5-point Likert Scale Research Articles

Work-Life Balance and Employee Performance in Selected Deposit Money Banks in Delta State, Nigeria

This study examined the effect of work-life balance on employee performance among staff of selected deposit money banks in Delta State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to ascertain the effect of the measures of work-life balance, namely; flexi-time schedules, family leave programs, child care facilities, and job sharing on the employee performance. Survey research design was adopted in this study. The total population of the study was 2,083 employees from nine selected banks which comprise of staff of the banks under study. The Taro Yamane formula was used to draw a sample size of 336 employees. The primary data used in this study were collected through the aid of five point-likert scale structured questionnaire. A total of three hundred and thirty-six (336) copies of questionnaire were administered to staff of selected deposit money banks in Delta State. However, three hundred and nineteen (319) were retrieved and properly filled. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regressions with the aid of SPSS version 23. The findings revealed that the four dimensions of work-life balance have positive significant effect on employee performance. The study concluded that work-life balance is a strong determinant employee performance in deposit money banks in Delta State, Nigeria. The study recommended that more flexi-time schedules be made available to all employees, provided it will not affect their performance. Also, managers of these banks should encourage their employees to fix their leave at their convenient period after performing all their work related duties. In order to achieve a successful work-life balance, management should provide a conducive work environment and flexible work hours as well as consider job sharing options.

Standards for Quality Improvement Registries on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Delphi Consensus Report From VASCUNET and International Consortium of Vascular Registries

Outcome registries in vascular surgery are increasingly used to drive quality improvement by vascular societies. The VASCUNET collaboration, within the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS), and the International Consortium of Vascular Registries (ICVR) developed a set of variables for quality improvement registries on abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair as a registry standard. Representatives from international vascular registries within VASCUNET, ICVR, and other nations with established registries were invited to provide the variables. The final variables were developed through a two stage modified Delphi process. Variables from the established registries with at least 60% consensus among all the registries were included for round 1. A five point Likert scale (strongly disagree to fully agree) was used. If the limit of consensual agreement was not reached in round 1, the variable was discussed again in round 2. For round 2, an array question method (yes, no to unsure) was used. Agreement of at least 70% resulted in the variable being included in the final dataset. A total of 88 out of 371 variables extracted from all AAA registries were circulated in the modified Delphi process as they reached the 60% consensus threshold. The questionnaire was circulated to 55 participants (round 1: 49; 89%; round 2: 43; 78%). After two rounds, 70 variables were recommended on consensual agreement. These variables comprised demographics (n = 4), pre-operative information (n = 28), intra-operative variables (n = 18), post-operative variables (n = 5), and follow up (n = 13). Based on this modified Delphi process, an international panel of vascular surgeons representing quality improvement registries recommended 70 core variables as standard in registries on AAA repair. The inclusion of a core set of variables in AAA vascular registries may help to further harmonise observational research and quality of AAA repair among global healthcare systems.

Mediasi Iklim Etis Pada Kepemimpinan Etis Dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior

This study employs a quantitative method with a descriptive and explanatory survey approach. The research was conducted at the Kampar Regency Land Office, aiming to examine the role of ethical climate in mediating the influence of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior. The population of this study consists of all employees of the Kampar Regency Land Office, totaling 144 people. Based on this population size, the sample size for this study is 103 people, as determined by the Krejcie and Morgan table (1970). The sampling method used in this research is Systematic Random Sampling. All respondents will provide primary data related to the variables, collected through a questionnaire using a 1-5 point Likert scale. All obtained data will be analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Smart PLS 3.0 analysis tool. The analysis results indicate that ethical leadership has a significant positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior, ethical leadership has a significant positive effect on ethical climate, ethical climate has a significant positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior, and ethical climate mediates the influence of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior.

