Poecilia Reticulate Research Articles

A hybrid fluorescent probe for the selective detection of divalent Hg2+ and trivalent Al3+ ions and their biological applications

Metals are extensively used for different applications in agriculture and industry. Accumulations of these metals in the environment lead to serious health concerns. Currently, fast and accurate detection of metal ions in the environment or biological system has become a critical issue. Hence, developing an appropriate tool for the detection of metals can help reduce environmental metal pollution and reduce health concerns. In the present study, a hybrid fluorescent probe or chemosensor for parallelly detecting two important metal ions (Mercury and Aluminium) has been designed and tested for its detection efficiency. The newly synthesized chemosensor 3′,6′-bis(ethylamino)-2′,7′-dimethyl-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthen]-3-one (RS) was found to specifically detect Hg2+ and Al3+ ions with high sensitivity and selectivity. The chemical and physical properties of chemosensor RS were tested using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV and Fluorescence analysis. The quick response to Hg2+ and Al3+ is attributable to the creation of a coordinate bond present between the chemosensor RS and the metal ion. The selective sensing of chemosensor RS is due to the spirolactam ring opening followed by the development of proper coordinate geometry in the chemosensor. 1H NMR titration experiment and Job’s approach studies suggest a significant binding stoichiometry between the chemosensor RS and the metal ions at a 1:1 ratio. The limit of detection (LOD) of chemosensor RS was determined to be 1.88 µM for Al3+ and 1.75 µM for Hg2+ ions. The in vivo studies using two experimental animal models, Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and Poecilia reticulate (guppy fish), clearly demonstrate its efficiency in detecting endogenously absorbed Hg2+ and Al3+. Thus, chemosensor RS can selectively and simultaneously detect Hg2+ and Al3+ in biological or environmental samples and can help us in monitoring metal leaching into the environment.

Antiparasitic efficacy of flavonoids identified from Psoralea corylifolia against Tetrahymena piriformis in guppy (Poecilia reticulate)

Tetrahymena piriformis belongs to the ciliated protists (ciliates), causing severe economic losses in aquaculture. Chemical drugs currently used usually have toxic side effects, and there is no specific drug against Tetrahymena. Therefore, it is an urgent need to identify new antiparasitic lead compounds. In the present study, the in vitro parasiticidal activity of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts and water extracts from 22 selected traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were evaluated against T. piriformis. The EtOAc extract of P. corylifolia turned out to be the most active with the minimum parasiticidal concentration of 100 mg/L within 3 h. Thus, it was separated into 12 fractions by the first-dimensional (D1) normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC), meanwhile combining with in vitro antiparasitic tests for activity tracking. Subsequently, 8 flavonoids were identified in the active fractions by the second-dimensional (D2) reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. According to the results, 5 flavonoids were selected for in vitro antiparasitic test, of which isobavachalcone showed the minimum parasiticidal concentration of 3.125 mg/L in 2 h. Bathing treatment of infected guppies with isobavachalcone could significantly reduce the burden of T. piriformis, obtaining a 24-h median effective concentration (24-h EC50) value of 1.916 mg/L. And the concentration of isobavachalcone causing guppies to die within 24 h is 39 times than that of 24-h EC50. The results demonstrated that isobavachalcone has the potential to be developed into a novel commercial fish drug against T. piriformis.

Kualitas Kinerja Reproduksi Induk Ikan Guppy Albino Full Platinum (Poecilia reticulata) Yang diberi Tepung Taoge (Bean sprouts) Dalam Pakan

This study aims to determine the level of addition of bean sprout flour in feed as vitamin E to help the reproductive system in rearing guppy fish (Poecilia reticulate). The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments 3 replications, each treatment was: A. Without Sprout Flour 0% (SF 0%), B Sprout Flour 2% (SF 2.0%), C Sprout Flour 4% (SF 4.0%), D Sprout Flour 6% (SF 6,0%). The fish used in this study were female guppy fish measuring 0,38 – 0,51 gram. Growth of gonads for all treatments ranged from 0.61% - 0.68%, gonadal maturity index ranged from 0.61 –0.81 gram, number of pups born ranged from 10 – 23 per head, guppy birth duration ranged from 13 - 19 days, feed conversion ratio ranged from 2.53 - 2.89. The results of the analysis of the water quality of the rearing medium showed that the water quality was still in the proper range for the maintenance of guppy fish. The best reproductive performance and stress response to the addition of bean sprout flour to guppy fish feed (Poecilia reticulate) was treatment C (the addition of bean sprout flour was 4%).

