Industrial Point Research Articles

Distribution, sources, and pollution levels of toxic metal(loid)s in an urban river (Ichamati), Bangladesh using SOM and PMF modeling with GIS tool.

Indexical assessment coupled with a self-organizing map (SOM) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling of toxic metal(loid)s in sediment and water of the aquatic environment provides valuable information from the environmental management perspective. However, in northwest Bangladesh, indexical and modeling assessments of toxic metal(loid)s in surface water and sediment are still rare. Toxic metal(loid)s were measured in sediment and surface water from an urban polluted river (Ichamati) in northwest Bangladesh using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer to assess distribution, pollution levels, sources, and potential environmental risks to the aquatic environment. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of metal(loid)s in water are as follows: Fe (871) > Mn (382) > Cr (72.4) > Zn (34.2) > Co (20.8) > Pb (17.6) > Ni (16.7) > Ag (14.9) > As (9.0) > Cu (5.63) > Cd (2.65), while in sediment, the concentration follows the order, Fe (18,725) > Mn (551) > Zn (213) > Cu (47.6) > Cr (30.2) > Ni (24.2) > Pb (23.8) > Co (9.61) > As (8.23) > Cd (0.80) > Ag (0.60). All metal concentrations were within standard guideline values except for Cr and Pb for water and Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, and As for sediment. The outcomes of eco-environmental indices, including contamination and enrichment factors and geo-accumulation index, differed spatially, indicating that most of the sediment sites were moderately to highly polluted by Cd, Zn, and As. Cd and Zn content can trigger ecological risks. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model recognized three probable sources of sediment, i.e., natural source (49.39%), industrial pollution (19.72%), and agricultural source (30.92%), and three possible sources of water, i.e., geogenic source (45.41%), industrial pollution (22.88%), and industrial point source (31.72%), respectively. SOM analysis identified four spatial patterns, e.g., Fe-Mn-Ag, Cd-Cu, Cr-Pb-As-Ni, and Zn-Co in water and three patterns, e.g., Mn-Co-Ni-Cr, Cd-Cu-Pb-Zn, and As-Fe-Ag in sediment. The spatial distribution of entropy water quality index values shows that the southwestern area possesses "poor" quality water. Overall, the levels of metal(loid) pollution in the investigated river surpassed a critical threshold, which might have serious consequences for the river's aquatic biota and human health in the long run.

Committed to implementing CCU? A comparison of the policy mix in the US and the EU

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies aim to use carbon dioxide (CO2), either captured from industrial point sources or from the atmosphere, instead of fossil carbon in the production of a variety of valuable goods. CCU has the potential to contribute to emission reductions and to lower raw material consumption as well to foster transitional processes toward a circular economy. To enable societies to take full advantage of this potential, policy support is needed in overcoming current barriers and fostering CCU implementation as a feasible option for the industry. Based on a literature and online investigation, this paper identifies and compares the current policy mixes for CCU in the US and the EU, focusing on policy strategies and existing and proposed policy instruments. The analysis shows that US strategy documents, with very few exceptions, do not mention CCU specifically in the context of the country's 2030 or 2050 climate targets. In the EU, in contrast, the future role of CCU is clearly linked to achieving climate-neutrality by 2050. The main policy instruments to incentivize the implementation of CCU in the US are tax credits (45Q). Moreover, funding exists for research and development efforts. In the EU, many reform proposals are currently underway that could benefit CCU technologies. At present, policy support, for instance through the Renewable Energy Directive, mainly aims at renewable fuels of non-biological origin while in other areas CCU support remains at odds with principles such as “energy efficiency first”. The EU does, however, have a broad range of funding opportunities available for research, development and demonstration projects. The paper uses the cross-regional comparison of policy mixes to formulate policy recommendations to improve policy mixes for CCU. A clearer strategic commitment to CCU, its incorporation into green public procurement guidelines, incorporating CCU across different funding schemes for sustainable energy transition, and ambitious new targets for renewable electricity and green hydrogen, for instance, could help develop the policy mixes further to provide a supportive framework for CCU.

Facile Fabrication of α-Alumina Hollow Fiber-Supported ZIF-8 Membrane Module and Impurity Effects on Propylene Separation Performance.

