Historical Time Points Research Articles

Data from “Changes in test-taking patterns over time” concerning the Flynn Effect in Estonia

The dataset from our previous Intelligence paper consists of data collected from the National Intelligence Tests (NIT, Estonian adaptation) at two historical time points: in 1933/36 (N=890) and in 2006, (N=913). The average age of the students was 13 years. The data-file consists of information about the cohort, age, and gender and test results at the item level for nine of the ten NIT subtests and subtest scores for the 10 th subtest. The three answer types are separated into three categories: right answers, wrong answers and missing answers. Data can be used for the psychometric research of cohort and sex differences at the scale and item level.

Decolonizing Feminism: Challenging Connections between Settler Colonialism and Heteropatriarchy

The article explores two intertwined ideas: that the United States is a settler colonial nation-state and that settler colonialism has been and continues to be a gendered process. The article engages Native feminist theories to excavate the deep connections between settler colonialism and heteropatriarchy, highlighting five central challenges that Native feminist theories pose to gender and women's studies. From problematizing settler colonialism and its intersections to questioning academic participation in Indigenous dispossession, responding to these challenges requires a significant departure from how gender and women's studies is regularly understood and taught. Too often, the consideration of Indigenous peoples remains rooted in understanding colonialism as an historical point in time away from which our society has progressed. Centering settler colonialism within gender and women's studies instead exposes the still-existing structure of settler colonialism and its powerful effects on Indigenous peoples and settlers. Taking as its audience practitioners of both "whitestream" and other feminisms and writing in conversation with a long history of Native feminist theorizing, the article offers critical suggestions for the meaningful engagement of Native feminisms. Overall, it aims to persuade readers that attending to the links between heteropatriarchy and settler colonialism is intellectually and politically imperative for all peoples living within settler colonial contexts.

Rhetorical unit analysis and Bakhtin’s chronotype

Bakhtin introduced the concept of chronotope (chronos = time; topos = space) to facilitate his exploration of the ways in which space-time intersections occur in literary texts. However, he also suggests that chronotopes characterise non-literary texts — indeed, that “every entry into the sphere of meaning is accomplished only through the gates of the chronotope” (1981: 258) — this historical, biographical and social time-space configuration. This formulation immediately suggests that these categories should be accessible via the categories of language and indeed, in English, they are most generally expressed via the Mood categories Subject and Finite. These same Mood categories of English are crucially involved in the identification of a unit of discourse — the rhetorical unit (Cloran 1994). Thus, this discourse unit provides a useful means of concretising, from a linguistic perspective, Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope and investigating the presence of such chronotopes in the everyday mundane discourse of mother-child interaction. Selections from such interaction are illustrations of authentic cultural chronotopes, and provide exempla of a (sub)cultural chronotopic motif within the broader culture, i.e. social positioning at a particular historical point in time (the late 20th century Australian culture).

Reading Spanish colonial literary texts: the example of la araucana

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Patricia Seed defines colonial discourse as an “emergent interdisciplinary critique of colonialism … originating from the intersection of dissatisfaction about the limitations of existing critiques of colonial rule with the contemporary intellectual movement known as poststructuralism” (1991, p. 182). The most comprehensive study I have read to date is that of Francisco Cevallos (1989 Cevallos, FJ. (1989). ‘Don Alonso de Ercilla and the American Indian: history and myth’. Revista de Estudios Hispánicos, vol. 23(no. 3): pp. 1–20 [Google Scholar]). Bakhtin introduced his concept of “chronotope” in 1937–38 (1981b, pp. 84–86). In his essay he considers early forms of assimilating time and space in artistic images. The most important aspect of the concept of chronotope is the visualizing in the artistic work of a human being in relation to his/her temporal and spatial context. Human existence can only be understood within a physical‐geographical space and a specific point in historical time. This unified time/space perception of life is given the name “chronotope”. Corpus Christi and Semana Santa began during the height of the Counterreformation. Fray Luis de Granada (1504–83), Fray Luis de León (1526–91), Santa Teresa de Jesús (1515–82) and San Juan de la Cruz (1542–91) are the most famous of the sixteenth‐century mystics. Additional informationNotes on contributorsKevin Krogh Correspondence to: Kevin Krogh, Utah State University, Department of Languages and Philosophy, UMC 0720, Logan, Utah 84322‐0720, USA. Correspondence to: Kevin Krogh, Utah State University, Department of Languages and Philosophy, UMC 0720, Logan, Utah 84322‐0720, USA.