Olfactory receptor OR52N2 for PGE2 in mediation of guppy courtship behaviors

Prostaglandins (PGs) are a type of physiologically active unsaturated fatty acids. As an important sex pheromone, PGs play a vital role in regulating the reproductive behaviors of species by mediating nerve and endocrine responses. In this study, guppy (Poecilia reticulate) was used as the model specie to detect the function of PGE2 in inducing the onset of courtship behaviors. Our results showed that adding PGE2 into the water environment could activate the courtship behavior of male guppy, indicating that the peripheral olfactory system mediated the PGE2 function. Thereafter, the open reading frame (ORF) of olfactory receptor or52n2 was cloned, which was 936 bp in length, coding 311 amino acids. As a typical G protein-coupled receptor, OR52N2 had a conservative seven α-helix transmembrane domains. To confirm the regulatory relationship between OR52N2 and PGE2, dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to verify the activation of downstream CREB signaling pathways. Results showed that PGE2 significantly enhanced CRE promoter activity in or52n2 ORF transient transfected HEK-293 T cells. Finally, localization of or52n2 mRNA were observed in ciliated receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium using in situ hybridization. Our results provide a novel insight into sex pheromone signaling transduction in reproductive behavior.

Sex Differences in Thermal Tolerance of Nine Ornamental Fish Species from the Poecilidae, Cichlidae and Cyprinidae Family

Thermal tolerance and intersexual differences of nine ornamental fish species (Chindango demosoni, Aulonocara stuartgranti, Mylandia lombardoi; Cichlidae; Carassius auratus, Pethia conchonius, Branchydanio rerio; Cyprinidae; Xiphophorus helleri, X. maculatus, Poecilia reticulate; Poecilidae) were determined in this study. CT-min of the species ranged between 9.63 and 11.37 in poecilids, 11.29 and 12.53 in cichlids, 4.67 and 8.46°C in cyprinids, while CT-max ranged between 39.12 and 40.53 in poecilids, 37.82 and 39.37 in cichlids, 36.12 and 40.30°C in cyprinids. While intersexual differences in the CT-min/CT-max values were not evident in cichlids and cyprinids, these values significantly differed across poecilids. The females of poecilids were approximately 0.5 to 1°C more resistant to both low and high temperatures than their males. Among the species included in our study, due to their resistance to low temperature, especially C. auratus and a lesser extent B. rerio and P. conchonius were considered the most suitable ones for outdoor aquaculture in subtropical regions. However, if they are cultured outside of their natural distribution, it should be noted that upon escapement from aquaculture facilities to nature, they may interfere with the ecosystem and compete with native species there due to their wide range of thermal tolerance.

Effects of ammonia exposure on anxiety behavior, oxidative stress and inflammation in guppy (Poecilia reticulate)

Ammonia is one of the most important aquatic environmental factors, which is of great concern. In order to evaluate the effect of ammonia on guppy (Poecilia reticulate), fish were exposed to increased concentrations (0, 12.50, 25.00, 41.67, 62.50 mg/L) of ammonia for 48 h. After exposure, we measured the anxiety behavior, antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammation genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) of guppy. The results showed that ammonia stress induced fish anxiety, which was manifested by the increased latency to enter the upper half and decreased time spent in upper half compared with control fish. The guppy showed oxidative stress after 48 h of ammonia stress as evidenced by decreases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and an increase in lipid hydroperoxide content. With prolonged ammonia stress, the expressions of HSP70, HSP90, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA at first had an increasing trend, and then decreased, all of which were significantly higher than the control levels at 12 h and 24 h after ammonia stress (P < 0.05). Ammonia significantly upregulated these genes mRNA levels after 48 h exposure, suggesting that heat shock proteins and innate immune system may try to protect cells from oxidative stress induced by ammonia stress. Our study showed that higher ammonia exposure induced oxidative stress in exposed fish, since inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activity and increases in lipid peroxidation, and inflammation occurred. Furthermore, the results will be helpful to understand the mechanism of ammonia toxicity in guppys.