The separation of C3 olefin and paraffin, which is essential for the production of propylene, can be facilitated by the ZIF-8 membrane. However, the commercial application of the membrane has not yet been achieved because the fabrication process does not meet industrial regulatory criteria. In this work, we provide a straightforward and cost-effective membrane fabrication technique that permits the rapid synthesis of ZIF-8 hollow fiber membranes. The scalability of the technology was confirmed by the incorporation of three ZIF-8 hollow fiber membranes into a single module using an introduced fiber mounting methodology. The molecular sieving characteristics of the ZIF-8 membrane module on a binary combination of C3 olefin and paraffin (C3H6/C3H8 selectivity of 110 and a C3H6 permeance of 13 GPU) were examined at atmospheric conditions. In addition, the high-pressure performance of these membranes was demonstrated at a 5 bar of equimolar binary feed pressure with a C3H6/C3H8 selectivity of 55 and a C3H6 permeance of 9 GPU due to propylene adsorption site saturation. To further accurately portray the separation performance of the membrane on an actual industrial feed, the effect of impurities (ethylene, ethane, butylene, i-butane, and n-butane), which can be found in C3 splitters, was investigated and a considerable decrement (~15%) in the propylene permeance upon an interaction with C4 hydrocarbons was confirmed. Finally, the long-term stability of the ZIF-8 membrane was confirmed by continuous operation for almost a month without any loss of its initial performance (C3H6/C3H8 separation factor of 110 and a C3H6 permeance of 13 GPU). From an industrial point of view, this straightforward technique could offer a number of merits such as a short synthesis time, minimal chemical requirements, and excellent reproductivity.

Applications of N-Halo Reagents in Multicomponent Reactions: A Still Underrated Approach for the Construction of Heterocyclic Scaffolds

Abstract:Heterocyclic scaffolds are important from both academic and industrial points of view. Due to their biological and pharmacological activities, they are useful intermediates in organic synthesis and have great interest in medicinal and natural products chemistry. N-halo compounds bearing an electron-withdrawing group on nitrogen (e.g., carbonyl, sulfonyl) present the unique chemical properties of the N-X bond that give them broad synthetic utility for diverse organic transformation. In the past years, significant progress has been achieved in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with the intermediacy of N-halo compounds. Numerous strategies (e.g., electrophilic cyclizations, asymmetric halocyclizations, oxidative cyclizations, radical processes) were implemented featuring high atom- and step-economy, and more efficient procedures are continually being developed. An interesting approach consists of using Nhalo compounds to promote multicomponent reactions (MCRs), which rapidly became an emerging field in heterocyclic construction. MCRs are recognized for their mild conditions, high convergence, and efficiency. Thus, the present review will focus attention on the main topics and utilization of N-halo compounds (N-halosuccinimides, trihaloisocyanuric acids, N-halosulfonamides, etc.) as green and convenient reagents in heterocyclic construction via MCRs. Examples of the preparation of azoles, pyridines, 1,4-dihydropyridines, chromenes, and xanthenes, among other scaffolds are presented and discussed.

Analyzing technology landscape of carbon capture storage and utilization in Baltic Sea region through patents

Capturing CO2 and preventing it from being released into the atmosphere was first suggested in 1977; using existing technology in new ways. CO2 capture technology has been used since the 1920s for separating CO2 sometimes found in natural gas reservoirs from the saleable methane gas. More recently, investment in CCS is being driven by the oil and gas industries as well as cement, iron and steel, and chemical production industries in the push for decarbonization. Once it is separated from other gases, the carbon dioxide is then compressed, transported, and injected underground for permanent storage. About 90-100 % of produced carbon dioxide can be captured in this manner. Many are betting on CCS as a key to greenhouse gas emission reductions, since leveraging CCS is expected to achieve 14-19 % of the reductions needed by 2050 (1,2,3). In 2020, we sent 40 billion metric tons (t) of carbon dioxide into Earth’s atmosphere. We need to cut that number to 0 by 2050 if we are to avoid the worst consequences of climate change, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The objectives of this paper is to present the patent landscape of Baltic sea region countries (BSR), which includes Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Poland and Norway. To perform the analysis searches have been conducted to identify patents related to Carbon capture and sequestration for the BSR. Patent analytics searches have been restricted to dates from 2000-2020. Technologies investigated mainly focuses on CO2 storage, monitoring, utilization and transport.The patent analytics searches have been conducted to identify patents related to CCUS technology. The search resulted in 3299 patent families. A relevancy analysis was done to identify patents which are related to CCUS & resulted in 497 patent families. Identified relevant patents have been categorized in a classification scheme. Results of this patent analytics work shows that in 2009 we have the greatest number of IP activity for CCUS. Exponential growth in patent filing since 2005-2009, showing an increasing trend for CCUS activities, 2010-2015 has an exponential decreasing trend for CCUS activities. In northern and eastern Europe, Russia & Poland are leading the research & patent filing in the CCUS domain. From industry point of view General Electrics (GE)has the highest number of publications followed by Mitsubishi and Siemens. 85 % of 497 relevant Patent families are Alive. GE has around 78 % of its families alive. The top patents are related to capture, storage, sequestration or disposal of greenhouse gases and followed by patents related to separation processes. CO2 capture is the most explored technology/CCUS type along with storage. Unfortunately, there is a decreasing trend in patent filings since 2016. The CCUS technologies are striving to gain traction in the set of options for dealing with climate change, but growth is very slow due to absence or low intervention of government action on climate change, public scepticism, increasing costs, and advances in other options including renewables and shale gas.

