Dissimilar Points Research Articles

A European Profile of American Architecture

European criticism of American architecture was superficial and condescending until the last quarter of the 19th century. After the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876 the quantity of studies increased slowly, but only by 1885 was a corresponding rise in quality noticeable. From this year through the wake of the Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893, European architects and critics, particularly in London, Paris, and Berlin, studied closely the approaches and practices of architects in the United States and discussed their merits vigorously. For many, American work became a model of sensible, contemporary methodology and design, offering clues to the possible nature of architecture in the 20th century. For others, the buildings of the United States proved the cultural superiority of the "senior nations" of the Old World. If the value of American architecture was uncertain to Europeans, its characteristics were not. They treated it as a definable entity with recognizable traits, a distinctive national architecture distinguishable both in theory and practice from European work in general and their nation's work in particular. This body of criticism reveals those aspects of design Europeans considered typically American. Because they approached this architecture with presuppositions and assumptions shaped by European experiences, visitors frequently saw artistic and practical features hidden to or discounted by native commentators. They often discovered characteristics that American professionals did not consciously regard as characteristics. Their dissimilar vantage points and their need for comprehendible explanations encouraged them to risk interpretations of relationships between causes and final form; they attempted to explain why the Americans built as they did.

Studies in Maimonides and St. Thomas Aquinas by Jacob I. Dienstag

BOOK REVIEWS 151 Studies in Maimonides and St. Thomas Aquinas. (Bibliotheca Maimonidica: Texts, Studies and Translations of Maimonidean Thought and Scholarship , Vol. I).) Selected with an Introduction and Bibliography by JACOB I. DIENSTAG. [New York,] Ktav Publishing House, Inc., 1975. Pp. lix + 850. $25.00. This anthology of twenty articles (including five in German and three in French) consists for the most part in comparative treatments of Maimonides and Thomas. All twenty articles have previously appeared, and more than a few of them will be familiar to those working in the field. They are photographically reproduced in this anthology, with their original headings, original page numbers, and varying type faces, and consequently the book's physical appearance does not make a pleasant impression on the reader. In his Preface, the editor says that his purpose in reproducing these articles and collecting them into a book is " to provide background material for a more specialized phase of Thomist scholarship ." But more than half these articles were first published before 1989 (one of them is in fact from the nineteenth century), and only six of them are from the 1960's and 1970's. In a field such as medieval philosophy, which has been exploding with new discoveries even within the last twenty years, articles that antedate the Second World War are bound to contain more than a little outdated scholarship. In this sense, perhaps the majority of these articles are more likely to mislead an unwary reader than to provide useful and reliable background information for specialists in any area of medieval philosophy. In another sense, of course, they remain a monument to the direction and progress of scholarly work on Maimonides and Thomas and will no doubt continue to be of value to those with an interest in the history of twentieth-century scholarship on medieval philosophy . Dienstag's introduction to the volume consists in an alphabetical series ol biographical entries for various Greek and Arabic predecessors of Maimonides. Many of the entries concentrate on Maimonides's relation to the philosopher or writer being discussed in that entry-what Maimonides knew of the man's work, where he cites him, and so on. Each entry is accompanied by a short bibliography, which frequently reflects the entry's emphasis on Maimonides; the bibliography for Alexander of Aphrodisias, for example, begins with "Pines, Introduction to The Guide of the Perplexed , lxiv-lxxiv." The entries are generally sound, if somewhat subject to the perhaps unavoidable oversimplification which accompanies short summaries of major authors, but the reader may be a bit startled to learn that the Themistius who wrote commentaries on Aristotle was " Emperor of the East" (p. lviii) some thirty-five to forty-eight years after his 'ftoruit, during a period generally assigned to the Emperor Arcadius. 152 BOOK REVIEWS The editorial principles behind the ordering of the articles in the volume are not easily discernible; apart from a general grouping according to the language in which the articles are written, they are not apparently ordered in any way"'-not according to subject matter or date of initial publication or even alphabetically by authors' last names. In the interest of cogency, I will here divide the articles into groups according to subject matter and then discuss in detail the articles within each of the groups. All the articles in one way or another compare Maimonides and Thomas, but they emphasize different points of similarity or dissimilarity. The first, fourth, and ninth articles in the anthology concentrate on divine attributes and man's knowledge of them. The second article in the volume has to do with immortality of the soul. The largest group of articles (articles three, seven, ten through fifteen, seventeen, and twenty) consist in general discussions of Jewish influence on Latin scholasticism or particular treatments of Maimonides's influence on Thomas. Several of these articles also include a comparison of the two philosophers on divine attributes . The fifth and the eighth articles have to do with political philosophy and social doctrine. The eternity of the world is the focus of the sixth article, and man's position and status in the universe occupies the sixteenth article. And the last group of articles...