Controlling Water Quality through a Biofloc Technology (BFT) in Aquaculture Production Systems

Information on dynamics of water quality is essential in fish rearing. The use of biofloc technology (BFT) improves fish production in regions with low water availability. This study was carried out to evaluate the use of locally available carbon sources to control total ammonia nitrogen and other water quality parameters in aquaculture production system. Completely randomized design was carried out with three different carbon sources (wheat flour, rice bran and molasses) and four different treatments [wheat flour (WF), rice bran (RB), molasses (MOL) and rice bran and molasses mix in 1:1 ratio (MIX)]. Each treatments had three replicates. Control tanks were maintained excluding additional carbon sources. Carbon to Nitrogen ratio was 10:1.The experiment was carried out in 80 L, fiber glass (15) tanks with indoor conditions for 60 days. A number of 30 male guppy (Poecilia reticulate) individuals were stocked in each tank (mean weight 0.1481±0.0500 g and standard length 1.8±0.2 cm). Water quality parameters; pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature were measured on daily basis. Total ammonium nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate were measured on weekly basis. The total ammonium nitrogen in the control (1.1746±0.1709 mg/L) was significantly higher than the biofloc treatments (p&lt;0.05). Control (0.0897±0.0374) and wheat flour treatment (0.0939±0.0152) showed a significantly higher nitrite values than other BFT treatments (p&lt;0.05). Nitrate in control (1.1871±0.1331) and wheat flour (0.3779±0.1044) treatment showed a significantly high values than other BFT treatments (p&lt;0.05). DO, pH and temperature variation was similar among the BFT groups (p&gt;0.05). Overall results indicated that there is a significant effect which led to a paramount balance of standard water quality in aquaculture production system through different carbon sources (ricebran, molasses and ricebran:molasses mix) based biofloc system. Keywords: Water quality, Carbon sources, Carbon ratio, Total ammonium nitrogen, Aquaculture production systems

BIOCHEMICAL CUES FOR SURVIVAL IN ACUTELY TOXIC CONDITIONS

The relative susceptibility to toxicants is dependent on an organism’s survival strategy either innate or acquired. An assessment of the biochemical responses induced in three aquatic animals; Poecilia reticulate, Paleamonetes africanus and Clarias gariepinus exposed to acute concentrations of a petrol additive was conducted using in a 96hrs bioassay. C. gariepinus was found to be the most susceptible to the additive; having the lowest 96 hrs LC50 value (101.9mg/L) and surviving individuals of this species equally had the highest levels of lipid peroxidation damage. Although no definite interspecies trend could be inferred from the activities of the anti-oxidative stress enzymes, there was evidence of inhibition catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-s-transferase relative to the control individuals in all three species. The levels of the lipid peroxidation product, malondaildehyde, showed significant (P&lt;0.05) dose dependent relationships. Overall, the biochemical responses observed in surviving animals showed evidence of relationships with concentrations of exposure. Their use in comparing interspecies responses however, must be with caution

RETRACTED: Can spike fragments of SARS-CoV-2 induce genomic instability and DNA damage in the guppy, Poecilia reticulate? An unexpected effect of the COVID-19 pandemic

The identification of SARS-CoV-2 particles in wastewater and freshwater ecosystems has raised concerns about its possible impacts on non-target aquatic organisms. In this particular, our knowledge of such impacts is still limited, and little attention has been given to this issue. Hence, in our study, we aimed to evaluate the possible induction of mutagenic (via micronucleus test) and genotoxic (via single cell gel electrophoresis assay, comet assay) effects in Poecilia reticulata adults exposed to fragments of the Spike protein of the new coronavirus at the level of 40 μg/L, denominated PSPD-2002. As a result, after 10 days of exposure, we have found that animals exposed to the peptides demonstrated an increase in the frequency of erythrocytic nuclear alteration (ENA) and all parameters assessed in the comet assay (length tail, %DNA in tail and Olive tail moment), suggesting that PSPD-2002 peptides were able to cause genomic instability and erythrocyte DNA damage. Besides, these effects were significantly correlated with the increase in lipid peroxidation processes [inferred by the high levels of malondialdehyde (MDA)] reported in the brain and liver of P. reticulata and with the reduction of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. Thus, our study constitutes a new insight and promising investigation into the toxicity associated with the dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 peptide fragments in freshwater environments.

Mosquito larvicidal potential of Solanum xanthocarpum leaf extract derived silver nanoparticles and its bio-toxicity on non-target aquatic organism.

