Point Of Penetration Research Articles

Use of virus-induced gene silencing to characterize genes involved in modulating hypersensitive cell death in maize.

Plant disease resistance proteins (R‐proteins) detect specific pathogen‐derived molecules, triggering a defence response often including a rapid localized cell death at the point of pathogen penetration called the hypersensitive response (HR). The maize Rp1‐D21 gene encodes a protein that triggers a spontaneous HR causing spots on leaves in the absence of any pathogen. Previously, we used fine mapping and functional analysis in a Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system to identify and characterize a number of genes associated with variation in Rp1‐D21‐induced HR. Here we describe a system for characterizing genes mediating HR, using virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) in a maize line carrying Rp1‐D21. We assess the roles of 12 candidate genes. Three of these genes, SGT1, RAR1, and HSP90, are required for HR induced by a number of R‐proteins across several plant–pathogen systems. We confirmed that maize HSP90 was required for full Rp1‐D21‐induced HR. However, suppression of SGT1 expression unexpectedly increased the severity of Rp1‐D21‐induced HR while suppression of RAR1 expression had no measurable effect. We confirmed the effects on HR of two genes we had previously validated in the N. benthamiana system, hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and caffeoyl CoA O‐methyltransferase. We further showed the suppression the expression of two previously uncharacterized, candidate genes, IQ calmodulin binding protein (IQM3) and vacuolar protein sorting protein 37, suppressed Rp1‐D21‐induced HR. This approach is an efficient way to characterize the roles of genes modulating the hypersensitive defence response and other dominant lesion phenotypes in maize.

Screw placement in two different implants for proximal humeral fractures regarding regional differences in bone mineral density: An anatomical study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate proximal humerus plating regarding drill depth and over penetration of the glenohumeral joint and to find a relation between these findings and different areas of bone mineral density (BMD) in the humeral head. Material & MethodsThe study sample involved 45 upper extremities from human adult cadavers. Two different plates (HOFER; PHILOS) were applied to the proximal humerus. Each hole was drilled until the respective participant thought to have placed the drill bit subchondral. Next, penetration of the far cortex was conducted to determine the residual bone stock. Additionally, the point of screw penetration of the far cortex was identified for each hole of the plates and allocated to five regions with different bone mineral density as described by Tingart et al. ResultsThe screw penetration rate and the residual bone stock were compared within the 5 BMD regions. A significantly thicker residual bone stock was found at the central region (SD ± 13.1 mm) than in the anterior region (SD ± 9.5 mm) and in the posterior region (SD ± 8.5 mm). The anterior region revealed a significantly higher penetration rate than the posterior region (p = 0.01) and the central region (p = 0.03). ConclusionThe anterior region of the humeral head was associated with a higher over penetration rate of the far cortex into the glenohumeral joint and a decreased bone stock after subchondral drilling representing a reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Level of evidenceCadaver Study

False Sense of Safety: Blunt Cannulas Cause the Majority of Severe Vascular Complications in Hyaluronic Acid Injection.