Sustainability Issues in Fast Fashion Clothing

This paper aims to study the sustainability issues in the fast fashion clothing industry. The fast fashion industry quickly replicates the latest trends in clothing from fashion shows, catwalks etc. and makes it available at cheaper rates in retail markets. While this industry helps the youth to have access to new fashion at lesser rates, it uses such materials to make clothes that lead to waste that cannot be disposed of in an environment friendly manner. This leads to pollution of water, soil and air. This industry has a large number of consumers but when it comes to sustainability there is a challenge. In this paper consumer awareness on sustainability in fashion clothing and its impact on buying behavior is proposed to be studied. There is a general belief that consumer awareness transforms their buying behavior. The survey instrument is a questionnaire containing statements on the demographic profile of the respondents, their awareness levels regarding sustainability and their buying behavior in fast fashion clothing. The responses would be measured using a five point Likert scale. The respondents would be millennials and Gen Z as they are the biggest consumers in the fast fashion industry. Analysis would be done using Weighted mean scores and correlation to understand sustainability issues in the fast fashion industry. This paper would be of relevance to the players in fast fashion clothing and to policy makers in knowing consumer preferences, attitudes, awareness levels and their choices. This paper will thus help in bringing about changes in the fast fashion world to make it more sustainable. ___

COMPETENCE AND TEACHER PERFORMANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MODERATING ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION

This study aims to examine the effect of competence on performance, with job satisfaction as a moderator, among vocational high school teachers in Pekanbaru City. The approach used is quantitative, with the research population consisting of all vocational high school teachers in Pekanbaru City, totaling 778 individuals. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table (1970), the sample size is 260 individuals, selected through Systematic Random Sampling. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire using a 1-5 point Likert scale and processed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS 3.0 as the analytical tool. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that: 1) competence has a positive and significant effect on performance, 2) job satisfaction also has a positive and significant effect on performance, and 3) job satisfaction moderates the effect of competence on teacher performance.

A Descriptive Study To Assess The Job Stress And Satisfaction, Among Operating Room Nurses Working At Multi Specilty Hospital Of Vellore, Tamil Nadu

We use the word "stress" when we feel that everything seems to have become too much - we are overloaded and wonder whether we really can cope with the pressures placed upon us. Anything that poses a challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress. More than 60% of nurses say they have suffered the side-effects of workrelated stress, such as physical or mental health problems in the past year. according to the findings from our latest annual survey on the state of nursing. “l am nearly on my knees with the level of work l have. l am beyond exhausted and have gone off with stress today”. Job satisfaction is defined as the affective feeling an employee has towards their job. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the job stress, and job satisfaction among the staff nurses working in the Operating Room of Multi-specialty Hospital Vellore in Tamil Nadu. All the nurses working in the OR who fulfilled the inclusion criteria was selected using total enumerative sampling technique. The data was collected by administering the self-administered questionnaire for job stress and the job satisfaction. Instrument: The job stress will be assessed by using the perceived stress scale which is a free standardized tool. The investigator developed a tool to assess the job satisfaction. The instrument had three parts. Part I Demographic data, Part II job satisfaction The investigator prepared the 5 point Likert scale under the headings of patient care. Interpersonal relationship, professional development. Personal development and the ward management which got 25 questions with the description of highly dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neither dissatisfied nor satisfied, satisfied, highly satisfied. and Part III was to assess the job stress. Perceived stress scale which has got 10 questions with the description of 0 to 4. 0=Never, 1= almost never, 2= sometimes, 3= fairly often, 4= very often, used to assess the Job stress Scoring: The sum of the score was added up and the total score was 125 for the job satisfaction < 25 was considered as Highly dissatisfied, 26-50 was Dissatisfied 51- 75 neither dissatisfied nor satisfied 76- 100 Satisfied and 101- 125 was Highly satisfied. To get a total score for the Job stress each item was added up. Individual scores on the PSS can range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress. 0-13 was considered low stress. 14-26 was considered as moderate stress and 27-40 was considered high perceived stress.

Impact of Information System Quality on Perceived Bank Performance: Mediating Role of E-Banking Product

With the increase of information technology, the use of e-banking products recently increases tremendously in Bangladesh. So, a study is conducted to determine the direct impact of information system quality on perceived bank performance and the also indirect impact of information system quality on perceived bank performance with e-banking product mediation. Under these circumstances, the value of information system quality, perceived bank performance and e-banking product outcome are measured with five points Likert scale, with 1 being the most strongly disagreed and 5 the most strongly agreed with the statement in a close ended survey questionnaire response from 240 respondents selected by purposefully sampling method in Chattogram city, Bangladesh. In the factor analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) method is developed to classify the data into three factor and validate with Cronbach’s alpha, convergent and discriminant value from collected questionnaire response in IBM SPSS Statistics 26. Based on the above classification, structure equation model (SEM) is developed in IBM SPSS AMOS 22 to identify the mediation effect of e-banking product in the information system quality on perceived bank performance and validate with model validity. The bank authority may increase the e-banking product, which will increase the information system quality on perceived bank performance. This research knowledge may be utilized in policy making and strategy formulation to increase the perceived bank performance, which lead to more profit in future.

