Poecilia Reticulate Research Articles

The prevalence of parasites in ornamental fish from fish market in Medan

Parasites still become the major problem in ornamental fish as the fast grown of its trading in Indonesia. Parasites causes diseases in ornamental fish hence followed by death and reducing its appearence. In this study, the prevalence of parasites in 100 apparently healthy ornamental fishes namely Guppy (Poecilia reticulate) and Goldfish (Carrasius auratus) were determined. The method of this research used was survey in local fish market in Medan from March to May 2017 The aim of this study was to determine the parasite that infects aquarium fishes and find out its prevalence. For this purpose, ornamental fishes were examined for parasites from their skin, fin, gill and intestine using wet mount method under a light microscope. The survey result showed that parasites that infect Guppy and Goldfish were Monogenea (Dactylogyrus sp and Gyrodactylus sp) in their skin and gill, Protozoa (piscinodinium sp) in their gill and Nematoda (Capillaria sp) in abdominal cavity. Prevalence rate of parasites that attack Guppy in Medan is Dactylogyrus sp (8%), Gyrodactylus sp (14 %), Piscinodinium sp (6%) and Capillaria sp (8%). Then, prevalence rate of Capilaria sp that attack Goldfish is 4%. The conclusion of this work revealed that the prevalence rate of ectoparasite and endoparasites in ornamental fishes in Medan had the low rate as well as there was no pathological findings is observed. However, these parasites could be a harmful parasitic diseases in case there is the changes in aquarium environment and improper fish handling.

Effects of diclofenac on the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis)

Diclofenac (DCF) is one of widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, this drug has been universally detected in aquatic environment. However, its potential adverse effects and oxidative stress toxic mechanisms on fish remain unclear. In the present study, we first cloned the crucial partial sequences of some key oxidative stress related genes, which include NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H: quinoneoxidoreductase (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD2), catalase (CAT), alpha-glutathione S-transferase (GSTA), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). We also deduced amino acids of Nrf2 and then constructed the phylogenetic trees of Nrf2, NQO1 and GCLC, respectively. Results showed that a high identity percentage was founded between G. affinis and other bony fish species, such as Xiphophorus maculates and Poecilia reticulate. The transcriptional expression of these genes and partly related enzymes activities were then investigated under the included environmental relevant concentration DCF exposure (0μmolL−1, 1.572×10−3μmolL−1, 1.572×10−2μmolL−1, 0.1572μmolL−1 and 1.572μmolL−1) for 24h and 168h. The expression of Nrf2 was inhibited at 24h but induced at 168h, exhibiting a significant time and/or dose-effect relationship under DCF exposure. Similar observation was found in its downstream target genes. However, Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes activities displayed differently under the same concentration of DCF exposure for the same time. Under DCF exposure for 168h, the genes exhibited dramatic induction trend, but there were no significant changes in enzyme activities and MDA content. Overall, mRNA responses were more sensitive than enzyme changes in mosquito fish under DCF exposure.

PENGARUH AKLIMATISASI KADAR GARAM TERHADAP NILAI KEMATIAN DAN TINGKAH LAKU IKAN GUPPY (POECILIA RETICULATA) SEBAGAI PENGGANTI UMPAN IKAN CAKALANG (Katsuwonus Pelamis)

Aklimatisasi merupakan suatu upaya penyesuaian fisiologis atau adaptasi dari suatu organisme terhadap suatu lingkungan baru yang akan dimasukinya. Penelitian ini mengamati proses aklimatisasi kadar garam pada ikan guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Proses aklimatisasi kadar garam pada ikan Guppy yang dilakukan selama 14 hari dengan menaikkan 720 gram per hari. Kadar garam terukur adalah 30%. Ikan Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) memiliki ukuran tubuh ± 5 cm, corak warna tubuh dan sirip yang sangat cemerlang dan memiliki harga yang sangat ekonomis sehingga dapat menarik perhatian Ikan Cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis). Awal proses aklimatisasi ikan Guppy berjumlah 65 ekor dengan berat rata-rata 1,1 gram dan panjang total yaitu 2,5 cm. Selama 8 hari pengamatan (18%), ikan mampu beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya, namun setelah hari ke 8 ikan ada yang mengalami kematian 0,02 % - 0,05%, namun secara total sampai akhir pengamatan, kematian ikan relatif lebih kecil yaitu 0,13 % (9 ekor). Hasil uji coba ikan yang dilakukan pada perairan Pulau Pramuka Kepulauan Seribu menunjukkan ikan dapat berenang dengan baik dan selalu berada di permukaan air tanpa perubahan yang terlihat yang sangat signifikan.