Improving electrochemical properties of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries by controlling calcination gas atmosphere

Layered lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (LiNixMnyCozO2, x + y + z = 1) with high Ni content (x ≥ 0.8), called as high Ni NMC, are one of the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicle (EV) application. High Ni NMC synthesis includes a calcination step under pure O2 atmosphere to minimize Li/Ni mixing in crystal structure, which highly influences the long term cyclability and C-rate capability of batteries. Herein, we demonstrate that the electrochemical properties of high Ni LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathode materials for lithium ion batteries can be further improved by controlling the calcination atmosphere. Interestingly, the results showed that a slightly oxygen deficient calcination atmosphere (mixture of O2/Ar with 96/4 vol% ratio) is effective to provide a stable discharge capacity retention (89%) after 200 cycles, and high C-rate capability (>70% at 20C vs 1C), whereas NMC811 calcined under pure O2 suffers from an excessive oxidation of Ni and Co on the surface and an increase of residual lithium, leading to an increase of surface resistance, as a consequence, a fast capacity fade over cycling and lower C-rate capability. The finding of this study suggests that calcination atmosphere could play a key role in determining the electrochemical properties of high Ni cathode materials, and can also be interesting from the industrial point of view, since producing O2 with a small deficiency (e.g. Ar) needs less efforts in the purification than pure O2.

Modelling for the Efficient Effluent Dye Removal to Reuse Water and Salt

The objective of this work was to determine the optimal conditions for the electrooxidation treatment in order to decolourise the effluents that contain reactive dyes. According to the results, when Na2SO4 is used as an electrolyte, the decolouration reactions follow first-order kinetics. However, when NaCl is present in the effluent, the first-order kinetics is stabilised after applying a minimal electric current value. The models obtained from the results show that the higher the concentration of NaCl, the lower the energy consumption. On the other hand, an increase in dye concentration leads to an increase in electrical consumption. In relation to the pH, the results show that it is not a key factor in the decolouration efficiency. Finally, the obtained model was applied to two real effluents. The feasibility of individually treating the effluents from the dyeing process and those from the subsequent wash-off process was evaluated. From an industrial application point of view, it is recommended to mix both effluents before treatment, especially when the dye concentration is high.

A new electroanalytical approach for sunset yellow monitoring in fruit juices based on a modified sensor amplified with nano-catalyst and ionic liquid.

The determination of food additives is one of the major points in the food industry that directly is relative to human health. This research work focused on sensing and monitoring sunset yellow as azo additive dyes in fruit juices using an electrochemical sensor amplified with Ni doped Pt decorated carbon nanotubes (NiO/Pt/CNTs) as nano-catalyst and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM][Cl]) as an ionic liquid binder. Carbon paste electrode (CPE) amplified with NiO/Pt/CNTs and [HMIM][Cl] (CPE/([HMIM][Cl])/NiO/Pt/CNTs) improved the sensitivity of sunset yellow sensing in aqueous solution in acidic condition and successfully monitored this azo dye in concentration range 1.0nM-280μM with detection limit 0.4nM. On the other hand, the CPE/([HMIM][Cl])/NiO/Pt/CNTs was used for sensing and analysis of sunset yellow in different fruit juices, and recovery data between 98.65% and 103.66% confirmed the powerful ability of sensor for monitoring of sunset yellow in food samples.