User-Generated Contents and Brand Loyalty of Skinscare Products in Port Harcourt

This paper empirically investigated the relationship between User-Generated Contents and Brand Loyalty of Skincare Products in Port Harcourt. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to determine how user authenticity and user engagement rate relate with customer satisfaction and repeat patronage of skincare products in Port Harcourt. The correlational research design was adopted and the population of the study was infinite. Topman’s formula was used to generate a sample size of 384 customers. However, only 262 respondents provided data for the study through questionnaire that was designed in the Likert 5-point scale of strongly disagree to strongly agree. Spearman Correlation (rho) was used to four hypotheses. From results of the analysis it was revealed that user authenticity and user engagement rate which are the proxies of user-generated contents positively and significantly relate with customer satisfaction and repeat patronage (i.e. measures of brand loyalty) of skincare products in Port Harcourt. Based on these findings, it was concluded that both factors have a very strong and positive impact on customer loyalty, with authenticity playing a particularly crucial role in shaping customer perceptions and trust. The strong relationship between user engagement and repeat patronage further highlights the importance of fostering active and meaningful interactions with customers. Therefore, the study recommended amongst others that skincare brands should encourage genuine customer reviews and testimonials by creating platforms where customers feel comfortable sharing their honest experiences. Authentic content resonates more with potential buyers, fostering trust and leading to higher customer satisfaction and repeat purchases.

Psychosocial Factors Influencing Voting Behavior

This study delves into the voting behaviour in the context of Indian electorate, shedding light on understanding it in the relatively new dimension, where the focus is primarily on psychological factors and social factors (demography) influencing the voting behaviour, which further sheds light on understanding the broader issues, like low voter turnout in India compared to other democracies worldwide, understanding of opinion polls and exit surveys and other evolving unethical Influences which are centred around mental process of voters cognition, which could create a new dimension of understanding the need for neuro rights of the voters, where the motive of free and fair elections can be achieved. This pioneering attempt to comprehend the psycho - social factors influencing voting behaviour in the Indian electoral system is groundbreaking as it has never been attempted before. In an election scenario, voters are exposed to a myriad of stimuli related to political candidates, parties, promises, and discussions, prompting selective exposure, perception, and integration processes to form the basis for their voting decisions. The study also draws on the voter turnout theory, highlighting the role of social reference groups and their impact on voter behaviour. Furthermore, it emphasizes the under explored domain of psychological and social factors in explaining political attitudes and voting behaviour among the mass public from relative unexplored dimensions, asserting that psychological traits directly influence the voting behaviour. With the Indian electoral system becoming increasingly dynamic due to diverse societal participation and steadily growing influential factors the need for study arises strongly, This research attempt is being carried forward by examining personality through the DISC personality assessment tool and quantifying the voting behaviour through the theory of planned behaviour questionnaire, the study seeks to discern the connections between demographic variables, personality traits and voting behaviour (intention). The components of voting behaviour were formed on the pivotals of theory of planned behaviour (TBH) such as behaviour beliefs, control beliefs and normative beliefs which more precisely create assessment area of voting behaviour intention. The study employs questionnaire with a five - point Likert scale to measure respondents' agreement with statements related to voting behaviour. The research's objectives include exploring the influence of a voter's personality and demographic variables on their voting behaviour and the influence of specific personality types on various facets of voting behaviour. The study's hypotheses posit that voting behaviour is influenced by psycho - social factors, particularly personality and demographic variables, and that different personality types may alternatively influence the voting behaviour intention. In conclusion, this study aims to elevate our comprehension of this context to a higher standard.