Vascular embolism is perhaps the most severe complication of hyaluronic acid injection.1 To avoid such catastrophic events, blunt cannulas were introduced.2 Theoretically, cannulas are considered safer than needles, as cannula tips are blunt rather than beveled and therefore less likely to penetrate vascular walls. However, as a matter of fact, the majority cases of severe hyaluronic acid–related intravascular events referred to our department were performed with cannulas instead of needles. Over the past 3 years, 28 severe cases of hyaluronic acid embolism were referred to our department (nine cases of unilateral blindness, one case of unilateral blindness with cerebral infraction, and 18 cases of a large area of soft-tissue necrosis). According to patient histories, 25 of 28 patients (89.3 percent) were injected with cannulas (range, 27 to 22 gauge) instead of needles. This finding suggests that the safety of use of cannulas in hyaluronic acid injections may have been overestimated. According to previous studies, thinner cannulas, especially those smaller than 25 gauge, can still punch through vascular walls when enough force is applied.3 Also, some cannula tips are sharper than others with the same gauge because of different designs by varying manufacturers (Fig. 1). Other than their underestimated penetration capability, aspiration can be more difficult with cannulas than with needles. Cannulas used in hyaluronic acid injections are often 40 to 50 mm in length, as sharp needles are usually ½ inch (12.7 mm) in length. This indicates that once hyaluronic acid enters the cannula, higher negative pressure and longer aspiration time would be required for the hyaluronic acid to retreat to the cannula base than in needles. The smoothness of the internal lining of the cannula also impacts the chance of successful aspiration. From the authors’ own experience, and that of many of our colleagues, poorly made cannulas have a rougher internal lining that can prevent successful aspiration, giving the injector the false impression of safety. The viscidity and the particle size of the hyaluronic acid product can affect the aspiration as well.4,5 Products with higher viscidity and larger particle size require a larger bore cannula/needle and a longer aspiration time to achieve successful aspiration. Other than the above factors, the method of aspiration that is used by many injectors nowadays is also questionable. Some injectors do not allow enough time for aspiration when the cannula/filler product requires longer to retreat to the syringe. When injecting with a liner or performing a fanning injection technique with cannulas, many injectors never aspirate or do so only when the cannula reaches the endpoint of the injection path. If a blood vessel is penetrated along the passage, the hyaluronic acid could enter the blood vessel during the retrograde injection at the point of penetration, causing an embolism.Fig. 1.: Varying quality and details of blunt cannulas by different manufacturers. Five cannulas of three sizes (27, 25, and 23 gauge) are shown. Cannulas A and C are made by the same manufacturer, and cannulas B, D, and E are made by another manufacturer. Despite having the same size (cannulas A and B, 27 gauge; and cannulas C and D, 25 gauge), the roundness of the tip shape of the distal openings and the smoothness of their outer coating are different.To avoid hyaluronic acid embolisms, the authors propose the following: (1) injectors should have a solid understanding of anatomy; (2) inject gently and avoid using cannulas smaller than 25 gauge, especially when injecting into high-risk areas such as the periorbital and glabella regions; (3) when using retrograde/fanning injection technique, aspirate and maintain negative pressure on entry all the way to the designated site; (4) use the cannula cautiously in deep layer injections; and (5) inject slowly and closely observe the injection site and the patient. Stop immediately if an embolism is suspected. With these precautions applied, the authors believe that we can lower the possibility of embolism when injecting with cannulas to the minimum. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81971848). DISCLOSURE None of the authors has a financial interest in any of the products or devices mentioned in this article.

Theoretical analysis of the influence of plane control network on lateral breakthrough error of long immersed tunnel

Abstract There is extremely strict precision requirement for the lateral breakthrough error of long immersed tunnel in the offshore island and tunnel project, but the point location layout range of the outer plane control network is limited in the artificial island, and the space inside the tunnel is long and narrow, which is not conducive to high-precision through-measurement control. In order to further reduce the influence of the error of the plane control network on the lateral breakthrough error of the immersed tunnel, a mathematical model of the influence of the lateral breakthrough error caused by the orientation direction of the outer control point and the position of the breakthrough point has been established through the theoretical analysis in this study, and the favorable orientation directions and the favorable penetration point are analyzed. It is suggested through simulation analysis that the direction that is as consistent with that from the entrance (outlet) point to the penetration point as possible is as the advantageous orientation, which could minimize the lateral penetration error and ensure high-precision rendezvous and docking of the immersed tunnel. This study is instructive for similar engineering practices.

Comparison of Microleakage of Self-etch and Total-etch Bonding Agents in Primary Molar Class II Composite Restorations

Introduction: This study evaluated microleakage of flowable and conventional composite in primary molar class II restorations using self-etch and total-etch bonding agents. Methods: Class II standard cavities were prepared on proximal surface of 48 primary molars. These cavities were restored using GrandioFlow and Grandio composites and Futurabond DC and Solobond M as bonding agents. Teeth apices were sealed by wax and two-layer nail varnish was applied up to 1mm of restoration margins. Samples were subjected to thermocycling, stained by silver nitrate solution and sectioned mesiodistally. Microleakage was measured from the tooth-restoration margin to end point of dye penetration using a stereomicroscope with a 0-3 scale. Microleakage scores were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test in 4 groups and paired comparisons were performed using Monte Carlo test. Results: Microleakage was seen in all composite and bonding agent groups. Pairwise comparison showed no significant difference regarding the microleakage between groups ( P>0.05) . Conclusion: Gradioflow as a flowable composite and Futurabond DC as a self-etch bonding agent both showed acceptable results in regard to microleakage. Considering the ease of application of flowable composites compared to conventional ones and shortening the treatment both flowable composites and self-etch bonding agentshave showed promising results in pediatric dentistry

The point of epiphyseal penetration affects rotational stability of screw fixation in slipped capital femoral epiphysis: A biomechanical study

