Points Of Disagreement Research Articles

An analysis of pre-attack self-defence doctrines through a risk-based lens

ABSTRACT For many writers, States have a customary law right to self-defensive force before an attack has occurred. The self-defence doctrines of anticipatory, pre-emptive and preventive self-defence all purport to condition the resort to pre-attack self-defensive force in various ways. However, these doctrines are marred by acute terminological ambiguities. To help resolve this ambiguity, this article explores the utility of a risk-based framework for understanding the content of each doctrine and the points of correspondence and disagreement between them. The article undertakes a detailed textual analysis of literature published from 1945 to 2023, analysing the descriptions and discussions of each doctrine in-depth through the lens of a risk-based framework to categorise the variables that condition the resort to force. Even when analysed in this manner, the article finds that the three self-defence doctrines struggle to be meaningfully differentiated. If unresolved, this ambiguity may undermine efforts at conflict mitigation and de-escalation.

What’s Impossible about Algorithmic Fairness?

The now well-known impossibility results of algorithmic fairness demonstrate that an error-prone predictive model cannot simultaneously satisfy two plausible conditions for group fairness apart from exceptional circumstances where groups exhibit equal base rates. The results sparked, and continue to shape, lively debates surrounding algorithmic fairness conditions and the very possibility of building fair predictive models. This article, first, highlights three underlying points of disagreement in these debates, which have led to diverging assessments of the feasibility of fairness in prediction-based decision-making. Second, the article explores whether and in what sense fairness as defined by the conjunction of the implicated fairness conditions is (un)attainable. Drawing on philosophical literature on the concept of feasibility and the role of feasibility in normative theory, I outline a cautiously optimistic argument for the diachronic feasibility of fairness. In line with recent works on the topic, I argue that fairness can be made possible through collective efforts to eliminate inequalities that feed into local decision-making procedures.

Abstract PR016: Do U.S. quitsites present information related to providing services for LGBTQ individuals? An audit study

Abstract Introduction: Most U.S. quitlines have quitsites, websites designated to promote their services. However, little is known about the design of the quitsites and if they present information relevant to providing services for LGBTQ individuals. The present study audited quitsites for the presence of information regarding services for LGBTQ individuals. Methods Using an audit checklist consisting of nine criteria, a cross-sectional audit of the U.S. quitsites was conducted between October 16th, 2023, and November 8th, 2023. The audit was divided into two phases: 1) auditors evaluated each quitsite separately, and 2) auditors met to discuss points of disagreement and reach a consensus. The interrater agreement was calculated. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for each criterion. Results The audit evaluated a total of 46 quitsites. Auditors had an interrater agreement of 96.85%. Findings indicated that most quitsites had at least a singular mention of the LGBTQ community somewhere on their website (84.8%). However, only 4.3% of the quitsites mentioned the LGBTQ community on their landing page. Conclusions It is recommended that quitsites explicitly mention services for LGBTQ individuals on their landing page, which has the potential to engage the community into quitline services and reduce tobacco-related disparities. Implications This study represents the first audit to assess whether U.S. quitsites present information relevant to providing services for LGBTQ individuals. This research adds knowledge about how official quitline websites address services for the LGBTQ community. The results suggest that quitsites explicitly mention the provision of services for LGBTQ individuals on their landing page, which has the potential to engage LGBTQ individuals into quitline services and reduce tobacco-related disparities. Citation Format: Jeffrey Wilmer Ramos Santiago, Scott McIntosh, Rafael Orfin, Daimarelys Lara, Skylar Joseph, Manpreet Kaur, Alixida Ramos-Pibernus, Ana Paula Cupertino, Deborah Ossip, Francisco Cartujano-Barrera. Do U.S. quitsites present information related to providing services for LGBTQ individuals? An audit study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PR016.

The politics of integration in retrospect and the supranational mega‐politics of governance and design in prospect: A roadmap

AbstractThe article argues that the ever‐closer Union among peoples of Europe finds itself at a critical juncture: the unstated and implicit assumption of a community made up of liberal democracies is being challenged and pitted against the rival rebirth of the nationalistic narrative of uniqueness and self‐sufficiency. The readiness to live, or paddle together, is on the line as the once sacrosanct ‘ever closer union among the peoples of Europe’ seems to be the focal point of the principled disagreement that calls into question the very belonging to the community and its continued existence. Faced with these challenges, this article charts an interdisciplinary and holistic road map to grapple with the big supranational questions of the day. It argues that the traditional European discourse moves beyond the technical dichotomy of ‘market regulation versus deregulation’ and ‘Union competence versus Member State competence’ and instead zeroes in on the more fundamental questions pertaining to mega‐politics centred on the identity of the common legal order. While the analysis appreciates the critical interaction between the legal dimension of European supranational integration—the search for optimal tools to safeguard the integrity of the supranational order—it stresses the importance of the ethical face—the narrative and justification that would explain in the name of whom the supranational governance and design acts when it defines and then defends its narrative and First Principles of the common legal order today in flux more than ever.