Persepsi Masyarakat Kota Pontianak Terhadap Wacana Redenominasi Rupiah Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Pelaku UMKM Di Kota Pontianak)

Redenomination is included in the Ministry of Finance's 2020-2024 strategic plan and will be realized in the near future. Redenomination offers many benefits for the economy, but its implementation must be careful to avoid hyperinflation. One important factor in the success of redenomination depends on people's knowledge about redenomination, which will influence their perceptions. Wrong perceptions can make people reject redenomination because it is considered the same as sanering. Therefore, a study of public perception is needed before implementing redenomination. This research uses the Spearman Rank Correlation method with a sample of 100 MSMEs in Pontianak City. Data was collected through a questionnaire with a 5 point Likert scale. The research results show that the public has adequate (good) knowledge and perceptions regarding the government's plans to implement the redenomination policy. The amount of income has no implications for the public's perception regarding the redenomination plan that will be implemented by the government, and the level of education has no implications for the public's perception regarding the redenomination plan that will be implemented by the government.

Exploring the Effects of Using AI Technologies in Higher Education Institutions in UAE

This study aimed to explore the effects of using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in higher education institutions in UAE on students and faculty members. Through designing a survey on Google Form and adopting a descriptive analytical approach, the intended goals were met. This survey employs the five point Likert scale and includes two main parts. The first part collects data about (gender, name of the university, and academic rank). The second part targets two areas. The first area is the effects of using AI technologies in higher education institutions in UAE on students and the second area is the effects of using AI technologies on faculty members. The researchers shared the survey link on several WhatsApp groups that target faculty members in eight universities in UAE. The survey was filled by 244 faculty members. Thus, the purposive sampling method was used. SPSS program was used for conducting an analysis for the collected data. It was found that using AI technologies in higher education institutions in UAE has positive effects on students and faculty members. In terms of students using AI technologies develops the critical thinking, research, critical thinking and time management skills of students.

Knowledge And Attitude Regarding Rabies Prevention Among Adults Residing Under The Field Areas Of Medical College Health Unit, Pangappara

ABSTRACT Rabies has been one among the most dreaded diseases to man since antiquity. The present study was intended to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding rabies prevention among adults residing under the field areas of Medical College Health Unit, Pangappara. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding rabies prevention, to assess the practice regarding rabies prevention, to find out the correlation between knowledge and attitude and to find out the association between knowledge of adults regarding rabies prevention with sociodemographic variables. The research approach adopted for the study was quantitative and the data was collected from 408 participants. The study design was cross sectional design and participants were selected using cluster sampling technique. Socio demographic data and the knowledge were assessed using an interview schedule, attitude and practice were assessed using a five point Likert scale and a checklist respectively. Data analysis was carried out using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 47.1% had good knowledge,28.4% had average knowledge and 24.5% had poor knowledge regarding rabies prevention and 38% of adults had positive attitude,36% had uncertain attitude and 26% had negative attitude towards rabies prevention,45.9% reported good practice after an animal bite. The study revealed that there was a moderate positive correlation between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.443 and p < 0.05) and there was a significant association between knowledge of adults regarding rabies prevention with age, socio economic status and adults participation status in rabies prevention campaign. The study concludes the necessity for preventing the mortality by dog mediated Rabies.

The Gig Economy and its Influence on Millenial Lifestyles and Purchasing Behaviour in Developing Markets – Case Study: Lagos, Nigeria

Delving into the profound impact of the gig economy on lifestyles and buying habits of Millennials in Lagos state, Nigeria, this research focuses explicitly on the retail, entertainment, and logistics sectors. The study employs a positive epistemological approach and a survey design involving 400 gig-working Millennials across three local governments. The research captures nuanced shifts in purchasing behaviour through structured questionnaires featuring a Likert 5-point scale and open-ended questions, emphasizing the interplay between gig work and individual choices. Rigorous validation measures, including a pilot study and Cronbach's alpha, ensure the robustness of the research. Noteworthy findings include a surge in online purchases and a preference for bargains, aligning with utilitarian theory and reflecting a cautious spending approach which ultimately concludes that gig work significantly influences Millennials' consumer behaviour, prompting necessary adaptations in business models.

Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of pharmacy students’ acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines in South India

Purpose: To assess South Indian pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding adherence to COVID-19 immunization guidelines. Methods: A six-month prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among KMCH College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore pharmacy students. The 39 validated questions on knowledge, attitudes, practices, and concerns about the COVID-19 vaccine were used to grade replies using 3-point and 5- point Likert scales. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0, was used to analyze the data. Results: The survey was completed by a total of 271 pharmacy students. A majority (59 %) of students possessed adequate knowledge (p = 0.0003), and 92 % were willing to receive COVID-19 vaccinations. The majority of respondents have implemented COVID-19-appropriate practices. Majority of information sources (52 %) were from healthcare providers. Conclusion: Pharmacy students in South India have a fair knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination. More effort is required to improve awareness on this subject.