Mosquitoes are insects of public health importance that act as a vector to transmit various vector-borne diseases in humans including dengue, malaria, filariasis and yellow fever. The continually employed synthetic insecticides have developed resistance in mosquitoes. Nano-based botanical insecticides can be considered as the best alternative due to several advantages like being simple, non-pathogenic, biodegradable and safe to the environment. The present work reported the maximum larvicidal potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the leaf extract of Solanum xanthoearpum against the third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus over its crude leaf extract. The synthesis of AgNPs was done by adding leaf extract into silver nitrate solution in a conical flask. The characterization of AgNPs was done using different techniques such as UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS and SAED. FT-IR analysis was done to find out the compound responsible for bio-reduction of silver nitrate. Larvicidal activity of AgNPs was checked against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus according to WHO standard protocol and toxicity was evaluated against Poecilia reticulate. A change in colour was observed indicating the synthesis of AgNPs which was further confirmed by a strong surface plasmon resonance peak at 421nm under the UV-Vis spectrum. SEM and TEM micrographs exhibited that the most common shape of AgNPs was spherical. XRD spectrum showed crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles. FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of various functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl which might be responsible for bio-reduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. Further, silver nanoparticles were very effective against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 and LC90 values of 1.90, 2.36, 2.93, 3.82, 4.31 and 7.63 ppm, respectively, as compared to aqueous leaf extract after 72 h of exposure and were non-toxic against non-target organism P. retieulata. Interpretation & eonelusion: From the above finding, it can be concluded that fabricated AgNPs can be promising eco-friendly tools for controlling mosquito vectors.

Dried acetes as growth promoter for guppy (Poecilia reticulata) nutrition

Acetes is a marine shrimp that is still an under-studied source as feed ingredient for tropical ornamental fish. Ornamental fish is regarded as pet fish due to its mystic attractiveness for pet fish enthusiasts and requires good protein source to attain good growth and skin colour enhancement. The prevailing feed industry due to continuos pandemic has resulted many enthusiasts to look for alternative growth promoter as feed for guppy. The aims of this study were to determine the nutritional composition in dried Acetes and to investigate the effects of dietary dried Acetes meal on growth performance of Guppy (Poecilia reticulate). Five dietary isocaloric feeds namely Tcontrol (commercial feed only), T0 (100% commercial feed and 0% of dried Acetes.), T1 (75% commercial diet and 25% of dried Acetes spp.), T2 (50% commercial diet and 50% of dried Acetes), T3 (25% commercial diet and 75% of dried Acetes) and T4 (0% commercial diet and 100% of dried Acetes) were formulated as feed for juveniles of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) reared in triplicates for 30 days. Growth indices like Body Weight Gain, Feed Conversion Rate, Feed Intake and Survival Rate were observed in every 10 days. Results indicated that T4 with 100% dried Acetes attained a significantly high BWG of 222.6% with low feed intake and FCR of less than 3.5. It can be concluded that inclusion of 50 to 100% dried Acetes in feed has contributed to optimal growth performance of guppy. It is also recommended that further studies on dietary Acetes could be done to examine other properties that could be further developed as superfeed for ornamental fish and thereby enhance growth and productivity of the ornamental fish industry as well as economic efficiency.

Translating the diatom-grazer defense mechanism to antiparasitic treatment for monogenean infection in guppies

Monogenean parasites impose a major constraint on sustainable aquacultural production and trade due to fish morbidity and mortality. Traditional chemical treatments carry environmental and human health risks and are frequently banned in aquaculture; associated development of pathogen resistance is also common. These highlight the need for alternative. The pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a potent source for food additives and pharmaceuticals due to its robustness and content of high-value compounds. Its extracts also have antibacterial properties. The use of P. tricornutum to develop a treatment against the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli affecting Poecilia reticulate (guppies) was investigated. Ethanolic extracts of freshly broken P. tricornutum biomass were effective against the parasite in vitro and in vivo. Sonication and Kolliphor EL (food-grade nonionic solubilizer and emulsifier) increased the efficacy of the ethanolic extract in vitro; complete detachment and 97% mortality of the parasite were achieved within 240 min at a concentration of 5 μL mL−1. Complete infection clearance from fish was achieved following a bath treatment with 2.5 μL mL−1 ethanolic extract for 24 h. The diatom extract's antibacterial properties, tested against the Gram-positive Streptococcus iniae and Gram-negative Vibrio harveyi, were used to calibrate P. tricornutum culture conditions and extract preparation. Maximal antibacterial effect was obtained with a two-week-old culture, following cell breakage of the wet biomass and extraction in 100% ethanol. Fatty acid composition analysis of thin-layer chromatography fractions of the ethanolic extracts revealed that the free fatty acids liberated during cell breakage, enriched in 16:0, 16:1n7, and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3), are the major active compounds. In-vitro antiparasitic assays and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that free 16:1n7 and 20:5n3 are responsible for most of the antiparasitic activity. Results support the use of broken P. tricornutum ethanolic extracts as a potential treatment against monogenean infection in cultured fish.