Ultimate state of structures made of materials characterized by dissimilar tensile and compressive yield points

Ultimate state of structures made of materials characterized by dissimilar tensile and compressive yield points

The relationship of the stromatoporoids to the sclerosponges

Similarities of the extinct strornatoporoids to the sponges of the recently established order Sclerospongia have strengthened arguments that these fossils are closer to the Porifera than to the Coelenterata. Major features favouring the affinity of the stromatoporoids to the sclerosponges include: (1) lack of evidence of colonialism in the strornatoporoids, (2) similarity of gross structure of some stromatoporoids to that of one sclerosponge (Astrosclera), (3) fibrous microstruc-ture of sclerosponges, Mesozoic stromatoporoids, and some Paleozoic stromatoporoids, (4) similarity of stromatoporoid astrorhizae to the excurrent canals of sclerosponges. Points of dissimilarity include: (1) the solid aragonitic skeletons of most sclerosponges, (2) the presence of dissepiments, laminae, and latilaminae in stromatoporoids, (3) the absence of siliceous spicules in stromatoporoids. These comparisons suggest that the stromatoporoids were basically encrusting filter feeders like the sclerosponges but had progressed by loss of spicules and periodic introduction of dissepirnents and laminae toward a secretion of a skeleton of the coelenterate type. They cannot be placed with confidence in either the sclerosponges or the hydrozoans and should be recognized us a separate subphylum of the Porifera.

The Occurrence of Squalene in Lipid of Fowlpox Virus

Abstract The lipids of highly purified fowlpox virus and those of the normal and infected host cell (chick scalp epithelium) were studied. 1. It was found that the virus contained 34% lipid with squalene being a major component (16.8%) and the only hydrocarbon present. In contrast, squalene was either absent or present only in trace amounts in normal epithelium. 2. Except for the presence of squalene, the lipid classes of the virus qualitatively resembled those found in the normal cell, but thin layer chromatography and individual measurements revealed marked differences in quantitative distribution. The amount of cholesteryl ester, in particular, was elevated in the virus. Cholesterol, mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acid, phospholipid, and an unidentified lipid class composed the remainder of the virus lipid. 3. Total fatty acids of the virus and the surrounding matrix and those of the normal and infected epithelium were mainly saturated and monoenoic with less than 10% polyenoic members present. Analysis with a complementary thin layer and gas-liquid chromatographic procedure revealed that a minimum of 31 fatty acids containing both even and odd chain members from C12–C28 inclusive were present. Branched chain acids were not found. Two points of dissimilarity between the fatty acid composition of the virus and the normal epithelium were the depression in percentage of odd chain acids and the increased monoene to saturate ratio observed with the virus acids. Fatty acid patterns in the cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid fractions of the virus did not differ greatly. 4. Complex mixtures of aldehydes were discovered in the virus and epithelium phospholipid fractions. At least 54 components, predominately saturated, were detected. Two essentially complete homologous series (normal and isoaldehydes) with even and odd chain members from C10–C28 were found. Anteiso-aldehydes were also present. Aldehydes of the virus were more unsaturated and contained less branched chain members than those of the epithelium. 5. The function of the lipid in fowlpox virus is unclear. The present evidence, however, indicates that the lipid of fowlpox virus differs markedly from that of cell membranes.