Factors Influencing Outsourcing Of Valuation Services By Financial Institutions In Lagos State

This paper examines the factors that influence outsourcing of valuation by Financial Institutions (FI) in Lagos State, this with a view to enhance valuation services delivery. Primary data used for the study were obtained from the questionnaires administered on 101 financial institutions found within the scope of well-structured financial institutions and accessed through their head offices. A total of 78 questionnaires were retrieved and found useable for this study. The data were analyzed with the aid of inferential statistics such as mean rating using 5 points Likert scale. The study showed that ‘’ Reduce Management burden’’, ‘’ Allow Management to concentrate on core business’’, and ‘’Improve Accountability’’ are the top three related factors influencing outsourcing of Valuation services while ‘’to improve quality of work’’, ’to improve speed of work’’ and ‘’ to improve productivity’’ are the three least factors influencing valuation outsourcing and are even insignificant as the least three have mean rating less than 2.5. The study concluded that Estate Valuers are not known for quality work, in other word Estate Surveyors and Valuers are engaged by FI not really to improve quality of work, improve speed of work or to improve productivity but for FI to be able to concentrate on the core business. It is therefore essential for Estate Valuer to improve on their quality and speed of their work so as to enhance desired productivity for them to be able to compete favourably with their counterpart in the developed nations. The efficient service delivery will add value to financial institutions operations, better the lot of stakeholders and subsequently improve national economy

Innovation in Legislation and Its Role in Stimulating the Development of Legal Administration: An Analytical Study in Legal Institutions

The research aims to understand the impact of innovation in legislation on the development of legal management. We depended on 3 dimensions: (Flexibility –Transparency Inclusiveness). A sample such as a hundred employees become drawn, representing 50% of the populace size. A questionnaire become used to acquire the desired information, and the facts were analyzed the usage of SPSS 25 statistical software. The researcher dispensed 160 research bureaucracy and retrieved a 125 questionnaires, representing a reaction charge of 78%. There had been 25 invalid questionnaires for evaluation, accounting for 15.6%. Thus, 100 valid questionnaires had been obtained, forming the studies pattern with a reaction charge of 62.5 %. A set of statistical techniques changed into hired, such as imply calculation, correlation coefficient, and simple regression analysis, further to the use of a five point Likert scale for individual responses inside the sample. The studies concluded with several findings, the most vital of which might be: There is a vast impact of innovation in rules throughout its studied dimensions in stimulating the improvement of legal management. The researcher recommended the need of increasing funding in legislative development by allocating extra financial resources and human capital to enhance the prison infrastructure.

RESEARCH ON THE FORMATION MECHANISM OF ENTREPRENEURIAL RESILIENCE OF CHINESE RURAL MAKERS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SELF-LEADERSHIP

This study adopts a combination of theoretical research and empirical research methods. First, we designed a questionnaire based on a literature review, primarily using a Likert 5-point scale, which covered variables such as self-leadership, entrepreneurial resilience, entrepreneurial identity, flow experience, and government entrepreneurial support perception. The Rural Makers column group and the industry alliance assisted in the distribution of 587 questionnaires to the Chinese rural maker group, leading to the final collection of 427 valid questionnaires. We performed data analysis and hypothesis testing using statistical software such as SPSS26.0 and AMOS24.0. The results show that: (1) Self-leadership has a significant positive impact on the entrepreneurial resilience of rural makers. (2) Self-leadership indirectly promotes the formation of entrepreneurial resilience. (3) Entrepreneurial identity and flow experience have a positive impact on entrepreneurial resilience. (4) Perception of government support for entrepreneurship positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial resilience. These findings reveal the formation mechanism of entrepreneurial resilience among rural makers, provide theoretical guidance and practical inspiration for improving the entrepreneurial resilience of rural entrepreneurs and coping with entrepreneurial challenges, and also enrich the research results in the field of rural entrepreneurship.