تداعيات الاختلاف بين المدارس الحديثية

When the disagreement occurred among the Fiqh schools in methodology and deduction, particularly between the school of Ahl Al-Hadith and the school of Ahl Al-Ra’y, it was important to examine and extrapolate the approach of each school in order to identify the points of agreement and disagreement between them. This research aims to identify Ahl Al-Hadith and the concept of Ahl Al-Hadith’s school, clarify the meaning of Ahl Al-Ra’y and the concept of Ahl Al-Ra’y’s school, deduce the methodology that each school adhered to and elucidate their contributions to the Sunnah and its sciences, and conduct a comparison between the two schools to highlight the points of agreement and disagreement between them. To this regard, I combine the inductive, analytical, and comparative approaches. The research is arranged into an introduction, three treatises, a conclusion, a list of bibliography and references. Then the research ends with several findings, including: Ahl Al-Hadith refers to those who have a close connection with the traditions (Athar) through seeking, collecting, understanding, memorizing, narrating, following, and acting accordingly, both outwardly and inwardly, and they possess the critical faculty and the fine discernment to distinguish between authentic and unauthentic narrations of the Prophet (PBUH). Meanwhile, Ahl Al-Ra’y refers to those who consider issues and engage in Ijtihad (Shariah-based-reasoning), and use analogical deduction (Qiyas) in matters of creed and Fiqh, whether their Ijtihad is reprehensible or praiseworthy. As for the recommendations, the most significant among them is the need to understand that disagreement among the four schools of Fiqh pertains to subsidiary matters, while they agree on the fundamental principles of issues.

유아교사의 디지털 역량에 대한 주관적 인식 유형 분석

Objectives This study categorized the perception of early childhood teachers and analyzed the characteristics of each type by applying Q-methodology to find out the digital competencies perceived by early childhood teachers. Methods To this end, in order to analyze literature and extract Q samples, an open-ended survey was conducted with 102 early childhood teachers working at early childhood education institutions located in the Jeonbuk region as the Q population. Among the 102 research subjects, a total of 98 Q populations were formed excluding missing values, and a total of 36 Q samples were extracted through a categorization process. After extracting the Q sample, the Q sample statements were classified for the P sample of 36 current early childhood teachers. The data collected from the P sample of 36 people were scored from 1 point of strong disagreement to 9 points of strong agreement, and factor analysis was performed using the SPSS 29.0 program. Results As a result of the study, early childhood teachers' perception of digital competencies was divided into four types. Type 1 was named competency based on digital citizenship and understanding, Type 2 was named competency to use technology based on digital safety, Type 3 was named cooperation and communication competency using digital technology, and Type 4 was class operation and management competency based on digital responsibility and rights. Conclusions It is expected that this study will provide basic data for digital competency enhancement programs and teacher training suitable for early childhood teachers' perception types.

The Place of Judgment in the Conversation: A Reply to Michael W. Clune

Abstract: I find much to admire in Michael W. Clune’s book A Defense of Judgment . I have some points of disagreement as well. I think the argument concedes too much to the bad idea that political egalitarianism implies a lack of difference among judgments of value. I have reservations about the idea of “expertise” (let alone deference to experts) in philosophy or literary studies. And I believe that Clune’s use of an essay of mine does not accurately portray its content or purpose. Nonetheless I think the book is a powerful and insightful intervention.

The Terrorism and International Public Law

Despite the international community's interest in terrorism, it has not been able to develop a consistent and comprehensive definition of terrorism or to achieve tangible results on the ground concerning its definition of the phenomenon of terrorism because this concept is intertwined with other concepts such as patriotism, nationalism, and legitimacy. This article determines the nature of terrorism, and its elements, and characteristics independent of other crimes, The study aims to clarify points of disagreement and agreement between Arab and Western viewpoints, And both of them agreed that the goal of terrorism is to create a state of terror and panic among the population, However, they differ as to whether the liberation movements have a legitimate or terrorist character, which is reflected in the definition of terrorism by each of the two parties in their internal laws, not to mention the dispute that arose at the level of international forums, including the UN. Despite the many causes, forms, types, and objectives of terrorism, they agree about the element of violence, creating a state of chaos in the targeted societies, and trying to change regimes.

