure of the MOB algorithm has proved crucial in identifying variables that influence the choice among different parametric models, such as day of year, solar altitude, and wind direction. Momentum exchange is the most sensitive to alternative coordinate rotation systems, especially in stable conditions. The MOB methodology would be most useful during these conditions. The analyses presented here show that in quantifying scalar fluxes during the day, especially in the case of sensible heat flux and by extension to evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide exchange, there is little need for coordinate rotation if the sensors were aligned with the vertical parallel to gravity.

High-precision scanning system for complete 3D goat udder and teat imaging, and analysis of morphological traits

Currently, udder scoring for goat udder phenotyping in France is made by a specialized technician trained to score 5 traits for the udder and 4 for teats, only one of which being measured (teat length). It is a hard work in big flocks, and only done one time in the life of goats. Recent works underlined a clear degradation of udder/teat shape with parity and an increasing proportion of morphological and functional unbalance of udders. Thus, for improved genetic selection, we must increase the number and quality of quantitative udder traits measured throughout the productive lifespan of dairy goats. To achieve this goal, we aimed to design a 3D Scanner device to scan the entire udder and to produce high definition numeric images. The device developed is easy to transport in a van and consists of a portable corridor cage in which the goats enter freely. Goats are then blocked less than 2 min while the images were taken. We used 4 Intel Realsense depth D415 cameras mounted on a mobile trolley situated 60 cm under and on the two sides of the cage and sliding from the front to the back of the animal in 10 s. The D415 has a baseline of 55 mm which allows the depth error to be less than 2% at 2 m. The device has an auto calibration internal software that ensure good evaluation of distances with one-millimeter depth precision at 50 cm. The reconstruction of the 3D Image from these 4 sources was done by the RecFusion® software. The image resolution obtained is 1280 * 720 pixels and real-time scene capture is done at up to 90 frames per second (900 images/camera/run/goat). The size of voxel generated was 2 mm. The first prototype was tested on 260 goats of different parity and udder shape and produced well-defined 3D images on which we can measure dimensions with Metrux2α® software after manual positioning of references points. The first validation steps wad done on a soccer ball and on 10 goats for comparison of manual scoring and Image analysis. Machine learning algorithms are currently being developed for the purpose of automatic measurement on these images. The actual precision of the automatic measurement will be assessed following the completion of this final phase. Nevertheless, this scanner shows great promise for future implementation within the goat selection scheme, as it enables swift, objective, and quantitative evaluation of udder and teat characteristics.

Shedding Light on Fashion Industry: An Analysis of "The Devil Wears Prada"

This essay delves into the complexities of the fashion industry as portrayed in the movie The Devil Wears Prada (2006), directed by David Frankel. Through analyzing power dynamics, the gaze, and societal pressures, the essay explores the journey of Andy Sachs, an aspiring journalist navigating the world of fashion journalism under the formidable editor-in-chief, Miranda Priestly. Theoretical frameworks, including Laura Mulvey's concept of the "male gaze," Michel Foucault's power theory, and Pierre Bourdieu's cultural capital, enrich the understanding of the film's themes. "The Devil Wears Prada" offers a critical examination of the fashion industry's glamorous facade and its impact on individuals, prompting discussions about societal values and body positivity. While acknowledging the film's limitations as fictional, the essay highlights the fashion industry's evolving commitment to inclusivity, particularly in expanding clothes sizes. Ultimately, the movie serves as a timeless reference point for discussions on ambition and authenticity amidst societal pressures in the fashion world.