Use of Lambs in Pediatric Research

Medical research workers are hampered by the lack of opportunity to experiment on the animal (man) on which their professional interest is focussed. For many years now, and increasingly so of late, physiologists and pediatrics have been turning to the sheep to provide a readily available experimental subject of much the same birth weight as the human infant. While most of these workers appear to realize that Homo sapiens and Ovis aries do have points of physiological dissimilarity, few could tell if their experimental material was normal and many could be trapped into errors of interpretation through unfamiliarity with ovine biology.

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE ORIGIN AND PERPETUATION OF A NEW DISEASE.

PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Volume VII · Number 3 · Spring 1964 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE ORIGIN AND PERPETUATION OF A NEW DISEASE RICHARD E. SHOPE* I. The Origin It is peculiarly appropriate that a Ricketts Lecture should deal with matters pertaining to the origin and perpetuation ofan infectious disease because the work for which Howard Taylor Ricketts is best known concerned these very matters. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, when Ricketts began his investigations ofit, was a mysterious, frequently fatal, typhuslike ailment occurring each spring and early summer in parts ofthe western United States. No one knew from whence it came each year, what its cause was, why it was seasonal, or where it disappeared to. Ricketts, by scientific sleuthing, requiring much imagination, originality, and scientific skill, solved the entire mysteryoftheorigin andperpetuationofthe disease. The story, after itwas completely unraveled and worked out, seemed perfectly simple, as do many great scientific discoveries after they are finally made. Even today, however, over fifty years after his pioneering work, one can only marvel at the skillful and ingenious manner in which he discovered the causative agent of spotted fever, learned the secrets of its method ofperpetuation through a cycle involving ticks and small rodents, and explained its cyclical reappearance each year. He later worked with typhus fever and found in this disease an agent similar to the one hehad shown inspotted fever. Itwas during these studies that he acquired the laboratory infection ofwhich he died on May 3, 1910. His contributions to our knowledge of that group of infectious diseases caused by organisms ofthe type that resulted in his death were numerous * Member and Professor, The Rockefeller Institute, New York. This Howard Taylor Ricketts Lecture was presented May 31, 1963, at the University ofChicago Medical School. 263 and important. Fellow scientists, recognizing the great role Ricketts had played in the discovery ofthese pathogens, perpetuated his name by calling the genus Rickettsia in his honor. Dr. Ricketts, though his scientific career was short, made it a brilliant one by the magnitude ofhis discoveries. The story that I have to tell about the epidemiology ofthe origin and perpetuation of a new disease has some things in common with spotted fever, but in other respects it is quite different. For instance, while man is involved in both, in spotted fever he was the victim; in my story he is the villain. The causative agent in my disease is a virus rather than a rickettsia. However, it does have a reservoir host, though this is quite diffèrent from the ticks which Ricketts found perpetuated spotted fever. My disease has a seasonal incidence,just as has spotted fever, but for quite a diffèrent reason . There are other points of similarity and dissimilarity, but they will emerge as I tell the story. The disease I am talking about is swine influenza, which appeared for the first time in the late summer or early autumn of1918. So far as anyone who observed the original outbreak could tell, a disease ofswine like this one had never before been seen, and there was general agreement among veterinarians and farmers that it was a completely new one. The exact date or locality ofits initial occurrence remains unknown, but careful observers have stated that cases were seen as early as August on farms in western Illinois. It is certain that the disease caused serious losses among swine on exhibition at The National Swine Breeders Show held in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, from September 30 to October 5. At the conclusion of the show, the swine, many ofthem ill, were returned to their home farms, and within two or three days this new disease was stated to be rampant in the portion ofthe drove thathadremained athome. Shortly thereafter it became widespread among swine herds in Iowa and other parts of the Middle West. This first outbreak of swine influenza was no small or minor affair, for during the three or four months at the end of 1918 when it prevailed, literally millions ofswine became ill and thousands died ofit. The disease has recurred each year since 1918. These recurring annual outbreaks have begun in the late autumn and persisted for about three months before abating...

Actions of aminoacids on the isolated hemisected spinal cord of the toad.