Production readiness assessment of low cost, multi-material, polymeric 3D printed moulds

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technology allows to choose a large variety of materials and it is widely used by companies and individuals nowadays. The cost effectiveness of rapid prototyping is achievable via FDM, that makes this technology useful for research and innovation. The application of 3D printing to aid production is the most common approach. Moreover, the use of 3D printing in prototypes result in a waste of material since no reuse is considered. In the following manuscript, this technology is applied to mould fabrication by achieving a low surface roughness at a modest cost compared to conventional manufacturing methods. Moreover, the possibility to use a combination of thermoplastic materials is analysed by examination of the CAD model optimized for Additive Manufacturing (AM) from scratch and was verified using metrology tools. Several moulds were finally built and applied to the specific case study of carbon fibre laminated components. This manuscript aims to analyse the manufacturing process by comparing the mould surface geometry before and after the smoothing process. The achieved tolerance between the produced moulds is ±0.05 mm that ensures the repeatability of the process from an industrial point of view; whilst the deviation between CAD and mould is ±0.2 mm. To combine an accurate FDM process together with chemical smoothing proved to be a powerful strategy to produce high quality components that can be inserted in the production process by means of traditional manufacturing techniques. This will aid to reduce the cost of standard manufacturing for low production batches and prototypes of carbon fibre composites.

From An Economic Perspective, Lessons the Kurdistan Region Can Learn from South Korea?

This article discusses the lessons that the Kurdistan region can learn from South Korea from an economic perspective. The Kurdistan region of Iraq had gone through numerous economic obstacles and is still going through. The region like the rest of Iraq largely depends on oil revenues. It is yet to effectively take the advantage of other economic resources such as industrialization, agriculture and tourism. It has plans to utilize industrial and agricultural sources but not real steps have been taken. There are still tens of thousands of unemployed young graduates, lack of sounding administrative structure, and promotion of employees have stopped for few years. This article reveals the steps South Korea had taken to improve its economy from Education, Industrial and Agricultural points of view. Compare and contrasts are shown in the literature review part between the Kurdistan region and South Korea. Findings in the article include the Kurdistan region to boost its human capital, take the advantage of technology, avoid having oil as a single economic resource, and utilize its agricultural sector as well as industrialization. It is recommended for researchers interested in the area to conduct inquiry on what type of industrialization should the Kurdistan region engage in, and what agricultural products its territory is ready for.

Mixed convection and non-linear thermal radiative analysis for Carreau-Yasuda nanofluid in an endoscope

The understanding of flow behaviour of non-Newtonian fluids in the presence of nanoparticles is of great interest from an industrial point of view. Bulk addition of nano-sized particles in fluid enhance thermo-physical properties of fluid which is of crucial importance to industries such as medicine, agriculture, electronics etc. Current study discusses thermophoretic diffusion and Brownian motion in peristaltic flow of Carreau-Yasuda nanofluid in tube-like (endoscopic) structure. Unlike many existing studies, the nonlinear radiation effect in the presence of heat and mass transfer i.e., mixed convection is considered. Dissipation, Joule heating and heat source, sink effects are modelled. The governing mathematical problems are numerically solved. Non-dimensionalization is achieved via use of lubrication approach and streamline functions. Quantities like velocity, temperature, concentration, heat transfer rate and trapping are addressed. Observing effects of Weissenberg number (We = 0.1 − 0.3) on fluid flow conclude that velocity as well as the size of trapped bolus increases as We is increased. Heat transfer rate enhances as temperature ratio parameter (θ1 = 0.3 − 0.7) is increased.

Effects of micro-/nanobubble on membrane antifouling performance and the mechanism insights

Membrane fouling problem has become a painful point of the membrane industry by causing huge energy consumption, material wastage and high cost. Micro-/nanobubbles (MNBs) as a novel strategy can effectively inhibit adhesion of pollutants during the treatment processes. The introduction of MNBs technology into membrane separation systems can be a worthy research topic for membrane antifouling. In the current study, it was found that the MNBs displayed significant effects on membrane permeability, rejection performance and especially antifouling performance. The experimental results confirmed that the MNBs effectively improved the permeability of membranes during the filtration processes. The separation tests showed that the MNBs can delay the flux attenuation and promote antifouling ability of 165.9%. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) results indicated that the pollutants tended to larger size particles which can be attributed to the agglomeration effect of MNBs. The MNBs served as a “gas bridge” between pollutants and membrane surface therefore can efficiently prevent the adhesions of pollutants. The MNBs technology with “gas bridge” effects can provides a novel strategy for membrane fouling control.

Theoretical Study of the Effect of Fibre Porosity on the Heat Conductivity of Reinforced Gypsum Composite Material.