Can Spike Fragments of Sars-Cov-2 Induce Genomic Instability and DNA Damage in the Guppy, Poecilia Reticulate? An Additional Concern Study of Covid-19

Can Spike Fragments of Sars-Cov-2 Induce Genomic Instability and DNA Damage in the Guppy, Poecilia Reticulate? An Additional Concern Study of Covid-19

In vitro effects of silver nanoparticles on gills morphology of female Guppy (Poecilia reticulate) after a short-term exposure.

The application of nanoparticles in various industries has grown significantly in recent years. The aims of this study were evaluation effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on survival rate and tissues (Gills) of Guppy (Poecilia reticulate) as a model of the freshwater organism. For this purpose, 90 mature fish were exposed to a different level of AgNPs for 96 hr. Data analyzed showed there was a significant correlation between fish mortality rate and AgNPs concentrations. Histological assays showed some typical tissue damages such as hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hyperemia, hemorrhage, and necrosis. Moreover, fish exposed to a lethal concentration of AgNPs showed some clinical signs, such as increasing operculum movement, swimming near the water surface, anxiety, and death with open mouth. The results of the present study showed that AgNPs can have toxicity effects on Guppy, also to sub-lethal concentrations, leading to several tissue damages and reduced survival rate of fish.

Death of guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) leukocytes induced by in vivo exposure to temephos and spinosad

ABSTRACT Temephos and spinosad are pesticides used for control of vector-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya and zika. However, the inadequate use of these substances has affected the health of non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare, the effects of temephos and spinosad on leukocyte viability and death, using guppy fish (Poecilia reticulate) as a model organism. Guppies were exposed to temephos (10 mg/L) and spinosad (0.5 mg/L) for 7, 14, and 21 days. Afterwards, they were placed in pesticide-free fish tanks (7, 35, and 70 days) for recovery. The results showed that exposure to temephos caused leukocyte death, even at 35 days of recovery. Contrarily, the exposure to spinosad did not cause leukocyte death. This research show, for the first time, that a single dose of temephos causes apoptosis up to 56 days post-exposition, indicating that this pesticide induces chronic effects on immune response cells.

Histological, microbiological, physicochemical and heavy metals evaluation of effluent from Kara Cow Market, Ogun State, Nigeria in guppy fish (&lt;i&gt;Poecilia reticulata&lt;/i&gt;)

The Ogun River is a sink for untreated effluents discharged from the Kara Cow Market, Ogun State. In this study, microbiological, physicochemical and heavy metals evaluation were carried out on effluent from the market. Standard methods were utilised for the examination of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the effluent. The histological effects of sublethal concentrations of the effluent were assessed in the gills, intestine and skin of Poecilia reticulata (guppy fish) over a period of 56 days following standard methods and international ethical guidelines. None of the physicochemical parameters were within the set limits by the National Environmental Standards and Enforcement Agency (NESREA) for effluent discharges into surface waters. Coliforms, pathogens and fungi were observed in the effluent with a total plate count of 2.14 x 107 cfu/mL. The median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of the effluent to P. reticulata was 71.50 mL/L (7.15%). Histological alterations such as distorted mucosal architecture with shortening and widening of intestinal villi were observed in the intestine of exposed groups of P. reticulata at day 56. The observed adverse physicochemical parameters, histological alterations and pathogenic microbes may pose ecological and public health risks to aquatic organisms and humans respectively. It is recommended that an effluent treatment plant should be installed at the market to reduce the pollutants load of the effluent before discharge into the Ogun River.&#x0D; Keywords: Effluents; histological effects; Kara Market; Ogun River; physicochemical parameters; pathogenic microorganisms; Poecilia reticulate

A narrative review of the control of mosquitoes by Larvivorous fish in Iran and the world