Response to my critics

AbstractCentral banking studies continues to consolidate around common foundations, but points of tension and disagreement persist. In this reply, I discuss three such points raised by contributors to this forum. These relate to the concept of infrastructural power, the significance of financial stability policy, and questions of historiography. I also offer some reflections on future directions for the study of central banks.

Part of the introduction of the Sunni talent book Explanation of the urban introduction of the label Sheikh Said Baashan Investigation and suspension))

Through this scientific research, the researcher sought to highlight a distinguished jurisprudential scientific book of the brand Ba'shin, a book of Sunni talents Our goal in this research is to work towards achieving a chapter of this book in order to complete its full realization, In addition to making every effort to make the most of this unique book, The problem and the outcome of the research was the identification of the label "Living" and his book "Sunni talents" In addition to disassembling the verified part of that book, the researcher used a number of research approaches to solve the problem of research, namely attributing Koranic verses to her wall. and the graduation of the prophetic hadiths contained in the manuscript, and the fact that they stated that they had merely graduated it and attributed it to them, came the research; to highlight Muslim scholars in general and Yemeni scholars in particular; publicizing them and their scientific effort in the service of the Prophet's Year; The research found results, most notably: -Judge Baashan's interest in explaining the urban introduction and taking him out with a wonderful shipwreck befitting the science it contains. -This book is filled with various questions of jurisprudence and benefits, including: the smooth and brief dismantling of the phrase, the identification of some points of disagreement within the framework of doctrine, the listing of the opinions of scholars on the issues contained in the talk, it is like a scientific encyclopedia of jurisprudence.

Physician communication with families during pediatric ECMO: results from a Delphi study

PurposeTo develop physician recommendations for communicating with families during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in Canada and the USA.MethodsWe used the Delphi methodology, which consists of 3 iterative rounds. During Round 1, we conducted semi-structured interviews with each panelist, who were pediatricians from the USA and Canada from the following pediatric specialties: intensive care, cardiac intensive care, and neonatology. We then used content analysis to code the interviews and develop potential recommendations. During Round 2, panelists evaluated each item via a Likert scale as a potential recommendation. Before Round 3, panelists were provided personalized feedback reports of the results of Round 2. During Round 3, panelists re-evaluated items that did not reach consensus during Round 2. Items that reached consensus in Rounds 2 and 3 were translated into the final framework.ResultsConsensus was defined as (1) a median rating ≥ 7 and (2) ≥ 70% of the panelists rating the recommendation ≥ 7. The final framework included 105 recommendations. The recommendations emphasized the importance of clarifying the goal of ECMO, its time-limited nature, and the possibility of its discontinuation resulting in patient death. The recommendations also provide guidance on how to share updates with the family and perform compassionate discontinuation.ConclusionA panel of experts from Canada and the USA developed recommendations for communicating with families during pediatric ECMO therapy. The recommendations offer guidance for communicating during the introduction of ECMO, providing updates throughout the ECMO course, and during the discontinuation of ECMO. There are also points of disagreement on best communication practices which should be further explored.

Opinion: The Key Steps in the Origin of Life to the Formation of the Eukaryotic Cell.

The path from life's origin to the emergence of the eukaryotic cell was long and complex, and as such it is rarely treated in one publication. Here, we offer a sketch of this path, recognizing that there are points of disagreement and that many transitions are still shrouded in mystery. We assume life developed within microchambers of an alkaline hydrothermal vent system. Initial simple reactions were built into more sophisticated reflexively autocatalytic food-generated networks (RAFs), laying the foundation for life's anastomosing metabolism, and eventually for the origin of RNA, which functioned as a genetic repository and as a catalyst (ribozymes). Eventually, protein synthesis developed, leading to life's biology becoming dominated by enzymes and not ribozymes. Subsequent enzymatic innovation included ATP synthase, which generates ATP, fueled by the proton gradient between the alkaline vent flux and the acidic sea. This gradient was later internalized via the evolution of the electron transport chain, a preadaptation for the subsequent emergence of the vent creatures from their microchamber cradles. Differences between bacteria and archaea suggests cellularization evolved at least twice. Later, the bacterial development of oxidative phosphorylation and the archaeal development of proteins to stabilize its DNA laid the foundation for the merger that led to the formation of eukaryotic cells.