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for engineering materials that possess good mechanical and thermal properties and are cheap an d environmentally friendly. From an industrial and academic point of view, there is a need to study the heat conductivity of newly developed polymer composites and the influence of porosity on the insulation performance of polymer composites. Experimental and theoretical studies were conducted on mainly sisal/glass fibre gypsum composites with different fibre volumes (0, 20, 25, 30, and 35 wt.%). The outcomes from the theoretical model in ANSYS have shown that there is a high possibility to simulate the experimental work and high accuracy for reflecting the experimental findings. Moreover, the results show that natural fibre polymer composites with a high-volume fraction of natural fibres have higher insulation performance than synthetic polymer composites with the same volume fraction of synthetic fibres. Furthermore, the results suggest and support that the improved performance of natural fibre-based composites was due at least in part to the internal porosity of the fibres.

Recent trends in industrial and academic developments of green tyre technology.

Growing natural calamities as a consequence of global warming are one of the most pondering subjects today. The exponential growth of environmental pollution due to unscientific human exploitation of natural resources is considered the prime reason for the harsh responses of nature. Researchers from various fields of industry and academia are working hard to develop and implement products/technologies that are environmentally friendly or less harmful to the ecosystem. Material researchers, specifically those working in the automobile sector are also not behind in search of green products from eco-friendly raw materials and production methods. The automobile industry is collectively responsible for around 40% of global pollution in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Out of which around 20–30% is originating from tyre production and its end-use. In this view, tyre production from eco-friendly raw materials and technologies that have minimum hazardousness to the environment is a hot research topic today. A few products in the market with “green” tags and many are in the pipeline for the recent future. This review summarises a detailed discussion of the emerging green technologies for tyre production and depicted comprehensive data from the available literature. The paper has been drafted from a well-balanced academic and industrial point of view since the researchers from both sectors are working in harmony for a better future for green tyre technology.

Exploring the prebiotic potential of xanthan gum and its modified forms for the production of synbiotic yogurt

Crude xanthan gum was hydrolyzed using acid (HCl), base (NaOH), and enzyme (cellulase). Synbiotic yogurt was developed with the addition of xanthan gum and its hydrolyzed forms (0.1, 0.5, and 1% [w/v]) as prebiotic along with probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum BB536). Fat, protein, lactose, total solid contents, pH, and viscosity decreased, whereas syneresis and acidity were increased during the storage period of 28 days. The addition of hydrolyzed xanthan gum as prebiotic proved to be the best for enhancing the viability of yogurt culture and probiotics maintaining the viable count of the B. longum BB536 above 6 Log CFU/g during storage with maximum count of 7.898 Log CFU/g in yogurt containing 1% of enzyme hydrolyzed xanthan gum (EHXG). The addition of EHXG beyond this limit disturbed the final texture of yogurt due to phase separation. Hence, hydrolyzed xanthan gum can be the best candidates as prebiotics to be added in yogurt. Practical applications The finding of the present study is beneficiary from the industrial point of view in order to develop the versatile dairy products having valuable influence on human health that provide healthy gut functions with a balance between good and bad bacteria. The use of prebiotics from microbial sources (xanthan gum) will serve as a sustainable, fast, and cheaper source and can be obtained even from waste. The study will have a good economic impact when executed in the form of commercial synbiotic food products.

Global demand analysis for carbon dioxide as raw material from key industrial sources and direct air capture to produce renewable electricity-based fuels and chemicals

Defossilisation of the current fossil fuels dominated global energy system is one of the key goals in the upcoming decades to mitigate climate change. Sharp reduction in the costs of solar photovoltaics, wind power, and battery technologies enables a rapid transition of the power and some segments of the transport sectors to sustainable energy resources. However, renewable electricity-based fuels and chemicals are required for the defossilisation of hard-to-abate segments of transport and industry. The global demand for carbon dioxide as raw material for the production of e-fuels and e-chemicals during a global energy transition to 100% renewable energy is analysed in this research. Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation potentials from key industrial point sources, including cement mills, pulp and paper mills, and waste incinerators, are evaluated. According to this study's estimates, the demand for carbon dioxide increases from 0.6 in 2030 to 6.1 gigatonnes in 2050. Key industrial point sources can potentially supply 2.1 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide and thus meet the majority of the demand in the 2030s. By 2050, however, direct air capture is expected to supply the majority of the demand, contributing 3.8 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide annually. Sustainable and unavoidable industrial point sources and direct air capture are vital technologies which may help the world to achieve ambitious climate goals.