The actions of a series of amino-acids related to gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid have been determined upon the isolated and sagittally hemisected spinal cord of the toad, Bufo marinus. Slow and fast components of the ventral root reflex responses following dorsal root stimulation were depressed by gamma-aminobutyric acid and by a series of neutral amino-acids having a similar structure. The relative depressant potencies of the members of this series were determined by comparison of the concentrations of each required to cause the same reduction in the electrically integrated slow components of these reflex responses. Glutamic acid and closely related substances facilitated reflex responses in low concentrations and depressed these responses in high concentrations. The actions of these substances resulted in the depolarization of motoneurones which was recorded as a negative potential in the ventral root. The relative potencies of the substances were estimated from the concentrations of each required to produce negative potentials of the same magnitude.Several amino-acids not previously tested proved to have remarkably strong actions on this preparation. 3-Aminopropanesulphonic acid was the most potent depressant tested; homocysteic acid and N-methylaspartic acid were the most powerful excitatory substances. The D forms of optically active depressants or excitants were always stronger than the corresponding L forms where both enantiomorphs were available. Points of similarity and dissimilarity between these results and those of related investigations are discussed.

Dissimilarity characteristic theorems for graphs

A simple but general dissimilarity characteristic theorem was used in [i] to derive gerLerating functions for counting various classes of graphs. We propose to use this result in a slightly generalized form, stated below as Theorem, to give new and short derivations of Otter's dissimilarity theorem [7], its generalization to cacti [3] (formerly called Husimi trees), and an elementary theorem for graphs [2]. In general we follow standard terminology on graphs (K6nig [6]); our graphs are finite, nonempty, and may have isolated points. A block of a graph (Glied in [6]) is a maximal connected subgraph containing no cut of itself. For a given subgroup ?f of automorphism group of graph, we say that two are similar if a permutation of ?f sends one point into other. By the number of dissimilar points of a graph we mean number of equivalence classes of similar in it; analogously for lines, blocks, etc.

Coat color genes in rodents and carnivores.

INTRODUCTION A NY comparative review of coat color genes in mammals faces unavoidable difficulties. Only a few species have been studied sufficiently to provide enough information for accurate analysis on which genetic similarities or differences between species can be determined. There are at least four types of evidence that will help to estimate the probability of interspecific homology of genes. These will be referred to in discussion of loci in each group. These types of evidence are as follows: (1) similar linkage relations between two or more genes; (2) similar pleiotropic effects of genes; (3) similarity of multiple allelic series; and (4) similar morphogenesis and function of melanoblasts. The interspecific homology of genes or loci will, however, remain to some degree uncertain unless direct evidence from interspecific crosses is available. It seems proper, therefore, to list under each species the genes and loci recorded in it, and later to discuss under the loci the points of similarity and dissimilarity which comparison between species reveals. There seems to be little question that the basic chemical processes underlying melanin pigment formation are similar in rodents and carnivores. It is undoubtedly more than a coincidence that three, and only three, pigments (yellow, brown, and black) are found in the coats of each group. It is also important to note that in all the species observed yellow pigment formation and distribution may, under certain conditions, be affected by genes, independently of the brownblack pigments. The opposite is also true, and one finds genes which appear to act only on brownblack and not on yellow. To a large degree also the basic origin and morphogenesis of melanoblasts appear to be the same in both groups. There may be in carnivores (at least in the Felidae) a skin pattern involving structural differences which is a phenomenon absent or as yet unrecorded in rodents. This condition has been described in the domestic cat by Pocock (1907), who noted that the black bands in striping and blotching were underlined by thicker skin than were the areas which remained light (tawny) as the pigment developed. The presence of skin areas of this type may be the reason for the so-called ghost patterns which sometimes appear in newborn or young black animals and which disappear during the uniform distribution of dark pigment or by the replacement of the juvenile dark pigment by yellow at a later age. This matter will be further discussed when the color genes of cats and dogs are considered. Over a number of decades, efforts have been made to utilize genetic experimentation to help to elucidate the chemical and morphogenetic factors and processes underlying the formation and distribution of melanin pigment in mammals. In genetic studies, the house mouse has had the longest and most important role. From the obviously primitive efforts of the writer (1913) to classify coat color genes, through the much improved analysis by Wright (1917), and up to the