Early maps as stepping stones for the reconstruction of historic ecological conditions and biota.

We reconstructed the flora of a European region at a historical point in time from historical topographical maps that contain rather precise information about the condition and composition of habitats. The ecological information obtained from these maps can be enriched through the potential of broadly diversified archival information. This study is confined to grassland communities. Considerations in terms of phytosociology make historical lists of plant species a good starting point for the reconstruction of grassland communities. The combination of historical and scientific methods proves suitable for reconstructing specific historical environmental conditions. Taking into account the frequency of relevant historical sources in European archives as well as in archives abroad, this approach claims for far-reaching application to ecosystem restoration matters, especially if ecological information from natural sources is missing.

Iab Employment Subsample 1975-1995: Opportunities for Analysis Provided by the Anonymised Subsample

The IAB employment subsample is now available for researchers in a third, anonymized version. Following the so-called basic file and the regional file from the IAB employment subsample, which encompassed the years 1975 to 1990, the actualized version of the basic file covers now the years 1975 to 1995 and contains for the first time information on Eastern Germany for the period 1992 to 1995. Therefore, the IAB employment subsample is equipped with data of one percent of all employees registered by the social insurance system within the given period of 21 years. This data has been stored into a file by the Federal Employment Service (Bundesanstalt fuer Arbeit) to provide an insurance account for each employee recorded by the German social insurance system. Supplementary information on establishments and on unemployment periods in which a claimant received benefits was added to the sample. This version now contains exact daily flow information on the employment history of 559,540 persons as recorded by the social insurance system and on periods of drawing benefits as well. It allows one to reproduce employment careers without typical problems of longitudinal surveys which do arise in social research (e.g., panel mortality, memory gaps). Nevertheless, there are specific problems that appear as a result of the data generation process. In general, data from the employment statistics like the IAB employment subsample is subject to confidentiality under Social Code Book X. Passing this data to third parties would have made complicated approval procedures necessary. To avoid such difficulties the IAB decided on the anonymization of the data with a procedure based on the factual anonymization under the Federal Statistics Act. The project could only be realized with financial assistance from the scientific community. Along with the anonymizing of person- and establishment-related cross-section information, the longitudinal information of the persons involved had to be anonymized factually, too. The procedure mainly consisted in the aggregation of the characteristics and in a shift of the complete employment history of each person on the time axis. Comparing the anonymised with the original IAB employment subsample it is shown that the anonymizing procedures do not place any serious constraints on the analysis potential of the file. Though the distribution of establishment transitions along the time axis cannot not be reproduced with the anonymized IAB employment subsample, cross-section comparisons of stocks at an historical point in time and multivariate models aiming at daily accuracy (e.g., piecewise constant exponential models) do not lead to any deviations of the results between the two files. The anonymised IAB employment subsample, which is available to researchers through the Central Archive for Empirical Social Research at the University of Cologne, is, therefore, one of the most important German sources for employment market research.

The Conners' Teachier Rain Scale(CTRS-28) applied to a U.K. sample

To assess the application of the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-28) in the United Kingdom, we obtained ratings from the teachers of a representative sample of 2,632 twin school children, aged between 6 and 11 years. In the older age group (ages 9-11), there were no significant differences between the present means for the CTRS-28 dimensions and the means for the original standardization sample (Goyette, Conners, & Ulrich, 1978). In the younger age group (ages 6-8), boys obtained higher average ratings on the Conduct Problem dimension and girls obtained higher average ratings on the Hyperactivity dimension, compared to the original study. Two standard deviation cutoff points, which can be used to specify "extreme" groups, identified similar numbers of children in the older age group, whether the cutoff points were based on the present or the original data. For the younger children, the present cutoff points identified consistently fewer children than the original cutoff points. Boys obtained higher scores than girls on each dimension, and there was a decrease in the mean scores with age for the Hyperactivity and Inattentive-Passive, but not Conduct Problem, dimensions. The findings highlight the need to consider the generalizability of rating scale norms and restandardization in different populations and historical time points.