Development and Validation of a Comprehensive English Test for Sophomore Students in Liaoning, China

The English proficiency of Chinese college students varies in different regions and majors. For college students, it’s of great importance to know their strengths and weaknesses in the process of language learning and to have targeted practice . For language teachers, it is quite significant to identify the problems and needs of students in English learning, to adjust the teaching methods and contents and to improve the teaching effect. At the same time, the feedback of the test results can also promote the school’s attention to and investment i n English teaching and promote the in depth reform of English teaching. In this procedure, a comprehensive English test is an effective way. This study describes developing and validating a comprehensive English test for sophomore students at Shenyang Univ ersity of Chemistry and Technology in Liaoning, China. The test is designed to assess students' English proficiency upon completing the "New Century College English Reading" course. The research employed a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative meth ods for test development and expert review with quantitative methods for statistical validation. The test development process included content analysis of course materials, creation of test specifications aligned with course objectives, and item writi ng. T he test covers four key language domains: listening, reading, translation, and writing. Validation is conducted through expert r eview using a content, construct, and face validity checklist. Five experienced English language teaching and assessment experts evaluated the test using a 15 item checklist with a 5 point Likert scale. Results showed high overall validity, with mean scores above 4.0 for content validity, construct validity, and face validity, indicating strong agreement among experts on the test' s validation. While the study provides strong evidence for the test's validity, limitations include the sample size and geographic scope. Future research directions include longitudinal studies to assess predictive validity and cross regional validation to evaluate the test's applicability across China's educational contexts. This study contributes to English language assessment in Chines e higher education in Liaoning province. It provides a validated tool that aligns closely with curriculum objectives and a ddresses the need for comprehensive language proficiency evaluation.

Social Capital Elevates Courtesy Take into Consideration Teaching-Learning Process in Secondary Schools

Social capital which is also known as relational capital plays very significant role in enhancing education by fostering innovations in educational institutions. Social capital encompasses the relationships and networks which facilitate knowledge sharing, collaboration, and community engagement which are essential for teaching learning process. The existence of productive social capital among the stake holders promotes civility which leads towards imparting quality education to the learners. The main aim of this study is to highlight the importance of social capital in educational institutes. The data for the current study has been collected from a sample size of target population of secondary school teachers in Tehsil Wari, Dir Upper, Pakistan. The study is quantitative in nature as close-ended questionnaire comprising of 33 items covering six dimensions of social capital and teaching learning process with a five point Likert Scale is used for data collection. The validity and reliability of this survey instrument has been ensured by following predetermined principles, like sending for validation to four experts in the field, and checking the value of Cronbach’s alpha. The collected data has been analyzed by using SPSS-22. Descriptive statistics highlights that data is normally distributed therefore parametric tests like Pearson Correlation has been used to determine the relationship between social capital and teaching learning process. The results provide evidence that there is a high, positive and significant correlation between social capital and teaching-learning process. From results it is concluded that for effective teaching-learning process, the existence of social capital in educational institute is of paramount importance. The study recommends that there is need for further research as to explore antecedent variables affecting the co-existence of social capital and teaching-learning process.

Roles of Traditional Beliefs in Conservation of Ikyomaaki Andtsegavar Community Forests in Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria

This study evaluated how traditional beliefs in Vandeikya Local Government Area, Benue State, contribute to the preservation of forest resources in Ikyo Maaki and Tse Gaver community forests. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select 6 communities, 3 communities in Ikyo Maaki and 3 communities Tse Gavar, the selection was based on their proximity to these community forests. In each of the selected community 25 persons were randomly selected from the key informants. This gives sampling intensity of 150 respondents, however only 133 questionnaires were retrieved. Data were collected with the aid of semi- structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and five points Likert scale were used to analyse the data collected. It was established that, restriction of access to the community forests, ban on felling of live trees in the community forests, ban on hunting in the forest, Ban on Killing of Mona Monkey, Restriction of pregnant women from entering the forest and enactment of traditional rules and regulations as well as sanction and fines were traditional practices used for the conservation of their community forests. The respondents agreed (WMS=3.74) that traditional beliefs were used as tools for forest conservation. Traditional beliefs were every effective in the conservation forest resources (WMS=4.44), those enforcing them were effective (WMS=3.77). Payment of high fines was one of the effective sanctions used (WMS=3.76). Traditional beliefs and practices were very effective of the community forests, it was recommended that such practices should be harnessed by relevant authorities for the management of our declined natural resources.