Labor and Government in New Zealand

In November, 1949, the Labor Government in New Zealand was ousted at the polls by the National Party. In December, 1949, the Labor Party in Australia lost control of the government to the Liberal-Country Party. And in October, 1951, the Labor Party in England turned over the government to the Conservatives. The three Labor Parties had something more in common than the proximity in time of their election misfortunes. To a greater or less degree, each was a product of the recognition by wage-earners of common needs and problems resulting from changes in the organization of industry which accompanied industrialization. Each operated in the environment of English traditions, law, and government. They espoused similar ideals and programs. They faced like problems and opportunities during their tenure in office, and, to some extent, they attempted to resolve the challenges which confronted them in analogous ways. Though they possessed common features, the character of each was conditioned by circumstances of geography, location, population, nature of production, and cultural climate. Study of the points of similarity and dissimilarity should reveal some provocative suggestions concerning the implications of political action by vested interest groups in a democratic society. While the English experiment has received extensive attention outside the British Commonwealth, the study of recent Australasian economics and politics has been more or less neglected by American students.

A study of tuberculous pleural effusion in children and adults

Summary (1) The results of the prolonged institutional treatment of 91 children suffering from tuberculous pleural effusion are compared with 58 adults less rigorously treated. The follow-up covers a minimum period of four years. (2) The points of similarity and dissimilarity in various age-groups are discussed and particular attention is drawn to the radiological appearances where marked hilar adenitis was found in 91 per cent of those under 14 years of age falling to 38 per cent in adults. Signs of early pulmonary infiltration were encountered in 24 per cent of adults and were not found in the under eights. (3) In children up to 16 years of age only 2 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis subsequently developed, both cases falling into the young adolescent group. The incidence of phthisis in adults was 11 per cent. All cases which relapsed had either signs of pulmonary infiltration or marked hilar adenitis on admission. (4) It is suggested that primary infection– whether complicated by pleural effusion or not–tends to follow the age-determined pattern, provided other factors are equal. (5) The desirability is stressed of testing skin-reaction to tuberculin periodically in children and young adults on a nation-wide scale, in order to detect primary infection as early as possible.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPREADING FACTOR AND HYALURONIDASE

A comparative study of spreading factor and hyaluronidase in preparations from various sources revealed the following points of similarity and dissimilarity in the two reactions. 1. Similarities: (a) All preparations containing hyaluronidase also produced spreading. (b) Heating at 65 degrees and 100 degrees C. for 30 minutes produced a comparable effect on both reactions. (c) The demonstration of the presence of hyaluronic acid in skin offers a plausible explanation for the mechanism of spreading on the basis of hyaluronidase activity. 2. Dissimilarities: (a) No parallelism was observed in the degree of activity of spreading factor and hyaluronidase in the same preparations. (b) All preparations which produced spreading did not contain hyaluronidase. (c) Antisera to hyaluronidase preparations specifically and completely inhibited the activity of the homologous enzyme but did not inhibit the spreading factor in the same preparations. The significance of the similarities and dissimilarities between the two reactions is discussed. It is concluded that while hyaluronidase may play a rôle in the spreading reaction the phenomenon is a complex one and cannot be explained on the basis of a simple chemical reaction.

Vorlesungen über Wellenmechanik: gehalten an der Staats-Universität zu Columbus, U.S.A.