Understanding the physical properties, toxicities and anti-microbial activities of choline-amino acid-based salts: Low-toxic variants of ionic liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) are often touted as potential ‘green’ substitutes for volatile organic compounds in process chemistry. However, their often high solubility in water limits their applications since discharge of spent ILs into natural water bodies may have significant detrimental eco-toxicological consequences for aquatic organisms. This is especially true for most imidazolium and pyrdinium based ILs which have been proven as toxic to aquatic life organisms. The challenge is therefore to synthesize ILs which exhibit inherently low aquatic toxicity. In the present work, five choline based ILs pairing five different amino acid anions [Cho][AA] have been synthesized and characterized. Their thermal stability, density, viscosity and thermal expansion coefficient were reported. The toxicity behavior of a synthesized ILs were investigated on guppy fish (Poecilia reticulate) and three microbial species. Fish acute toxicity test reveal that the studied ILs could be classified as non-toxic while their 50% effective concentrations (EC50) were found to be comparable to the least toxic imidazolium-based ILs.

The Fate and Toxicity Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water Streams of Malaysia

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pollutants released to the environment through natural and anthropogenic activities. PAHs if not being treated properly, are able to be transformed to various derivatives (daughters). There are possibilities that both PAHs and their daughter products to be toxic to environment and human. In this study, samples from influent of a water treatment plant (WTP) and effluent of sewage treatment plant (STP) were obtained to investigate presence of PAHs and their derivatives. Analysis of samples were conducted using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and conversion formulation of the identified PAHs were found out. Furthermore, toxicity study carried out using guppy (Poecilia reticulate) to establish toxicity intensity of PAHs parents and daughters. The experiments were performed with three replicates using a total of 100 guppies for all definite tests through steady state method of acute toxicity test and mortality rates were investigated in 24, 48, 72 and 96hours. Results indicated that phthalic acid and benzoic acid are significant compounds in both sampling points. Phthalic acid was found to be derived from Chrysene and Naphthalene whereas benzoic acid resulted from degradation of Fluoranthene. Mortality rates were 20% and 10%, in WTP influent and STP effluent, respectively. No mortality was observed in control tank which indicated accuracy of toxicity test. Although, the pollution levels in both samples did not produce 50% mortality, the findings could indicate the conditions affecting fish populations in prolonged duration.

Cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field effects on the locomotor behaviors of the fishes Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio

Purpose: The locomotor behavior of small fish was characterized under a cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF).Materials and methods: The trajectory of movement of 10 pairs of guppy (Poecilia reticulate) and 15 pairs of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a fish tank was recorded and tracked under the presence of a cell phone-generated RF EMF. The measures were based on spatial and temporal distributions. A time-series trajectory was utilized to emphasize the dynamic nature of locomotor behavior. Fish movement was recorded in real-time. Their spatial, velocity, turning angle and sinuosity distribution were analyzed in terms of F(v,x), P[n(x,t)], P(v), F (θ) and F(s), respectively. In addition, potential temperature elevation caused by a cellular phone was also examined.Results: We demonstrated that a cellular phone-induced temperature elevation was not relevant, and that our measurements reflected RF EMF-induced effects on the locomotor behavior of Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio. Fish locomotion was observed under normal conditions, in the visual presence of a cell phone, after feeding, and under starvation. Fish locomotor behavior was random both in normal conditions and in the presence of an off-signaled cell phone. However, there were significant changes in the locomotion of the fish after feeding under the RF EMF.Conclusions: The locomotion of the fed fish was affected in terms of changes in population and velocity distributions under the presence of the RF EMF emitted by the cell phone. There was, however, no significant difference in angular distribution.