Background and purpose: Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of many pathogens such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and so on. The control of mosquitoes using chemical insecticides is not always a sensible approach, so, alternative biological control methods, especially the use of larvivorous fishes, can play a significant role in controlling of mosquito larvae.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: In this narrative review study, papers and dissertations were collected without time and language limits from international electronic databases in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Ovid, Medline and WHO site, and Iranian scientific databases including: Barakatkns, SID, Civilica, Magiran, and Medlib using appropriate keywords from 1937 to 2018. Finally, 55 sources were selected and criticized, interpreted, and analyzed.&#x0D; Results: In the study, some of larvivorous fishes including Aphanius dispar, Carassius auratus (goldfish), Gambusia affinis, and Poecilia reticulate (guppy) have been investigated as important predators of mosquito larvae. Among these fish, Gambusia, Aphanius dispar, Colisa Lalia, Danio rerio, Goldfish, Guppy and Oreochromis mossambica are present in different regions of Iran.&#x0D; Conclusion: Given the fact that malaria carriers are present in many regions of Iran and the climate of Iran is also potentially suitable for the transmission of malaria, it is recommended to use larvivorous fishes that are compatible with the environmental conditions of each area.

Neem oil water dispersible tablet as effective larvicide, ovicide and oviposition deterrent against Anopheles culicifacies

ABSTRACT User- and eco-friendly approaches to manage immature stages of mosquitoes are urgently needed in order to minimize the undesirable impact of synthetic pesticides on nature and mankind. Plant-derived pesticides are considered as user- and environmental friendly. In this study, attempts have been made to develop water dispersible tablet (WT), containing neem (Azadirachta indica) oil as a mosquitocide. The tablet dispersion with concentration of 40 mg/L exhibited 98% mortality against third instars larvae of Anopheles culicifacies followed by residual effect upto sixth week. Ovicidal effect on freshly laid eggs were observed. Oviposition deterrent activity of tablet suspension was also assessed, which showed reduction in egg laying of gravid female by 89%. The tablet suspension was found to be non-toxic to the non-target fish, Poecilia reticulate.

Очистка сточных вод гальванических цехов от ионов меди модифицированным карбонатным шламом

The article presents a technique of the granulated sorption material production based on the chemical water treatment slurry. The sorption has been studied in statical and dynamic conditions. The sorption effectiveness by copper ions was 90.5 %. The isotherm of adsorption and a curve of adsorption in dynamic conditions of cations of copper has been plotted by the granulated material. During the experiment the dynamic exchange capacity, full exchange capacity of the granulated material has been determined. The filtrate quality indicators in water passage through sorption material loads in accordance with MPC of domestic drinking and recreational purposes water bodies. The granulated sorption material extract was tested for acute lethal toxicity for Poecilia Reticulate Peters fish and Daphnia Magna Crustacea. The obtained results affirmed that the granulated sorption material was not practically hazardous and did not bring secondary pollution to wastewaters. The authors have presented a technological scheme of electroplating wastewaters ion-exchange treatment.

Guppy (Poecilia) Poeciliidae fish naturally infected with Lernaea cyprinacea parasites (Linnaeus 1758) in KSA

Background: The ornamental fish guppy (Poeciliareticulata) is a small colorful tropical cyprinid teleost fish. Lernaeacyprinacea (Anchor worm) are worldwide, crustacean copepod parasites that cause disease and mortality in several fish species of cultured or natural populations, especially wild-caught and pond-raised species of Poecilia. This study may be considered as a novel report from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Objective: The present study is an investigation of Lernaea isolates infecting apparently healthy Poecilia reticulate from KSA. Material and Methods: Guppy fish (Poeciliareticulata) were purchased two weeks prior to experiments. They were examined for parasitic infection and allowed to breed in the laboratory. They were observed for 15 days for appearance of infection by Lernaea spp. larva and adult parasites. The copepod specimens were removed by forceps, from different parts of the infected fish. Specimens were fixed in 70% alcohol, cleared in 90% lactic acid, mounted,and microscopically examined to identify the morphological features of L cyprinacea. Results: After 15 days L cyprinacea were detected in the ventral, anal and caudal fins of several P. reticulata. Intense focal inflammation and hemorrhage was easily observed at the attachment site, which appeared red and ulcerated. Total prevalence of infection was 68.1%. The prevalence of infection in females (79.3%) was greater than in males (33.3%). Conclusion: P.reticulatamay beconsidered as a newly recorded host of L. cyprinaceafrom KSA