THESE lectures are more in the nature of comments on wave mechanics than a formal treatment. This is especially true of the first three sections, on waves and corpuscles, the uncertainty principle, and quantum statistics, in which the points of similarity and dissimilarity between the old and new ideas are brought out with great clarity. Under the second head, Prof. Landé gives a neat derivation of the number of degrees of freedom in a system of stationary waves, taking as fundamental the conception of cones of radiation, a method usually explicitly avoided in this connexion. The remainder of the book contains an outline of the applications of wave mechanics on more stereotyped lines, and includes accounts of the derivation and applications of the simple wave equation, the wave mechanics of systems undergoing temporal change, and relativistic wave mechanics.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE REFLEX ACTIVITY OF A MUSCLE OF THE FORE‐LIMB (M. SUPRASPINATUS)

The reflex activity of M. supraspinatus, a muscle of the fore‐limb, has been examined in decerebrated cats, and points of similarity and dissimilarity with the extensor of the knee have been noted.Points of similarity are:1. In the response to stimulation of a nerve of the contralateral arm the phenomenon of “recruitment” of neurone units is apparent.2. In thalamic and intercollicular decerebrate preparations the muscle responds to stretching of its tendon by a sustained “stretch reflex.”Points of dissimilarity are:3. In some preparations neither the crossed extensor reflex nor the stretch reflex are markedly susceptible to inhibitory stimuli, but may show, when the stimuli are not strong, an augmented contraction within 60 σ.4. On occasion, the recruitment curve may be preceded by a brief abrupt contraction resembling a reaction d‐emblee.5. Even quite strong ipsilateral stimuli may fail to produce marked inhibition. When effective, however, the latent period of inhibition is notably brief (25 σ), as in the hind‐limb. There is clearly evident an exaggerated excitatory tendency in the ipsilateral nerves of the fore‐limb which hinders the inhibitory aspect of the same nerves, giving a nett result of either excitation or inhibition. It has been possible to differentiate the exciting and the inhibitory components by inducing a small heemorrhage which usually favours inhibition.6. Section of the spinal cord in the thoraco‐lumbar region increases to a large degree the postural contraction of M. supraspinatus to a degree which, as measured by the decreased length of the muscle, often amounts to 3–7 per cent.

THE NATURE OF HERPES SIMPLEX, WITH A CONSIDERATION OF ITS DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN VARIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

There are many features of resemblance between simple herpes and herpes zoster, but there are also strong points of dissimilarity. In extreme cases of herpes, particularly about the face, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the zoster and simple forms. The clusters of firm vesicles on an erythematous base are identical in both. Histologically, the lesions in the skin and those in the affected nerve structures are practically the same in the two varieties. Thus far simple herpes might almost be regarded as a circumscribed abortive zoster; but there are other differentiating clinical features. The most important is the tendency to recurrence in simple herpes, contrasted with such a rarity of second attacks in herpes zoster as almost to suggest an immunity conferred. Indeed, second attacks of true zoster are no more common than second attacks of measles or scarlet fever. Head and Campbell met with only four cases

The Psychology of Hallucination

Although the psychology of hallucination does not enter largely into the literature of this country, it may be gathered from the writings of our English psychologists that most of them recognise in hallucinations, illusions, percepts, and ideas a family resemblance; but the points of dissimilarity among these processes have not, in my opinion, received their due measure of consideration. I propose, therefore, to describe the ordinary psychology of these processes, drawing especial attention to their points of dissimilarity; and I will endeavour to show that, while their resemblance is mainly psychological, their difference is mainly physiological.

A NEW ALPINE GRASSHOPPER FROM WESTERN CANADA

Among a large number of Orthoptera taken by muyself during a trip ot the Pacific Coast by the Canadian Pacific Railway there is one species belonging to the Melanopli which I was unable to determine from Scudder's “Revision” of the group, and could not even satisfy myself as to its generic place. I therefore sent a pair to Mr. Scudder, who informed me that it was a new species of Asemoplus, but that a change would be necessary in the description of that genus as given in his “Revision of the Melanopli” in order to receive my species. I had noticed the resemblance to Asemoplus in the extremity of the male abdomen, but the total absence of tegmina and other points of dissimilarity caused my uncertainty regarding its true generic position.

Special Points of Similarity and Dissimilarity between the Effects on the Human Body of an Ocerdose of Strychnia and the Symploms of ordinary Tetanus

Special Points of Similarity and Dissimilarity between the Effects on the Human Body of an Ocerdose of Strychnia and the Symploms of ordinary Tetanus