The epiphyseal tubercle, a posterosuperior projection of the epiphysis into the metaphysis, serves as the axis of rotation in slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) and a source of physeal stability. We hypothesized that in a biomechanical model of single screw fixation of stable SCFE, a screw passing through the epiphyseal tubercle (the axis of rotation) would confer less rotational stability than a centrally placed screw. Three femurs were selected from a sample population of 8- to 15-year-old healthy hips to represent three stages of maturation: a "young" femur with a prominent epiphyseal tubercle and decreased epiphyseal cupping around the metaphysis, a "median" femur with a subsiding tubercle, and a "mature" femur with a subsided epiphyseal tubercle and increased peripheral epiphyseal cupping. Specimens were three-dimensional printed with one of two screw trajectories: passing centrally in the epiphysis or directly through the epiphyseal tubercle. Resistance to rotational displacement was measured through stiffness and maximum torque over 30° degrees of displacement. In the "young" model, epiphyseal tubercle screw position conferred less rotational stiffness and required less maximum torque during rotational displacement when compared to a centrally placed screw (P < .001). In the "median" and "mature" models where the tubercle has subsided and is replaced by peripheral epiphyseal cupping, screw position through the tubercle was associated with equal or greater rotational stiffness and maximum torque during displacement as a centrally placed screw.

Effects of Arc Length Adjustment on Weld Bead Formation and Droplet Transfer in Pulsed GMAW Based on Datum Current Time

The characteristics of weld bead formation and droplet transfer in pulsed gas metal arc weld (GMAW) with different arc lengths were studied by changing the base current time in this work. The results showed that it was easier to cause short circuits and spatters with a short arc. However, the deviation between the deepest point of penetration and the center of bead will be aggravated with the increase of arc length. In addition, more than 90% “one drop per pulse” (ODPP) transfer mode can be obtained when the pulse parameters were selected properly. However, the short arc trended to rise the proportion of “multiple drops per pulse” (MDPP), and the long arc trended towards increasing the proportion of “one drop per multiple pulses” (ODMP). Additionally, with the growth of the arc in the projected transfer zone, the penetration tended to become shallower because of the increase of arc heat dissipation, the fall of arc energy density, and droplet impact force. Overall, the strategy of choosing suitable arc length of pulsed GMAW was summarized: in order to obtain high-quality bead formation and weld joints, a shorter arc in the projected transfer zone was recommended.

Anatomy of the posterior branch of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve: A cadaveric study

PurposeThe posterior branch of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MACN) is at risk to be damaged during cubital tunnel surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the location of the posterior branch of the MACN (PBMACN) in relation to surgical landmarks pertinent in cubital tunnel surgery. MethodsWe performed an anatomical study on 20 limbs from 13 fresh cadavers. The nerve was dissected from 10cm proximal to 10cm distal of the medial epicondyle. We measured the distance between the nerve and the medial epicondyle, and also the distance separating the PBMACN from the ulnar nerve passage between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris. Measurements were performed with the elbow at 45° and 90° of flexion, as well as in full pronation and supination. ResultsAfter its emergence from the main trunk of the MACN, the posterior branch ran anteriorly to the medial epicondyle, taking an oblique direction toward the ulnar shaft. The PBMACN was in average 2.53cm under the medial epicondyle when the elbow was flexed at 45°, and 2.96cm when the elbow was flexed at 90°. Average distance between the PBMACN and the penetrating point of the ulnar nerve within the flexor carpi ulnaris was 1.54cm when the elbow was flexed at 45°, and 1.62cm when the elbow was flexed at 90°. Pronation and supination positions of the forearm did not significantly modify our measurements. ConclusionsUnderstanding the position of MACN posterior branch during ulnar nerve release surgery at the elbow may help in preventing iatrogenic injury. According to our measurements, incision and superficial dissection anterior to the medial epicondyle or distal to the ulnar nerve penetrating point between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris should be avoided or done with an elbow flexed at 90°.