John Selden, the Law of Nature, and the Origins of Government

Selden has long been regarded as one of the foremost scholars in seventeenthcentury England. Milton described him as 'tthe chief of learned men reputed in this Land',1 while David Ogg claimed, with little exaggeration, that Selden sought 'not fame but truth in an erudition more vast than was ever garnered by any other human mind'.2 His phenomenal learning extended over the whole range of civil and ecclesiastical history and law. Until recently, however, his work as a political theorist suffered from a sad neglect. But in I979 this state of affairs was amply remedied with the publication of Richard Tuck's .,atural rights theories: their orizgin and development. Dr Tuck argues that Selden played a crucial role in the development of modern natural-rights theories, decisively influencing the royalist writers of the Tew Circle, and paving the way for the work of Thomas Hobbes.3 In a brilliantly argued account of Selden's theory, Dr Tuck portrays him as a thinker of startling originality. While previous political theorists had accepted that the natural law defining the obligations and rights which all men have in common was intuitively obvious, it was Selden's view, according to Dr Tuck, that it had been revealed by 'God's pronouncements to the Noachidae '4 (that is to say, Noah and his sons), and he 'assumed that somehow societies had passed that information on to posterity; God had given it to man at a point in historical time, and it was the historical continuity of human societies that kept it alive. The attack on the theory that the natural law consisted of innate rational principles thrcw into prominence its historical dimension, and made Selden's life-work a consistent whole.'5 Selden, Dr Tuck continues, argued that the obligation which men possessed to obey the command of a superior (that is to say, the civil magistrate in the case of human law and God in the case of natural law) was 'constituted by fear of a prospective punishment administered by such a superior'.6 In adopting this position Selden 'had moved to a completely individualistic and hedonist view of moral obligation, the development of which in later English moral philosophy was to be of central importance '. His 'extreme scepticism about the possibility of' moral

Structural Change in Hierarchic Spatial Systems in South West England Between 1861 and 1911

A methodology for the analysis of the structural relationships between centres at a given historical point in time is presented. The functioning of an historical urban system is described in a set-...

Structural Change in Hierarchic Spatial Systems in South West England between 1861 and 1911

A methodology for the analysis of the structural relationships between centres at a given historical point in time is presented. The functioning of an historical urban system is described in a set-theoretic framework, and the concept of a coupling between two centres is introduced as a way of characterising their structural relationship. A coupling arises from the transfer of the unsatisfied portion of local demand between lower and a higher order centre. These methods are applied using data relating to the urban system of Somerset and north Dorset in 1861, 1889 and 1911. The coupling structures at each date are simulated using a gravity model formulation. The model computes interaction probabilities from a given centre to a set of competing higher order centres and identifies the coupling by the highest probability value.

Women, Class, and Education in Mexico, 1880-1928

Finally this paper is not an exhaustive treatment of Mexican women as participants in class struggle although it makes observations about the Mexican womens movement at a particular point in historical time. Essentially it is argued here that during the Mexican Revolution educated petty-bourgeois women reformers employed by the state sought to develop and strengthen the subordinate role of working-class women in the home and in production in reaction against the mobilization of peasants and workers in the Mexican Revolution. Their implemented ideology in the field of education and other social services was a manifestation of the level of class struggle in the Mexican Revolution. Secondly the failure of the workers movement to generate an effective womens movement to counteract that of bourgeois feminism lay in the youth size composition and ideological immaturity of the Mexican working class which likewise determined its inability to dominate the Mexican Revolution. (excerpt)