Malaria Outbreaks in Villages in North Karnataka, India, and Role of Sibling Species of <i>Anopheles culicifacies</i> Complex

Investigations on malaria outbreaks and role of sibling species complex of principal rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies were carried out in villages in north Karnataka, India from 1997 through 2014. Information regarding densities, resting and breeding habitats of malaria vectors prevalent in the area was also generated so as to formulate an appropriate vector control strategy. The Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR) and Pf proportion was 43.1%, 35.9% and 83.3%, respectively. Three sibling species A, B, and C of An. culicifacies were found sympatric with cumulative percent composition of 63.7, 28.2 and 8.1, respectively. Per man hour and per structure densities of An. culicifacies, An. culicifacies and An. culicifacies varied from 0 to 27.5 and 0 to 56.0, 0 to 0.5 and 0 to 7.0 and, 0 to 2.5 and 0 to 7.5, respectively. The proportion of semi-gravid and gravid females was more as compared to fully fed and unfed females which indicated that most of the females rested indoor. Streams/river, wells, seepages and irrigation tanks are the major habitats supporting breeding of An. culicifacies. Integrated vector managements by indoor residual spraying of effective insecticide as per national guidelines along with biological control methods especially use of larvivorous fish Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulate are suggested to control malaria in the area.

Effects of Different Levels of Copper Sulfate on Growth and Reproductive Performances in Guppy (P. reticulate)

Adult Guppies (Poecilia reticulate) were exposed to copper sulfate (CuSO4 5H2O) to evaluate the effects on growth, survival and reproduction performances. Total 480 individuals (mean age of 2.5-3 months) were employed in 5 experimental groups containing 16 fish per group and exposed to 4 sub-lethal levels of copper (0 as control, 0. 004, 0. 013, 0. 019 and 0. 026 mg CuSO4.l-1) for a period of 56 days. Control group had relative advantage than experimental ones at both growth and reproduction performances. As the copper concentration increased, Relative fecundity, gonadosomatic index, surviving rate, offspring production and feed conversion ratio decreased but specific growth rate increased significantly (P<0.05). Focused energy consumption in liver for Cu detoxification process and lack of energy for other physiological demands confirm low SGR and high FCR values in this study. It’s obvious that copper has its toxic effects for guppy, even at lower concentrations than LC50 value (0. 46 mg Cu.l-1)

Compensatory foraging in Trinidadian guppies: Effects of acute and chronic predation threats

Abstract In response to acute predation threats, prey may sacrifice foraging opportunities in favour of increased predator avoidance. Under conditions of high or frequent predation risk, such trade-offs may lead to reduced fitness. Here, we test the prediction that prey reduce the costs associated with lost opportunities following acute predation threats by exhibiting short-term compensatory foraging responses. Under semi-natural conditions, we exposed female guppies Poecilia reticulate from high and low predation risk sites to one of three levels of acute predation threat (high, intermediate or low concentrations of conspecific alarm cues). Our results confirm previous reports, demonstrating that guppies from a high predation site were consistently ‘bolder’ (shorter escape latencies) and exhibited graded threat-sensitive responses to different simulated threat levels while those from the low predation site were ‘shyer’ and exhibited non-graded responses. Most importantly, we found that when guppies from low predation sites resumed foraging, they did so at rates significantly lower than baseline rates. However, guppies from high predation sites resumed foraging either at rates equal to baseline (in response to low or intermediate risk stimuli) or significantly increased relative to baseline rates (in response to high risk stimuli). Together, these results highlight a complex compensatory behavioral mechanism that may allow prey to reduce the long-term costs associated with predator avoidance.