Variations in anterior segment vasculature of the eye and their implication in ophthalmologic surgical procedures

ObjectiveAnterior segment ischemia (ASI) is a complication of strabismus surgery and other ocular procedures. The aim of this study is to determine anatomic variability of the vessels involved in the greater arterial circle of iris including short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCA), the long posterior ciliary artery (LPCA) and anterior ciliary arterial (ACA) anastomosis. Understanding these variations may help decrease the incidence of ASI in patients following strabismus surgery and other ophthalmologic procedures.MethodsA total of 126 preserved cadaveric eyeballs from Kansas City University, Nebraska Medical Center, and Creighton University were dissected. The dissection was performed through an anterior approach following removal of the orbital contents. All further dissection was performed, and photographs taken, using a Zeiss Meditech AG dissection scope. Choroid was exposed by making an incision in the sclera 1–2 cm from the limbus, followed by removal of overlying sclera to a point 2–3 cm proximal to the insertion point of the four rectus muscles.Short posterior ciliary arteries were counted as they entered the major arteriolar circle of iris and their locations were mapped in relation to the vertical and horizontal axes. Long posterior ciliary arteries were located, isolated, and cut prior to removal of the choroid. Distances were measured from the penetration point of the LPCA through the sclera in relation to the optic nerve and the vertical and horizontal axes.The number and location of SPCAs that contribute to the major arteriolar circle of iris and LPCAs as they pierce the sclera was determined. Comparisons were also made to determine if there were significant differences between right and left eyes as well as between males and females.ResultsSpecific locations of SPCAs were determined and mapped to identify their contribution to the anterior segment and generate surgical safe zones during various ophthalmologic procedures. The specific location and number of the LPCAs was also determined and mapped to clarify their contribution to the LPCA – ACA anastomosis, highlighting their importance as the sole source of blood flow following incision of the rectus muscles and corresponding anterior ciliary arteries during strabismus surgery. Surgical safe zones were created using the location where LPCA pierces the sclera which can be used to avoid damage to this artery during invasive ophthalmologic procedures.ConclusionsAs far as the investigators are able to determine, this is the first cadaveric study that uses an anterior approach to map SPCAs and LPCAs as they enter the greater arteriolar circle of iris. The findings of the study enabled the investigators to identify a surgical safe zone for invasive ophthalmologic procedures involving the extraocular muscles, sclera, choroid, and retina. This information should be beneficial to physicians performing strabismus surgery, choroidal effusion drainage, placement of ocular devices, subretinal fluid drainage and other procedures near these vessels. These findings should help surgeons avoid anterior segment ischemia, hemorrhage, and other important complications during invasive ophthalmologic procedures.

Morphology of liver and portal-hepatic system in Trachemys scripta elegans (Testudinata)

A total of 15 adult female and male red-eared turtles of the species Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied, 1838) were used in this study. The animals were preserved in 5% formaldehyde for anatomical and topographical analysis of the liver and its vessels were injected with neoprene latex and vinyl acetate to evidence the hepatic portal system and its branches. The hepatic portal vein drains (100% of cases) and presents two points of penetration into the liver visceral surface, one near the gallbladder (right) and the other establishing between them the transverse hepatic portal vein (left). It receives (from left to right) the gastric and cranial pancreaticoduodenal veins and the union of the jejunal veins. This union receives a variable number of branches from the jejunal, splenic, and cranial and caudal mesenteric veins.

Fine-Tuning Immunity: Players and Regulators for Plant NLRs.

Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to defend against pathogen infection, and intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR or NB-LRR) immune receptors are one of the main components of this system. NLR activity is fine-tuned by intra- and intermolecular interactions. We survey what is known about the conservation and diversity of NLR-interacting proteins, and divide them into seven major categories. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NLR activities are regulated and how understanding this regulation has potential to facilitate the engineering of NLRs for crop improvement.

Potential regulation of small RNAs on bacterial function activities in pig farm wastewater treatment plants

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are key players in the regulation of bacterial gene expression. However, the distribution and regulatory functions of sRNA in pig farm wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) remains unknown. In this study, the wastewaters in anoxic and oxic tanks of the WWTPs were collected. The profiles of the community structure, mRNA expression, and sRNA expression of bacteria in pig farm wastewater were investigated using transcriptome sequencing and qPCR. This study demonstrated that there was a higher abundance of sRNA in the pig farm WWTPs and 52 sRNAs were detected. The sRNAs were mainly present in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, including the potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) (Escherichia, Shigella, Bordetella and Morganella), crop pathogen (Pectobacterium) and denitrifying bacteria (Zobellella). And the sRNAs were involved in the bacterial functional activities such as translation, transcription, drug resistance, membrane transport and amino acid metabolism. In addition, most sRNAs had a higher abundance in anoxic tanks which contained a higher abundance of the genes associated with infectious diseases and drug resistance than that in oxic tanks. The results presented here show that in pig farm WWTPs, sRNA played an important role in bacterial function activities, especially the infectious diseases, drug resistance and denitrification, which can provide a new point of penetration for improving the pig farm WWTPs.