My Progressive Confucian Journey

This essay examines the engagement between Progressive Confucianism and Mainland China in three steps. I begin with a narrative of how I came to be someone who identifies as Confucian and advocates Progressive Confucianism. Part II examines an especially important phase in this evolution: the series of ten dialogues I held with Mainland Chinese Confucians in the Spring of 2017. I give an overview of the topics we debated, themes that cut across individual dialogues, and indicate some of the diversity of views among Mainland Confucians—and how all this relates to Progressive Confucianism. The essay concludes with some reflections on the dialogues, including notable points of agreement and disagreement, key areas in which I felt that I had learned from the conversations, and some thoughts about the future of Progressive Confucianism in China.

Disregarding Uncertainty, Marginalizing Patients

What does it mean to “trust the science”? The phrase is often used to suggest that scientific knowledge is static and that the public can treat current recommendations as eternal verities. The medical community is not omniscient, however. Indeed, some illnesses are characterized by uncertainty: it is not clear with what frequency the associated symptoms occur or whether they are a manifestation of a psychological disorder or a physiological disease. The medical field is no stranger to such challenges, labeling such illnesses as “contested.” The communication of uncertainty surrounding these illnesses, however, presents a troubling dynamic. Rather than engaging in constructive dialogue that moves scientific understanding forward, viewpoints become entrenched, points of disagreement are obscured, and professionals retaliate against one another. In the best case scenario, patients are merely left to sort through dense medical concepts on their own; in the worst case, they are targeted by predatory providers. Patients suffer, trust in science declines.
 Drawing on insights from the economics literature, this Article presents a theoretical framework for approaching the uncertainty inherent in contested illnesses. The framework discusses the pattern of evidence accumulation that accompanies an uncertain illness, distinct from that of a disease where uncertainty is substantially resolved. Applying these insights to the communication of uncertainty surrounding contested illnesses, the Article notes that null results in the presence of well-designed studies should be weighed differently than null results in the presence of case studies or small sample studies. If an illness is truly uncertain, the framework highlights the potential benefits of additional caution in approaching irreversible actions, such as prematurely communicating the resolution of uncertainty (which can lead to the development of patient mistrust). This careful communication of uncertainty is vital to prevent patient marginalization and to clarify the often-inscrutable information landscape in these contexts. Current regulations for medical providers and public figures are insufficient, however, to incentivize such careful communication. This Article proposes a government-coordinated informational digest that weighs existing evidence based on the rigor of study design and imputes null results to missing results of completed studies. The agency coordinating the digest will provide incentives for studies that fill gaps in the literature and which incorporate input from patient advocate groups into the design. In doing so, it will enable the medical community to both better handle existing uncertainty and to take important steps toward resolving it. More importantly, however, this transparent process educates the public about how scientific beliefs should evolve and prevents the irreversible harm of patient marginalization.

Giovanni Pico’s warning against pantheistic implications in Ficino’s Neoplatonism

ABSTRACT The famous controversy between Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola is known to regard the proper use of Platonism in humanist and Christian context. With special attention to Pico’s Commentary on a Canzone, the point of disagreement with Ficino, which is not at all obvious, is examined through a close reading. The result is that Pico sees the temptation of a pantheistic and anthropocentric understanding of the relationship between the human realm and God. Whereas Ficino engaged in making pagan philosophy amenable to Christian theology, Pico was concerned with upholding the otherness of the divine. For the humanist agenda, Ficino made plausible that the human world is divinized, while Pico called for the ascent to God. In Pico’s view the Neoplatonists secularized the divine, as was evident in Ficino’s philosophical theology.

Electron impact triple differential cross sections of Xe atoms for coplanar to perpendicular plane single ionisation at 60 eV, 80 eV and 100 eV above ionisation

The evolution of the triple differential cross section (TDCS) for the electron impact ionisation of xenon atoms is reported for the variation of momentum of the projectile electron from a coplanar geometry to a perpendicular plane through intermediate angles with the detection plane. The TDCSs have been calculated for the Xe atoms at 60 eV, 80 eV and 100 eV above the ionisation potential. We have calculated the TDCS using distorted wave Born approximation, utilising both the first and second Born terms. Effects of target polarisation and post-collision interaction have also been included in the complete description of the collision dynamics. The TDCS results are compared with recent measurements by Patel et al (2022 Phys. Rev. A 105 032818) showing a dependence between the TDCS and the scattering geometry and kinematics of the collision. Second-order effects have been found significant, particularly in the description of perpendicular plane ionisation at a low energy and the effect of target polarisation has been found important in describing the coplanar ionisation of the xenon target. With an overall good agreement with the recent measurements, there are points of disagreement which are the motivation for further theoretical effort in the near future, as the present attempt is the first of its kind to analyse these measurements.