EFFECT ON MARKETABILITY OF ORNAMENTAL FISHES DUE TO PARASITIC INFECTION

Present study was carried out to reveal the prevalent and unforeseen parasitic infection in commercially available ornamental fishes which may credit to their marketable value. Seven different species of ornamental fishes namely Carassius auratus (Gold Fish and Black Moor Gold), Cyprinus carpio (Koi Carp), Poecilia reticulate (Guppy), Rasbora daniconius (Slender Rasbora), Puntius conchonicus (Rosy Barbs), Trichogaster lasius (Brass gold) were screened for the occurrence of infection. Cyprinus carpio showed maximum infection caused by Argulus (Crustacean: Branchiuran) intensity=8-12 per fish. Argulus was observed as a primary infection which was followed by bacterial infection (dropsy) as secondary infection. While minimum infection was caused by Lernaea in Carassius auratus (intensity=1 per fish).

Toxicity Measurement of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Using Acute Toxicity Test

Ionic liquids (ILs) can be considered as environmentally friendly solvent, but they have the ability to dissolve in water and accumulate in the environment. Therefore, the toxicity of ILs should be assessed in order to prevent their harm to human and environment. This study was carried out to investigate the toxicity of ILs towards marine and freshwater fish. Three ILs have been tested, which are 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide toward marine fish and 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide toward freshwater fish. Two different marine fish were employed, which are: Cephalopholis cruentata (grouper) and Lates calcarifer (barramundi). For freshwater fish, male Poecilia reticulate (guppy) was employed. The toxicity tests were conducted according to OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) guideline 203. For 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate [BMIM][HSO4], the median lethal concentration (LC50) estimated toward Cephalopholis cruentatato be 199.98mg.L-1. For 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [BMIM][TFSI], LC50 estimated toward LatesCalcariferto be 374.11mg.L-1. While, for 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [HMIM][NTf2], LC50 estimated toward Poecilia Reticulate to be 207.49mg.L-1. All the LC50 values obtained can be identified as practically nontoxic liquids based on Acute Toxicity Rating Scale by Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). As to our knowledge, there is no previous reported toxicity studies of [BMIM][HSO4] and [BMIM][TFSI] on marine fish and [HMIM] [NTf2] on freshwater fish. Thus, this paper can be used as a benchmark for researchers who are dealing with these three ILs.

Effect of parent breed on phenotypical expression (colouration) in progeny of &lt;i&gt;Poecilia reticulate&lt;/i&gt; (guppy) for ornamental purpose

There is high demand for ornamental fishes with improve colouration. Colouration is sex specific in Poecilia reticulate (Guppy) and the colour variation within the wild and exotic breeds is at variance. The effect of parental sex and breed on colouration of progeny in Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) was studied. Two breeds of P. reticulata, i.e. exotic and wild, werecrossed in 60cm x 30cm x 30cm aquaria as indicated; male: female - exotic x exotic, exotic x wild, wild x exotic and wild x wild. The progeny of each cross were observed for various colours in form of patches, pattern and spots. There were significant differences in the number of colors observed in male and female progeny of the crosses. It was observed that the female progeny of male wild X female exotic produced the highest (P&lt;0.05) colourations while male progenies of exotic X exotic crosses produced the highest (P&lt;0.05) number of colours among the female and male offspring, respectively. It was also found that the females were not having the brilliant distinct colours experiential in male. It was therefore concluded that the breed of the male parent influenced phenotypic expression in the progeny.Key words: breed, progeny, exotic, wild, colour

Dyeing of cotton yarn with the aqueous extract of the leaves of Eupatorium odoratum L. in Thailand and associated extract toxicity studies

Flavonoid constituents from the aqueous extract of the leaves of Eupatorium odoratum, an invasive weed in Thailand, have potential use as dyestuffs for cotton dyeing. It was found that cotton yarn, which was pretreated with a chitosan solution (with and without a crosslinking glyoxal solution), followed by dyeing with E. odoratum extract in the presence of the inorganic mordant, alum, provided better depth of shade (K/S) and also gave better fastness to light and washing than the untreated cotton yarn. Pretreated cotton yarn with the biomordant solution from Memecylon scutellatum leaves gave relatively poor light and wash fastness of the resultant dyed cotton in the presence of alum. From the toxicity studies, the aqueous extract of the leaves of E. odoratum before and after dyeing showed a high toxicity level to the earthworm (Diplocardia communis) and the guppy fish (Poecilia reticulate). Therefore, it is strongly suggested that E. odoratum aqueous extract after dyeing should be significantly diluted before discharged into the environment.