The History of the German Association for Crystal Growth

The History of the German Association for Crystal Growth

Natural Rubber Latex and Its Effects on Some Properties of Bitumen.

: In Ghana, the main binder for asphalt roads is bitumen. However there are many cases of early road deterioration resulting sometimes from effects of temperature on asphalt binder (bitumen). For this reason several studies are on-going to develop bitumen suitable for the climatic condition in the country. This study examines some physical properties such as softening point temperature, viscosity, penetration temperature and specific gravity and chemical functionalities, peak intensity and new functional group of AC 10 grade bitumen modified with natural rubber latex (L) at levels between 1-5% and 10% as well as its effect on aging at 5 and 10% blends. Standard methods of determinations of the physical properties, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Test and Short term aging test were employed. Results indicated that upon addition of 1% natural rubber latex, all the properties tested decrease. Further increasing the percentage of natural rubber latex decreases penetration point but the softening point temperature, specific gravity and viscosity increases. Spectroscopy analysis result revealed that there was no change in peaks intensities of the blends as compared to the conventional bitumen. Aging test results indicated a change in mass of 0.112% for 5% blend and 0.152% for 10% blend. The study has shown that natural rubber could improve some properties of bitumen andcould be used for constructing more durable roads.

Identifying the attack surface for IoT network

For this research, our primary goal is to define an attack surface for networks utilizing the IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The IoT consists of systems of integrated objects, computing devices, digital, or mechanical machines that are given the ability to transmit and receive the data over a network without the need for human interaction. Each of these devices can operate independently within the existing Internet infrastructure. Issues will continue to increase as devices become more prevalent and continuously evolve to counter newer threats and schemes. The attack surface of a network sums up all penetration points, otherwise known as attack vectors. An attacker or an unauthorized user can take advantage of these attack vectors to penetrate and change or extract data from the threat environment. For this research, we define a threat model that allows us to systematically analyze the security solutions to mitigate potential risks from the beginning of the design phase. By designing an IoT architecture and breaking it down into several zones, we focus on each zone to identify any vulnerability or weaknesses within a system that allows unauthorized privileges, as well as any attacks that can target that area. We also investigate the available IoT devices across several domains (e.g., wellness, industrial, home, etc.) to provide a 1:1 and 1:n mapping across devices, vulnerabilities, and potential security threats based on the subjective assessment.

Experimental investigation on modification of rheological parameters of bitumen by using waste plastic bottles

Bitumen is the most popular binding material in road construction. Nowadays due to rapid infrastructure growth and increasing in the number of vehicles it is necessary to build the roads which can sustain adverse traffic loading and extreme weather conditions. Also, disposal of waste plastic is a big problem nowadays. Studies have found that, effective use of plastic in the bitumen to improve its original properties. Plastic added to bitumen by two ways first is dry process and another is wet process. Most of the research was done on dry process. Coming to wet process some research works carried on adding waste plastic bags to the bitumen and found satisfactory. Present study concentrating on adding the shredded waste plastic water bottles to the bitumen to improve its rheological properties. In present study plastic is heated up to its melting point, then bitumen is added to the liquid plastic and mixed thoroughly with the help of mechanical stirrer. On the prepared composite material (i.e. plastic modified bitumen – PMB) laboratory tests was conducted like softening point, ductility value, elastic recovery, penetration, specific gravity, flash and fire point. In continuation, conducting Marshall stability test on the same plastic modified bitumen samples to finalize the optimum percentage of plastic to be added. Finally, comparison made between plastic modified bitumen sample with original bitumen sample. Present study concluded that, replacing the bitumen with 5% & 7.5% of PET plastic improves the rheological properties of the bitumen. From the Marshall test, it was declared that 7.5% replacement of bitumen with plastic gives more stability than 5% replacement. From this experimental investigation declared that, 7.5% of the PET plastic is the optimum percentage which can add to the bitumen to use in flexible pavements for improving the maintenance period also for improving the rheological parameters of bitumen.