Economists on trial: how to make expert duties, meetings, and hot tubs work

There is extensive debate about the use of economic experts in competition litigation, both in the UK and in jurisdictions across Europe. There are several ingredients of good practice that have been developed over time, including the requirement for experts to talk to each other and share their data, and then produce a statement of points of agreement and disagreement to narrow the issues between them. Another ingredient is to give the experts their day in court, through cross-examination or hot tubs. Invented in the Southern Hemisphere, expert hot tubs are increasingly used in competition law cases in Europe. They allow the evidence from economic experts (party-appointed and/or court-appointed) to be heard concurrently in court. These hot tubs come in different shapes and sizes which this article explores.

Drawing on the project initiators’ perspectives to evaluate TURF implementation in the Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park: an online Q methodology study

Territorial User Rights for Fisheries (TURF) are established to grant privileged rights exclusively to local fishing communities to manage their stock within a bounded fishing ground. Theoretically, they will improve their sense of ownership which will eventually lead to stewardship and responsibility. In Indonesia, contemporary TURF has been introduced to meet such social outcomes and address the overfishing problems caused by open-access systems. The primary objective of this study was to determine how different project initiators perceive the system’s performance of TURF in Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park. This study used an online Q methodology to determine what key actors thought of similarities and differences in TURF implementation by developing a concourse based on the original TURF project success elements. The results show that there are two different perspectives on what the essential aspects of TURF succeed in Kepulauan Seribu. The first opinion group appreciated the technical design of TURF, particularly the exclusion mechanism and boundary, which are crucial. A second opinion group argues that the clarity of rights, roles, and responsibilities is fundamental. Both opinion groups agreed that consistent law enforcement is the key to a successful TURF implementation. This study evaluated key stakeholders’ perspectives on co-management programs to identify points of consensus and disagreement that could ultimately help ensure the long-term success of TURF and similar co-management programs.

Physician perspective on the implementation of risk mitigation strategies when prescribing opioid medications: a qualitative analysis

ObjectiveTo understand the physician perspective on the barriers and facilitators of implementing nine different opioid risk mitigation strategies (RMS) when prescribing opioid medications.MethodsWe created and dispersed a cross-sectional online survey through the Qualtrics© data collection platform among a nationwide sample of physicians licensed to practice medicine in the United States who have prescribed an opioid medication within the past year. The responses were analyzed using a deductive thematic analysis approach based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to ensure a holistic approach to identifying the barriers and facilitators for each RMS assessed. In concordance with this method, the themes and codes for the thematic analysis were defined prior to the analysis. The five domains within the CFIR were used as themes and the 39 nested constructs were treated as the codes. Two members of the research team independently coded the transcripts and discussed points of disagreement until consensus was reached. All analyses were conducted in ATLAS.ti© V7.ResultsThe completion rate for this survey was 85.1% with 273 participant responses eligible for analysis. Intercoder reliability was calculated to be 82%. Deductive thematic analysis yielded 2,077 descriptions of factors affecting implementation of the nine RMS. The most salient code across all RMS was Knowledge and Beliefs about the Intervention, which refers to individuals’ attitudes towards and value placed on the intervention. Patient Needs and Resources, a code referring to the extent to which patient needs are known and prioritized by the organization, also emerged as a salient code. The physicians agreed that the patient perspective on the issue is vital to the uptake of each of the RMS.ConclusionsThis deductive thematic analysis identified key points for actionable intervention across the nine RMS assessed and established the importance of patient concordance with physicians when deciding on a course of treatment.

First-principles calculation of electron-phonon coupling in doped KTaO3.

Background: Motivated by the recent experimental discovery of strongly surface-plane-dependent superconductivity at surfaces of KTaO 3 single crystals, we calculate the electron-phonon coupling strength, λ, of doped KTaO 3 along the reciprocal-space high-symmetry directions. Methods:Using the Wannier-function approach implemented in the EPW package, we calculate λ across the experimentally covered doping range and compare its mode-resolved distribution along the [001], [110] and [111] reciprocal-space directions. Results: We find that the electron-phonon coupling is strongest in the optical modes around the Γ point, with some distribution to higher k values in the [001] direction. The electron-phonon coupling strength as a function of doping has a dome-like shape in all three directions and its integrated total is largest in the [001] direction and smallest in the [111] direction, in contrast to the experimentally measured trends in critical temperatures. Conclusions: This disagreement points to a non-BCS character of the superconductivity. Instead, the strong localization of λ in the soft optical modes around Γ suggests an importance of ferroelectric soft-mode fluctuations, which is supported by our findings that the mode-resolved λ values are strongly enhanced in polar structures. The inclusion of spin-orbit coupling has negligible influence on our calculated mode-resolved λ values.