Tungsten speciation and toxicity: Acute toxicity of mono- and poly-tungstates to fish

Tungsten is a widely used transition metal for which very limited information on environmental and toxicological effects is available. Of particular interest is the lack of information linking tungsten speciation and environmental effects. Tungsten anions may polymerize (depending upon concentration, pH, and aquatic geochemistry) in aquatic and soil systems. However, to this date, of all soluble tungstate species only monotungstates have been scrutinized to a fair extent in toxicological studies. The objective of this work is a comparative assessment of the acute toxicity of monotungstates (sodium tungstate, Na 2WO 4) and polytungstates (sodium metatungstate, 3Na 2WO 4·9WO 3) to Poecilia reticulate. The experiments have been performed according to the OEDC protocols 203 and 204. LD50 values for 1–14 days show that sodium metatungstate is significantly more toxic to fish than sodium tungstate. Based on LD50 (0.86–3.88 g L −1 or 4.67–21.1×10 −3 mol Na 2WO 4 L −1), sodium tungstate may be classified as a chemical of low toxicity to fish. Sodium metatungstate caused similar fish mortality to sodium tungstate when it was introduced in 55–80 times lower concentrations (in terms of mol L −1) than sodium tungstate. LD50 values for sodium metatungstate range from 0.13 to 0.85 g W L −1 or 5.69 to 38.71×10 −5 mol 3Na 2WO 4·9WO 3 L −1. Based on these values sodium metatungstate can be classified as a moderate toxic agent to fish.

The effect of different substances on Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulate

The effect of different substances on Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulate

Competência de peixes como predadores de larvas de Aedes aegypti, em condições de laboratório

To evaluate the efficacy of fish as predators of the Aedes aegypti larvae in laboratory conditions. The male and female of five different fish were included in the experiment. The tests to measure their consumption ability lasted five weeks for each species. Each trial involved four test tanks and four control tanks. Two control tanks contained just one fish, and the other two just larvae. Each of the test tanks contained one fish and the larvae. During the first week, 100 larvae were placed in the tank, with an additional 100 added every week, up to a maximum daily amount of 500 larvae. The length and weight of the fish were measured at the beginning and end of every week. A total of 369,000 larvae were used. The Trichogaster trichopteros was the only species in which both sexes ate 100% of the available larvae. The Betta splendens failed to eat only 15 larvae. The male Poecilia reticulate showed a strong capacity for larvae eating, compared with the female of the same species. In terms of weight and size, the Betta splendens proved capable of eating 523 larvae per gram of weight per day. The female and male Trichogaster trichopteros and Astyanax fasciatus, and the female Betta splendens and Poecilia sphenops proved to be the most effective predators of the Aedes aegypti larvae. And although the male Poecilia sphenops and female Poecilia reticulata were less effective, they were also capable of eradicating the total number of Aedes aegypti larvae that could appear over 24 hours in a breeding site under natural conditions. The male Poecilia reticulata, however, proved incapable of doing so.

Toxicity studies in a chemical dye production industry in Turkey

This study investigated the acute toxicity of chemical dye production industry wastewaters by traditional and enrichment toxicity tests and emphasized the importance of toxicity tests in wastewater discharge regulations. The enrichment toxicity tests are novel applications indicating whether there is potential toxicity or stimulation conditions. Different organisms were used including bacteria (floc- Zoogloea ramigera and coliform- Escherichia coli bacteria), algae ( Chlorella vulgaris), fish (lepistes- Poecilia reticulate) and protozoan ( Vorticella campanula) to represent four tropic levels. The toxicity test results were compared with chemical analyses to identify the pollutants responsible for the toxicity in the effluent wastewater samples. Toxicity of the effluents could not be explained by using physicochemical analyses in four cases. The results clearly showed that the use of bioassay tests produce additional information about the toxicity potential of industrial discharges and effluents.