Prediction of plywood deformation under the impact of windborne debris using Taguchi method

Windstorms and tornados can cause severe damages to different structure types regardless the materials they have been made of. These damages are caused both by the extreme wind velocity and any flying debris within the wind field. Windborne debris is classified based on shape and aerodynamical properties into three types: compact, rod, and plate-like debris. According to both American and Australian Standards, the performance of any structural element is to be tested under the impact of rod-like debris. Plywood is used globally to create both structural and non-structural elements such as doors and window shutters, and thus, in this study, a numerical simulation of rod-like debris was conducted using LS-DYNA to study the effect of debris impact velocity on the deformation of a plywood plate. In this way, the effect of the plate thickness and modulus of elasticity on the deformation were also investigated. Taguchi Method was adopted to make the simulation more robust and reduce the required computational time and costs. The results showed that as the debris impact velocity increased, both the deformation of the plywood plate at penetration and the residual kinetic energy of the debris increased. However, for the same plate thickness and debris impact velocity, as the modulus of elasticity increased, the deformation of the plate at the point of penetration decreased.

Managing Cyber Risk in Supply Chains: A Review and Research Agenda

Purpose: Despite growing research interest in cyber security, inter-firm based cyber risk studies are rare. Therefore, this study investigates cyber risk management in supply chain contexts. Methodology: Adapting a systematic literature review process, papers from interdisciplinary areas published between 1990 and 2017 were selected. Different typologies, developed for conducting descriptive and thematic analysis were established using data mining techniques to conduct a comprehensive, replicable and transparent review. Findings: The review identifies multiple future research directions for cyber security/resilience in supply chains. A conceptual model is developed, which indicates a strong link between IT, organisational and supply chain security systems. The human/behavioural elements within cyber security risk are found to be critical; however, behavioural risks have attracted less attention due to a perceived bias towards technical (data, application and network) risks. There is a need for raising risk awareness, standardised policies, collaborative strategies and empirical models for creating supply chain cyber-resilience. Research implications: Different type of cyber risks and their points of penetration, propagation levels, consequences and mitigation measures are identified. The conceptual model developed in this study drives an agenda for future research on supply chain cyber security/resilience. Practical implications: A multi-perspective, systematic study provides a holistic guide for practitioners in understanding cyber-physical systems. The cyber risk challenges and the mitigation strategies identified support supply chain managers in making informed decisions. Originality: This is the first systematic literature review on managing cyber risks in supply chains. The review defines supply chain cyber risk and develops a conceptual model for supply chain cyber security systems and an agenda for future studies.

Systematic decay analysis of 202Po∗ compound nucleus using Dynamical Cluster-decay Model

The decay analysis of [Formula: see text]Po[Formula: see text] compound nucleus (CN), formed via [Formula: see text]Ca+[Formula: see text]Gd reaction, with inclusion of additional degrees-of-freedom, i.e., the higher multipole deformations, the octupole ([Formula: see text]) and hexadecupole ([Formula: see text]), the corresponding “compact” orientations ([Formula: see text]), and noncoplanarity degree-of-freedom ([Formula: see text]0), is investigated within the collective clusterization approach. The Quantum Mechanical Fragmentation Theory (QMFT)-based Dynamical Cluster-decay Model (DCM), wherein the point of penetration [Formula: see text], fixed via the in-built neck-length parameter [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] (equivalently, the “barrier lowering” [Formula: see text]), is used to best fit the channel cross-section ([Formula: see text]) and predict the quasi-fission (qf)-like nCN cross-section [Formula: see text], if any, and the fusion–fission ([Formula: see text]) cross-sections. We also look for other target-projectile (t-p) combinations for the synthesis of CN [Formula: see text]Po[Formula: see text].

A Review of Shaped Charge Variables for its Optimum Performance

Shaped charge is a device for focusing the chemical energy of explosives to a particular point or line for penetration or cutting purpose respectively. They are used for the penetration or cutting of various types of targets on land, water, underground, underwater, or air. Their shape is either conical or linear and consists of explosive, casing and liner. The liner is bent towards the central axis producing a thin hypervelocity jet by the energy released as a result of the explosive detonation. This jet is utilized against the target. Shaped charges can perforate or penetrate targets like aircrafts, ships, submarines, armored vehicles, battle tanks, and bunkers. This paper presents a detailed review of analytical works, computer simulations, and experimental results related to the liner. Among modern diagnostic techniques flash x-rays, radiography is most used in the experiments performed in the last 40 years. Powder metallurgy, which started in the late twentieth century raised the efficiency of shaped charges to new altitudes. The efficiency of the shaped charge depends on numerous factors such as explosive’s type, liner’s material, geometry and metallurgy, manufacturing technique, and casing thickness. Factors concerning the liner’s material, metallurgical advancements, and geometry are discussed chronologically and in detail.