Rheological identification of jetted fluid using machine learning

The understanding of flowing properties of fluids and the knowledge of the related rheological properties are crucial from both a research and industrial point of view. To determine the complex rheological properties of fluids, many devices have thus been developed, the so-called rheometers. The main objective of the present paper is to identify the rheological properties of a fluid jetted using continuous inkjet (CIJ) printing process by comparing the morphology of the aforementioned jetted fluid to a dataset of known (rheologically speaking) fluid jet morphologies and properties of a fluid by the viscosity, the surface tension, and the density of fluids using large datasets and a CIJ printing process. When ejecting a fluid, the CIJ ejection process competes among several forces: inertial, viscous, surface tension, and elasticity, which affect the morphology of the resulting jet. Also, under certain conditions, the morphology of the jet is unique and directly related to the rheological properties of the fluid. We want to use this uniqueness to identify the fluid among a large dataset of known fluid jet morphologies to be compared with, to obtain its rheological properties. Using a large numerically generated dataset of Newtonian fluid jets, we show in this article that the identification of the viscosity using neural network is not only feasible but also proves to be very accurate with an average error of less than 1% for a large range of viscosities.

Benefits of BIM models and mixed reality in the implementation phase of construction projects

The current trend based on the current needs of construction industry points to the increasing application of digital technologies in construction projects. Nowadays, digital technologies are becoming an essential part of construction in the phase of preparation and implementation of construction projects. Probably the greatest progress in the use of digital technologies is seen in the development of a virtual object data model of the building. The main advantages of this trend can be presented by the use of BIM technology, thus an information model of building, where other information attributes are assigned to the geometric model itself. The model created in this way has great information potential in the process of planning and preparation of construction, but also during its implementation. The technology of mixed reality (MR) has recently been added to the BIM technology, which significantly contributes to the expansion of workers' knowledge and at the same time has the potential to reveal the shortcomings that have arisen during the construction. The paper offers solutions of the possible use of BIM technology and mixed reality as tools to support the implementation of construction projects. These technologies were applied to the construction project Bastion Office Center in Košice - an administrative building.

Analysis of risks and safety indicators of raw materials and products of the sugar industry of Kazakhstan

The objects of research are the process of sugar beet processing, sugar beet, sugar and molasses. The problem of determining critical control points in sugar beet processing and safety indicators of raw materials and products of the sugar industry was solved. The results were obtained based on the risk analysis and the system of control points for sugar beet processing, five critical control points were identified according to the criteria of physical, chemical and biological contamination. It was also found that in terms of safety indicators, raw materials – sugar beet, and finished products meet the requirements of regulatory documents for microbiological indicators and heavy metal content. The safety indicators of sugar beet, white sugar, molasses and beet pulp were studied. Microbiological indicators: CGB (coliforms), pathogens and S.aureus were not found in sugar beet samples. Microbiological indicators of QMAFAnM and yeast of white sugar, molasses and pulp 1–5*102, 6–7*102, 5–8*102 and 2–3*101, 1–3*101, 1*101 CFU/cm3, respectively, are within acceptable limits. The content of toxic elements did not exceed the permissible limits. For Kazakhstan sugar factories, no studies on hazard analysis and critical control points in the sugar industry have been conducted before, so the results of the study will fill this gap. The scope and conditions for the practical use of the results obtained are the possibilities of raising the quality of finished products and improving the safety of raw materials and finished products, increasing the shelf life of by-products (molasses, beet pulp) of sugar beet production. These opportunities are based on the hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) in sugar beet processing

Use of Polymer Inclusion Membrane for the Separation of Phenols Compounds Mixture from Dilute Aqueous Solutions

Abstract: Separation of phenolic compounds mixture namely: phenol, resorcinol, Bisphenol A from dilute aqueous solutions by polymer inclusion membrane using Cellulose triacetate (CTA) as support was investigated as a means of recovering Bisphenol A from mixture of phenolic compounds. The effects of parameters influencing the separation performance were studied in terms of permeation flux and selectivity. For competitive transport of phenols across PIM with RC8 + NPOE, the selectivity order was Bisphenol > Phenol > Resorcinol. The high permselectivity of the membrane to Bisphenol A was primarily due to its high affinity towards calixresorcinarene macrocycle. This is of particular interest from an industrial point of view because the enriched phenol permeate can be easily recovered upon phase separation. The prepared PIM were characterized by using Raman spectroscopy, XPS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques.
 Keywords: PIM, CTA, Membrane separation, Phenols mixture, Bisphenol A, Wastewater treatment.