PENGARUH UKURAN TUBUH IKAN POECILIA RETICULATA PADA DAYA PEMANGSAANNYA TERHADAP LARVA CULEX QUINQUIFASCIATUS

The research aimed to know the influence of Poecilia reticulata body size, in the feeding capacity on Culex quinquifasciatus larvae. The research was experimental method with Complete Random Design., each treatment with 5 replications. The taken body size of Poecilia reticulata were; 1,50 cm; 2.50 cm; and 3.50 cm. the size of fish's body was measured from the tip of snout up to the end of fin (cm). The feeding capacity was determined by subtracting the first amount of larvae which was given the rest of larvae after 24 hours. The result showed that the difference of size of Poecilia reticulate body was significantly different in the feeding capacity on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The fish whose body size was 1.50 cm had the lowest feeding capacity by eating 77.2 larvae for average, and the highest one was the fist which body size was 2.50 cm by eating 113.6 larvae for average, subsequently the feeding capacity decrease to the fish which body size was 3.50 cm because of eating 100,6 larvae for 24 hours.

The Influence of Fluctuating Resources on Life History: Patterns of Allocation and Plasticity in Female Guppies

We investigated how resources are allocated to reproduction and how variations in resource availability influence reproductive allocation, offspring number, and offspring size in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Our goal was to evaluate how plastic these variables are in response to environmental variation and to characterize the nature of this plasticity. Female guppies which had just given birth (litter 1) were assigned to either high or low levels of food availability until they gave birth to their next litter (litter 2, interval 1). They were then randomly reassigned to either high or low food with the constraint that there be equal numbers of individuals in each of four treatments: high—high, high—low, low—high, and low—low. They were maintained on this level of food availability until they produced their next litter (litter 3, interval 2). We analyzed variables that characterized the female after the birth of the third litter and the offspring in the third litter. These were two—way analyses, with intervals 1 and 2 as the main effects and high vs. low food as the levels of each effect. The qualities of the third litter were influences by both interbrood intervals, indicating that the resources used for producing the litter were derived from both intervals. Specifically, higher food availability during either interval resulted in a significant increase in the number of offspring in litter 3, independent of the size of the mother. This result indicates that the number of offspring produced in a litter will be a function of both the immediate and the past environment. Lower food during either interval resulted in an increase in the number of days between the second and third litters, indicating that, if resource availability is low, the female may delay the initiation of the next litter, allowing her to acquire more resources. Resource availability during both intervals also influences how resources were allocated to individual offspring. Females responded to low food during the first interbrood interval by producing heavier offspring in litter 3. This increase in mass was almost entirely attributable to an increase in fat reserves. Such a result could represent adaptive plasticity, if it can be demonstrated that maternal fitness increases through the production of heavier offspring a low—food environment.

Changes in the predator-avoidance behaviour of juvenile guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to pentachlorophenol

The effects of pentachlorophenol on the predator-avoidance behaviour of the guppy (Poecilia reticulate) in response to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) predation was investigated. There were no consistent effects of pentachlorophenol on habitat use or general behaviour of the guppies. In the presence of predators, all guppies occurred significantly more often alone, motionless, and in the top third of the water column in the nonopen areas. Nine variables associated with predator efficiency were monitored to determine which treatment groups of guppies were easiest to capture. The bass had significantly lower capture success, performed more strikes and chases, and spent more time chasing guppies from the untreated and 100 μg/L groups than those from the 500 and 700 μg/L groups. This suggests that the guppies from the two high treatment groups had a slower response to predator attack and could not maintain a prolonged escape burst of speed.